Donepezil je novým kognitivem, jehož mechanizmus účinku spočívá v reverzibilní a specifické inhibici acetylcholinesterázy. Dávka 5, respektive 10 mg donepezilu blokovala acetylcholinesterázu v erytrocytech (úzká korelace s působením v CNS) z 64, respektive 75 %. Dalšími účinky donepezilu jsou nepřímá stimulace muskarinových a nikotinových receptorů zvýšenou koncentrací acetylcholinu v synapsích CNS, zvýšení extraneuronální koncentrace nejen acetylcholinu, ale i noradrenalinu a případně dopaminu, snížení průniku kyslíkových radikálů membránami neuronů a zlepšení metabolizmu glukózy v CNS. Vstřebávání donepezilu z gastrointestinálního traktu je úplné a není ovlivněno jídlem. Lék dosahuje maximální plazmatické koncentrace za 3-5 hodin po použití a z 95 % se nízkoafinitně váže na krevní bílkoviny. Vylučovací poločas donepezilu činí 70-80 ;hodin a stabilizované sérové koncentrace je dosaženo za 14-21 dnů léčby. Donepezil se vyznačuje lineární farmakokinetikou. Jeho metabolit 6-O-desmetyl-donepezil je biologicky aktivní. Průkaz terapeutické účinnosti donepezilu se opírá o 4 placebem kontrolované studie, ve kterých bylo léčeno celkem 1 920 nemocných s lehkou až středně těžkou Alzheimerovou demencí po dobu 12-26 týdnů. Od 3.-12. týdne léčby došlo ke zlepšení kognitivních a ;behaviorálních funkcí u cca 21-38 % léčených a ke stabilizaci stavu u dalších 20-45 % nemocných, což také znamená terapeutický úspěch u tak progresivní poruchy, jakou je Alzheimerova demence. Zlepšení psychického stavu nastalo především u ;lehčích demencí, zatímco u středně těžkých forem došlo jen ke stabilizaci příznaků. Po vysazení donepezilu nastala opětná pozvolná deteriorace stavu, což ukazuje, že toto nové kognitivum neléčí příčinu Alzheimerovy demence. V otevřeném prodloužení těchto studií byl donepezil podáván 133 nemocným až po dobu 2 let a další studie probíhají. Počáteční zlepšení výchozích hodnot kognitivních a behaviorálních funkcí trvalo 26-38 týdnů a poté následovala postupná deteriorace psychického stavu. Donepezil dokázal symptomaticky vrátit a stabilizovat biologické životní hodiny nemocných o 6-12 měsíců, takže došlo k průkaznému zpomalení průběhu Alzheimerovy demence oproti neléčeným nemocným. Provedené studie prokázaly, že minimální účinnou dávkou je 5 mg donepezilu, kterou pro dlouhý vylučovací poločas postačuje podávat jednou denně. Dávka 10 mg/den byla v některých studiích a parametrech účinnější než nižší dávkování. Donepezil byl nemocnými velmi dobře tolerován. U 5-20 % léčených se z nežádoucích příznaků nejčastěji vyskytly nauzea, průjem, vomitus, svalové křeče, únava a insomnie. Zvýšenou opatrnost doporučuje výrobce při podávání nemocným s peptickým vředem, průduškovým astmatem a poruchami srdečního převodu. Při intoxikaci je antidotem atropin.

Donepezil is a new cognitive enhancer whose mechanism of action consists in reversible specific inhibition of acetyl-cholinesterase activity. The doses of 5 and 10 mg of donepezil had the effect of blocking acetylcholinesterase in erythrocytes (correlating closely with its effect in the CNS) in 64 and 75 % respectively. Other effects of donepezil include indirect stimulation of muscarine and nicotine receptors by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine in CNS synapses, increasing the extraneuronal concentration not only of acetylcholine, but also of noradrenaline and eventually dopamine, decreasing the permeability of oxygen radicals through neurone membranes, and improving the glucose metabolism in CNS. The absorption of donepezil from the gastrointestinal tract is complete and remains unaffected by food intake. The maximum plasmatic concentration of the preparation is reached within 3 to 5 hours after administration; the drug binds with low affinity to plasma proteins. The elimination half-life of donepezil is 70 to 80 hours, the steady state serum concentration being reached within 14 to 21 days of treatment. Donepezil is characterised by linear pharmacokinetics. Its metabolite 6-O-desmethyl-donepezil is biologically active. The proof of therapeutic efficacy of donepezil is based on 4 placebo-controlled clinical studies which included the total of 1920 patients with the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease of mild to medium severity, treated for 12 to 26 weeks. From the 3rd to 12th week on, in approx. 21 to 38% of patients an improvement of cognitive and behavioural functions was observed. In 20 to 45% of patients stabilisation of state occurred, which also can be interpreted as therapeutic success in dealing with a disorder of such progression as Alzheimer’s disease. Psychic state improvement was observed especially in milder dementia, while in patients suffering from the disease of medium severity only stabilisation of symptoms was observed. The discontinuation of donepezil administration was followed by a slow state deterioration, which shows that the drug does not treat the cause of Alzheimer’s disease. In an open continuation of these studies donepezil was administered to 133 patients for intervals of up to 2 years. There are other studies which have not yet been finished. The initial improvement of starting values of cognitive and behavioural functions lasted from 26 to 38 weeks, being followed by gradual deterioration of psychic state. Donepezil had the capacity to stabilise symptomatically and rewind the biological life of the patients back by 6 to 12 months and thus to slow down the course of Alzheimer’s disease in comparison with untreated patients. The conducted studies have shown that the minimum efficient dose of donepezil is 5 mg (administered once a day thanks to its long elimination half-life). In some studies the dose of 10 mg per day was found to be more efficient than the lower dose. Donepezil was very well tolerated by patients. Adverse effects observed in 5 to 20% of patients most often included nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, muscle cramps, fatigue, and insomnia. The producer recommends careful administration especially to patients suffering from peptic ulcers, bronchial asthma and cordial conduction disorders. In cases of intoxication atropine is the antidote.

• MeSH
• acetylcholinesterasa MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc farmakoterapie   MeSH
• cholinesterasové inhibitory MeSH
• donepezil MeSH
• léčivé přípravky kontraindikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nežádoucí účinky léčiv MeSH
• psychotropní léky aplikace a dávkování   farmakokinetika   farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Innovative memory paradigms have been introduced to capture subtle memory changes in early Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to examine the associations between different indexes of the challenging Memory Binding Test (MBT) and hippocampal volume (HV) in a sample of individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD; n = 50), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) due to AD (n = 31), and cognitively normal (CN) older adults (n = 29) recruited from the Czech Brain Aging Study, in contrast to traditional verbal memory tests. Both MBT free and cued recall scores in immediate and delayed recall conditions were associated with lower HV in both SCD and aMCI due to AD, whereas in traditional verbal memory tests only delayed recall scores were associated with lower HV. In SCD, the associations with lower HV in the immediate recall covered specific cued recall indexes only. In conclusion, the MBT is a promising test for detecting subtle hippocampal-associated memory decline during the predementia continuum.

• MeSH
• demence * diagnóza   MeSH
• hipokampus MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rozpomínání * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Neurotropic pathogens, notably, herpesviruses, have been associated with significant neuropsychiatric effects. As a group, these pathogens can exploit molecular mimicry mechanisms to manipulate the host central nervous system to their advantage. Here, we present a systematic computational approach that may ultimately be used to unravel protein-protein interactions and molecular mimicry processes that have not yet been solved experimentally. Toward this end, we validate this approach by replicating a set of pre-existing experimental findings that document the structural and functional similarities shared by the human cytomegalovirus-encoded UL144 glycoprotein and human tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 (TNFRSF14). We began with a thorough exploration of the Homo sapiens protein database using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTx) to identify proteins sharing sequence homology with UL144. Subsequently, we used AlphaFold2 to predict the independent three-dimensional structures of UL144 and TNFRSF14. This was followed by a comprehensive structural comparison facilitated by Distance-Matrix Alignment and Foldseek. Finally, we used AlphaFold-multimer and PPIscreenML to elucidate potential protein complexes and confirm the predicted binding activities of both UL144 and TNFRSF14. We then used our in silico approach to replicate the experimental finding that revealed TNFRSF14 binding to both B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and glycoprotein domain and UL144 binding to BTLA alone. This computational framework offers promise in identifying structural similarities and interactions between pathogen-encoded proteins and their host counterparts. This information will provide valuable insights into the cognitive mechanisms underlying the neuropsychiatric effects of viral infections.

• MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární mimikry * MeSH
• molekulární modely MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• virové proteiny metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• výpočetní biologie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Hyperaktívny močový mechúr je častým problémom starších pacientov. Vo farmakoterapii sa najčastejšie používajú anticholinergiká. Vyznačujú sa veľmi dobrou účinnosťou, ale môžu zhoršovať kognitívne funkcie pacientov. Tento nežiaduci účinok závisí najmä od schopnosti anticholinergika prechádzať hematoencefalickou bariérou a viazať sa na muskarínové M1 receptory v centrálnom nervovom systéme. Prienik cez hematoencefalickú bariéru závisí od veľkosti molekuly, náboja, lipofility a od toho, či je anticholinergikum substrátom P‐glykoproteínu. Výsledky viacerých štúdií ukázali, že nevhodným liečivom hyperaktívneho mechúra u starších pacientov je oxybutynín, ktorý významne znižuje kognitívne funkcie. Naopak, trospium, solifenacín, darifenacín a fesoterodín nepreukázali významný vplyv na zníženie kognitívnych funkcií starších pacientov. Článek poskytuje prehľad farmakoterapeutických možností liečby hyperaktívneho močového mechúra na príklade staršej pacientky s vekom podmieneným poklesom kognitívnych funkcí.

Overactive bladder is common condition in elderly. Anticholinergic agents are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment of overactive bladder. They are effective but can decline the cognitive function. This adverse event depends on their ability to cross the blood - brain barrier and binding on muscarinic M1 receptors in central nervous system. Crossing of anticholinegics across the hematoencephalic barrier is dependent upon the molecular size, ionic charge, lipophilicity and if the anticholinergic is a P-glycoprotein substrate. Results of studies have shown the inappropriate anticholinergic agent to treat overactive bladder in elderly is oxybutynin, which frequently causes the cognitive impairment. On the contrary, trospium, solifenacin, darifenacin a fesoterodine have insignificant effect on cognitive functions in the elderly. The article provides an overview of pharmacotherapeutic options for treatment of overactive bladder on an example of elderly female patient with age-associated cognitive decline.

• MeSH
• anticholesteremika * škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hyperaktivní močový měchýř * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce etiologie   MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy * MeSH
• lékové interakce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The aim of this study was to evaluate associations of motor and non-motor symptoms with dopamine transporter binding in prodromal stage of synucleinopathies. We examined 74 patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), which is a prodromal synucleinopathy, and 39 controls using Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment, University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test, orthostatic test, Scales for Outcomes in PD-Autonomic, Beck depression inventory-II, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and video-polysomnography. Electromyographic muscle activity during REM sleep was quantified according to Sleep Innsbruck-Barcelona criteria. In 65 patients, dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DAT-SPECT) imaging was performed, putaminal binding ratio was calculated and scans were classified as normal, borderline, or abnormal. Compared to controls, RBD patients had significantly more severe scores in all examined tests. Patients with abnormal DAT-SPECT had higher MDS-UPDRS motor score (p = 0.006) and higher prevalence of orthostatic hypotension (p = 0.008). Putaminal binding ratio was positively associated with UPSIT score (p = 0.03) and negatively associated with tonic (p = 0.003) and phasic (p = 0.01) muscle activity during REM sleep. These associations likely reflect simultaneous advancement of underlying pathology in substantia nigra and susceptible brainstem and olfactory nuclei in prodromal synucleinopathy.

• MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polysomnografie MeSH
• porucha chování v REM spánku metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• proteiny přenášející dopamin přes plazmatickou membránu metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• testy pro posouzení mentálních funkcí a demence MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Overexpression of the mitochondrial enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (17β-HSD10, which is also known as the intracellular amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) binding protein) is observed in cortical or hippocampal regions of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It appears that 17β-HSD10 may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the possibility that levels of 17β-HSD10 in cerebrospinal fluid could be a prospective biomarker of AD. METHODS: We estimated the enzyme levels in 161 people (15 non-demented controls, 52 people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 35 people with probable AD, or 59 people with other types of dementia) and compared them with those of Aβ(1- 42), tau, and phospho-tau. RESULTS: We found significantly higher levels of 17β-HSD10 in people with MCI due to AD (to 109.9% ), with AD (to 120.0% ), or with other types of dementia (to 110.9% ) when compared to the control group. The sensitivity of the new biomarker to AD was 80.0% , and the specificity was 73.3% (compared to controls) or 52.5-59.1% (compared to other types of dementia). Results of multiple linear regression and of correlation analysis revealed AD-mediated changes in links between 17β-HSD10 and Mini Mental State Examination score. CONCLUSION: It seems that changes in 17β-HSD10 start many years before symptom onset, analogous to those in Aβ1 - 42, tau, or phospho-tau and that the levels are a relatively highly sensitive but unfortunately less specific biomarker of AD. A role of 17β-HSD10 overexpression in AD is discussed.

• MeSH
• 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenasy MeSH
• amyloidní beta-protein MeSH
• demence klasifikace   MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• peptidové fragmenty MeSH
• proteiny tau MeSH
• ROC křivka MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• záznam o duševním stavu MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Sporadic Alzheimer's disease is characterised by cognitive impairments and associated with cerebrometabolic anomaly and dementia which are burdensome for the old age population and their caregivers worldwide. A safe and effective treatment is essentially required for its prevention and cure. γ-Oryzanol (OZ) is reported for anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-diabetic effects in various preclinical studies. In silico studies showed similar binding interactions with acetylcholinisterase like Donepezil (DONO). In vitro DPPH assay, AchE activity inhibition assay and cell viability assay on SH-SY5Y cell line confirmed that OZ has good free radical scavenging and cholinesterase inhibitory activity as well as safety profile. OZ was evaluated in vivo for its effect in streptozotocin (STZ) induced sporadic Alzheimer's disease in rats. Maze tests reflected improvement in spatial cognitive behavior indicated by reduction in working memory and reference memory error. OZ showed anti-AchE, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. OZ showed effective anti-proinflammatory effects in cerebral milieu as indicated by significant reduction in active glial cells and found to improve synaptic connectivity. Thereby OZ reflected protection of the cerebral architecture against STZ induced damage. Thus, OZ exhibits its candidature as a therapeutic moiety to improve cognitive behavior in neurodegenerative disorders.

• Klíčová slova
• gamma-oryzanol, ferulic acid,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• cholinesterasové inhibitory farmakologie   MeSH
• donepezil MeSH
• fenylpropionáty * farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• indany farmakologie   MeSH
• kognice účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kyseliny kumarové terapeutické užití   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• piperidiny farmakologie   MeSH
• simulace molekulového dockingu MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

BACKGROUND: Maintaining healthy brain function during ageing is of great importance, especially for the self-sufficiency of older adults. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of dance and martial arts on exerkines Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and irisin blood serum levels. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of dance and martial arts on serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and irisin levels, as well as cognitive function, mood, and physical measures in older adults. Seventy-seven independently living older adults (mean age 70.3±3.8 years) were randomized into three groups: dance (DG), martial arts (MaG), and control (CG), followed over 12 weeks. Generalized linear models were used to assess the interventions' effects. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in BDNF levels in both the DG (1.8 ± 4.9, p < 0.05) and MaG (3.5 ± 6.3, p < 0.05), while CG experienced a decrease (-4.9 ± 8.2, p < 0.05). Between-group effects were significant for BDNF, with DG and MaG showing higher levels than CG (p < 0.05). No significant changes in irisin levels were found. Cognitive performance, particularly attention and mental flexibility (measured by the Trail Making Test A and B), significantly improved in the DG compared to CG (p < 0.05). Additionally, participants in DG showed improved mood based on the Geriatric Depression Scale (p < 0.05) compared to CG. Anthropometric T-scores were significantly associated with changes in irisin levels (p < 0.05) after intervention. CONCLUSION: The study found that dance and martial arts upregulated BDNF levels, with dance showing notable improvements in cognitive function and mood in older adults. Changes in anthropometric measures were linked to increased irisin levels. These findings suggest that both dance and martial arts may promote healthy brain function in aging populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05363228.

• MeSH
• afekt MeSH
• bojové sporty * fyziologie   MeSH
• fibronektiny * krev   MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozkový neurotrofický faktor * krev   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tanec * fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná výkonnost * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

At this time is thought that binding of synchronized and distributed activity is crucial for the mechanism of consciousness. There are suggestive findings that disturbances in this feature binding produce disintegration of consciousness in schizophrenia. It leads to disturbances in reflection of the self and dissociated psychic fragments may be experienced as parts of the external world. Disturbances in the feature binding that lead to disintegration in neural communication among some parts of the brain thus seem to be a neurophysiological counterpart of psychological dissociative processes related to stress response and cognitive, affective and neuroendocrine dysregulation.

• MeSH
• disociační poruchy komplikace   psychologie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• korová synchronizace psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• percepční poruchy komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• schizofrenie (psychologie) MeSH
• schizofrenie komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• vědomí fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1) is a putative auxin receptor and its function is indispensable for plant growth and development. ABP1 has been shown to be involved in auxin-dependent regulation of cell division and expansion, in plasma-membrane-related processes such as changes in transmembrane potential, and in the regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. However, the ABP1-regulated downstream pathway remains elusive. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using auxin transport assays and quantitative analysis of cellular morphology we show that ABP1 regulates auxin efflux from tobacco BY-2 cells. The overexpression of ABP1can counterbalance increased auxin efflux and auxin starvation phenotypes caused by the overexpression of PIN auxin efflux carrier. Relevant mechanism involves the ABP1-controlled vesicle trafficking processes, including positive regulation of endocytosis of PIN auxin efflux carriers, as indicated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and pharmacological manipulations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The findings indicate the involvement of ABP1 in control of rate of auxin transport across plasma membrane emphasizing the role of ABP1 in regulation of PIN activity at the plasma membrane, and highlighting the relevance of ABP1 for the formation of developmentally important, PIN-dependent auxin gradients.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc diagnóza   metabolismus   MeSH
• fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 diagnostické užití   MeSH
• fyziologie buňky * MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce diagnóza   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• mapování mozku * MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• neuronové sítě MeSH
• neurozobrazování * MeSH
• pozitronová emisní tomografie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH