BACKGROUND: Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis associated with SGLT2 inhibitors is a rare, relatively new and potentially fatal clinical entity, characterized by metabolic acidosis with normal or only moderately elevated glycemia. The mechanisms are not fully understood but involve increased ketogenesis and complex renal metabolic dysfunction, resulting in both ketoacidosis and hyperchloremic acidosis. We report a rare case of fatal empagliflozin-associated acidosis with profound hyperchloremia and review its pathogenesis. CASE PRESENTATION: A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with empagliflozin underwent an elective hip replacement surgery. Since day 4 after surgery, he felt generally unwell, leading to cardiac arrest on the day 5. Empagliflozin-associated euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis with severe hyperchloremic acidosis was identified as the cause of the cardiac arrest. CONCLUSIONS: This unique case documents the possibility of severe SGLT2 inhibitor-associated mixed metabolic acidosis with a predominant hyperchloremic component. Awareness of this possibility and a high index of suspicion are crucial for correct and early diagnosis.
- MeSH
- acidóza * chemicky indukované komplikace MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu * komplikace farmakoterapie MeSH
- diabetická ketoacidóza * diagnóza MeSH
- glifloziny * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- srdeční zástava * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
Methanol mass poisoning is a global problem with high fatality rates and often severe sequelae in survivors. Patients typically present late to the hospital with severe metabolic acidosis followed by a rapid deterioration in their clinical status. The hypothesis 'Circulus hypoxicus' describes the metabolic acidosis following methanol poisoning as a self-enhancing hypoxic circle responsible for methanol toxicity. We wanted to test the validity of this hypothesis by an observational study based on 35 patients from the methanol outbreaks in Norway (2004) and the Czech Republic (2012). Comprehensive laboratory values, including S(serum)-methanol, S-formate, S-lactate, arterial blood gases, anion and osmolal gaps, were used in the calculations. Laboratory values and calculated gaps were compared to each other using linear regression. S-lactate and S-formate correlated better with the increased base deficit and anion gap than did S-formate alone. Base deficit rose to about 20 mmol/L and S-formate rose to 12 mmol/L prior to a significant rise in S-lactate - most likely caused by formate inhibition of mitochondrial respiration (type B lactacidosis). The further rise in S-lactate was not linear to S-formate most likely due to the self-enhancing pathophysiology, but may also be associated with hypotension in critically ill patients and variable ethanol drinking habits. Our study suggests that the primary metabolic acidosis leads to a secondary lactic acidosis mainly due to the toxic effects of formate. The following decline in pH will further increase this toxicity. As such, a vicious and self-enhancing acidotic circle may explain the pathophysiology in methanol poisoning, namely the 'Circulus hypoxicus'.
- MeSH
- acidobazická rovnováha účinky léků MeSH
- acidóza chemicky indukované MeSH
- analýza krevních plynů MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- formiáty krev MeSH
- kyselina mléčná krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methanol krev otrava MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- poruchy acidobazické rovnováhy chemicky indukované MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI), used for treatment of glaucoma, are generally regarded as safe and unconnected with systemic side effects. We report an unusual case of fatigue, metabolic acidosis, and normocytic anaemia associated with ocular administration of the CAI, dorzolamide, in a patient with impaired renal function. In chronic kidney disease, where CAI elimination may be decreased, and patients prone to develop metabolic acidosis, systemic absorption of ocular administered CAI could lead to rare, but potentially serious adverse reaction, that are a consequence of inhibition of extraocular carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes.
- MeSH
- acidóza chemicky indukované MeSH
- anemie chemicky indukované MeSH
- aplikace oční MeSH
- glaukom farmakoterapie MeSH
- inhibitory karboanhydras aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- renální insuficience komplikace MeSH
- sulfonamidy aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- thiofeny aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- únava chemicky indukované MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
CONTEXT: Acidemia is a marker of prognosis in methanol poisoning, as well as compounding formate-induced cytotoxicity. Prompt correction of acidemia is a key treatment of methanol toxicity and methods to optimize this are poorly defined. OBJECTIVE: We studied the efficiency of acidemia correction by intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in a mass outbreak of methanol poisoning. METHODS: The study was designed as observational cohort study. The mean time for an increase of 1 mmol/L HCO3(-), 0.01 unit arterial blood pH, and the total time for correction of HCO3(-) were determined in IHD- and CRRT-treated patients. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 18 patients treated with IHD and 13 patients treated with CRRT. At baseline, CRRT group was more acidemic than IHD group (mean arterial pH 6.79 ± 0.10 versus 7.05 ± 0.10; p = 0.001). No association was found between the rate of acidemia correction and age, weight, serum methanol, lactate, formate, and glucose on admission. The time to HCO3(-) correction correlated with arterial blood pH (r= -0.511; p = 0.003) and creatinine (r = 0.415; p = 0.020). There was association between the time to HCO3(-) correction and dialysate/effluent and blood flow rates (r= -0.738; p < 0.001 and r= -0.602; p < 0.001, correspondingly). The mean time for HCO3(-) to increase by 1 mmol/L was 12 ± 2 min for IHD versus 34 ± 8 min for CRRT (p < 0.001), and the mean time for arterial blood pH to increase 0.01 was 7 ± 1 mins for IHD versus 11 ± 4 min for CRRT (p = 0.024). The mean increase in HCO3(-) was 5.67 ± 0.90 mmol/L/h for IHD versus 2.17 ± 0.74 mmol/L/h for CRRT (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports the superiority of IHD over CRRT in terms of the rate of acidemia correction.
- MeSH
- acidóza chemicky indukované terapie MeSH
- akutní nemoc MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dialýza ledvin metody MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hydrogenuhličitany metabolismus MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methanol otrava MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- náhrada funkce ledvin metody MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to present a case of 44 years old woman with topiramate induced metabolic acidosis and kidney stones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The laboratory features of topiramate caused renal tubular acidosis in blood and urine during topiramate treatment, with correction of metabolic acidosis by potassium citrate, and after topiramate withdrawal are presented. Differential diagnosis of all possible causes of metabolic acidosis is discussed. RESULTS: The results revealed negative base excess in extracellular fluid of - 9.2 mmol/L, low serum HCO3(-) concentration (18.6 mmol/L), trend to alkaline urine (pH 6.39) and low urine citrate concentration (0.3 mmol/24h). After topiramate withdrawal, all parameters of the internal environment normalized. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that long-term topiramate administration could induce metabolic acidosis and consequently urholithiasis. Thus, we could recommend testing blood acid base balance, urinary pH and citrates in patients taking topiramate and suffering from kidney stones.
- MeSH
- acidóza chemicky indukované MeSH
- antikonvulziva škodlivé účinky MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fruktosa škodlivé účinky analogy a deriváty MeSH
- ledvinové kameny chemicky indukované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- migréna prevence a kontrola MeSH
- nenasazení léčby MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
- MeSH
- acidóza chemicky indukované komplikace patologie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus patofyziologie MeSH
- dyspnoe * etiologie chemicky indukované klasifikace MeSH
- jaterní cirhóza etiologie komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolické nemoci * klasifikace komplikace MeSH
- obezita komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- otrava klasifikace terapie MeSH
- renální insuficience klasifikace komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Hromadné otravy metanolem se vyskytují celosvětově relativně často, avšak jen vzácně jsou při nich k dispozici kompletní klinická a laboratorní data pacientů. V České republice bylo dokumentováno přibližně 138 případů otrav, 107 pacientů bylo hospitalizováno. Dalších 31 osob zemřelo mimo nemocnice. Asi 60 % hospitalizovaných pacientů přežilo intoxikaci bez následků, ze zbylých 40 % přibližně polovina zemřela a polovina přežila s poškozením CNS a/nebo zraku. V české studii se podařilo využít moderních diagnostických metod. Byl prokázán pozitivní efekt přednemocniční první pomoci perorálním antidotem a srovnatelný efekt účinek etanolu a fomepizolu při nemocniční terapii. Byla zjištěna vyšší účinnost terapie intermitentní než kontinuální hemodialýzy. Nebyla nalezena žádná souvislost mezi mozkovým krvácením a systémovou antikoagulací během hemodialýzy. Vyšetření zobrazením magnetickou rezonancí odhalilo mozkové léze u více než 50 % vyšetřených osob. Při následném sledování pacientů za měsíce a roky bylo nalezeno zlepšení poškození zrakového nervu u pacientů s lézí mírného až středního stupně. Ojedinělé otravy se stále objevují.
Methanol mass poisoning occurs across the world quite frequently, but the complete clinical and laboratory data of the patients are only rarely available. Approximately 138 cases of poisoning were documented in the Czech Republic, 107 patients were hospitalized. Another 31 persons died out of hospital. About 60 % of the hospitalized patients survived intoxication without consequences, one half of the remaining 40 % died and the other half survived with the CNS and/or sight impaired. The Czech study successfully used modern diagnostic methods. A positive effect of the prehospital first aid with an oral antidote has been proven and a comparable effect of ethanol and fomepizole has been reached during hospital therapy. Higher efficiency of intermittent therapy has been determined as compared to continual hemodialysis. No connection was found between cerebral hemorrhage and systemic anticoagulation during hemodialysis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed brain lesions in more than 50 % of the examined persons. During the follow-up visits over months and years improvement regarding the damage to the optic nerve was found in patients with a lesion of mild to medium degree. Isolated cases of poisoning still occur.
- Klíčová slova
- poškození CNS,
- MeSH
- acidóza chemicky indukované terapie MeSH
- antidota * terapeutické užití MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- biotransformace MeSH
- dialýza ledvin metody MeSH
- ethanol aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- fomepizol MeSH
- formiáty krev MeSH
- krvácení do bazálních ganglií diagnóza chemicky indukované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methanol * metabolismus otrava MeSH
- otrava * diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- poruchy zraku chemicky indukované MeSH
- pyrazoly terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Metabolic acidosis could occur due to either endogenous acids accumulation or bicarbonate loss from the gastrointestinal tract or commonly from the kidney. This study aimed to investigate the possible underlying mechanism(s) of chronic acidosis-induced cardiac contractile and electrical changes in rats. Twenty four adult Wistar rats, of both sexes, were randomly divided into control group and chronic metabolic acidosis group, which received orally 0.28 M NH(4)Cl in the drinking water for 2 weeks. At the end of experimental period, systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were measured. On the day of sacrifice, rats were anesthetized by i.p. pentobarbitone (40 mg/kg b.w.), transthoracic echocardiography and ECG were performed. Blood samples were obtained from abdominal aorta for complete blood count and determination of pH, bicarbonate, chloride, sodium, potassium, troponin I, CK-MB, IL-6, renin and aldosterone levels. Hearts from both groups were studied for cardiac tissue IL-6 and aldosterone in addition to histopathological examination. Compared to control group, chronic metabolic acidosis group showed anemia, significant systolic and diastolic hypotension accompanied by significant reduction of ejection fraction and fraction of shortening, significant bradycardia, prolonged QTc interval and higher widened T wave as well as significantly elevated plasma levels of renin, aldosterone, troponin I, CK-MB and IL-6, and cardiac tissue aldosterone and IL-6. The left ventricular wall of the acidosis group showed degenerated myocytes with fibrosis and apoptosis. Thus, chronic metabolic acidosis induced negative inotropic and chronotropic effects and cardiomyopathy, possibly by elevated aldosterone and IL-6 levels released from the cardiac tissue.
- MeSH
- acidóza chemicky indukované komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- aldosteron metabolismus MeSH
- chlorid amonný * MeSH
- chronická nemoc MeSH
- echokardiografie MeSH
- elektrokardiografie MeSH
- funkční vyšetření srdce MeSH
- interleukin-6 metabolismus MeSH
- kontrakce myokardu * MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- myokard chemie metabolismus MeSH
- nemoci srdce chemicky indukované diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- srdeční frekvence MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Maligní hypertermie (MH) je vzácné život ohrožující onemocnění, které je vyvoláno některými farmaky, která se používají v rámci celkové anestezie. Nejrizikovějšími jsou inhalační anestetika (halotan, izoflurane, sevofluran) a svalová relexancia, především sukcinylcholinjodid. Po jejich podání může u vnímavých jedinců dojít k prudkému a nekontrolovanému zvýšení kyslíkového metabolismu v kosterním svalstvu s projevy tkáňové hypoxie s kumulací oxidu dusného, svalové rigiditě a dramatické nadprodukci tepla. Pokud stav není léčen, může způsobit selhání oběhu a vést ke smrti. Tento přehledový článek přináší informace o patofyziologii, projevech, léčbě a prevenci maligní hypertermie nejen pro anesteziology.
Malignant hyperthermia is a rare, life-threatening condition, usually triggered by exposure to certain drugs used for general anaesthesia – specifically volatile anaesthetics (halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane) and neuromuscular blocking agents (esp. suxamethonium). In susceptible individuals, these drugs can induce a drastic and uncontrolled increase in oxidative metabolism in the skeletal muscle leading to muscle rigidity, which overwhelms the body’s capacity to supply oxygen, remove carbon dioxide and regulate body temperature, eventually leading to circulatory collapse and death if not immediately treated. This review article brings information about the pathophysiology, symptoms, treatment and prevention of malignant hyperthermia for a wide range of clinicians.
- MeSH
- acidóza chemicky indukované MeSH
- centrálně působící myorelaxancia terapeutické užití MeSH
- dantrolen aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- hyperventilace MeSH
- inhalační anestezie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kosterní svalová vlákna metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- maligní hypertermie * diagnóza etiologie patofyziologie prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- sukcinylcholin škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Methanol poisonings occur frequently globally, but reports of larger outbreaks where complete clinical and laboratory data are reported remain scarce. The objective of the present study was to report the data from the mass methanol poisoning in the Czech Republic in 2012 addressing the general epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes, and to present a protocol for the use of fomepizole ensuring that the antidote was provided to the most severely poisoned patients in the critical phase. METHODS: A combined prospective and retrospective case series study of 121 patients with confirmed methanol poisoning. RESULTS: From a total of 121 intoxicated subjects, 20 died outside the hospital and 101 were hospitalized. Among them, 60 survived without, and 20 with visual/CNS sequelae, whereas 21 patients died. The total and hospital mortality rates were 34% and 21%, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis found pH < 7.0 (OR 0.04 (0.01-0.16), p < 0.001), negative serum ethanol (OR 0.08 (0.02-0.37), p < 0.001), and coma on admission (OR 29.4 (10.2-84.6), p < 0.001) to be the only independent parameters predicting death. Continuous hemodialysis was used more often than intermittent hemodialysis, but there was no significant difference in mortality rate between the two [29% (n = 45) vs 17% (n = 30), p = 0.23]. Due to limited stockpiles of fomepizole, ethanol was administered more often; no difference in mortality rate was found between the two [16% (n = 70) vs. 24% (n = 21), p = 0.39]. The effect of folate administration both on the mortality rate and on the probability of visual sequelae was not significant (both p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Severity of metabolic acidosis, state of consciousness, and serum ethanol on admission were the only significant parameters associated with mortality. The type of dialysis or antidote did not appear to affect mortality. Recommendations that were issued for hospital triage of fomepizole administration allowed conservation of valuable antidote in this massive poisoning outbreak for those patients most in need.
- MeSH
- acidóza chemicky indukované epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- antidota terapeutické užití MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dialýza ledvin MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epidemický výskyt choroby * MeSH
- ethanol krev MeSH
- hospitalizace MeSH
- hromadné neštěstí * MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- logistické modely MeSH
- methanol krev farmakokinetika otrava MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mortalita v nemocnicích MeSH
- multivariační analýza MeSH
- odds ratio MeSH
- poruchy zraku chemicky indukované epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- předávkování léky krev diagnóza epidemiologie mortalita terapie MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- pyrazoly terapeutické užití MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- vědomí MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH