dissolution profile comparison
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Uvolňování léčiva nejen z tuhých perorálních lékových forem se zkouší in vitro disolučním testem. Podmínky provádění disoluce a limity, které musí jednotlivé lékové formy splnit jsou přesně stanoveny. Srovnatelné uvolňování léčiva z originálního léku a generika předchází zkoušce bioekvivalence, na základě které může být generický lék považován za podobný s originálním produktem. Ve studii se porovnávaly vybrané perorální originální léky používané v kardiologii se svými generiky disoluční zkouškou. Hodnotily se léky bez a s modifikovaným uvolňováním léčiva. Z první skupiny léků se porovnával lék Zorem® se svými generiky obsahující amlodipin, lékem Orcal® a Hipres® a originální lék Sectral® s lékem Acecor® obsahující acebutolol. Zatímco lék Hipres® uvolňoval v porovnání se svým originálním lékem Zorem® statisticky významně větší množství léčiva a tablety léku Orcal® nevyhověly podmínkám první úrovně hodnocení disoluční zkoušky, generický lék Acecor® byl srovnatelný se svým originálním lékem Sectral® a jeho disoluční profil byl navíc méně ovlivňován změnou pH disolučního média. Ze skupiny léků s řízeným uvolňováním léčiva se porovnávaly léky Betaloc® ZOK a Emzok® obsahující metoprolol. Hodnotily se disoluční profily ve 3 médiích s rostoucí hodnotou pH napodobující pasáž léku gastrointestinálním traktem. Ve všech 3 disolučních médiích se uvolňovalo léčivo z léku Betaloc® ZOK kinetikou nultého řádu minimálně 12 hodin na rozdíl od léku Emzok®. Zjistilo se, že jejich disoluční profily nejsou podobné v žádném disolučním médiu.
The drug release from the dosage forms is determined using in vitro dissolution test. The conditions and limitations of dissolution tests for each dosage form are strictly given. The equivalent drug release from original and generic product proved using dissolution tests is followed by a bioequivalence study. It proves the similarity between the original product and its generic. In this experimental work selected cardio-active original brands and their generics were compared using dissolution test. Two different types of oral dosage forms were evaluated: tablets without and with modified drug release. In the first group original brand Zorem® was compared with two generics Orcal® and Hipres® containing amlodipine and also original brand Sectral® with its generic Acecor® containing acebutolol. While Hipres® released significantly higher amount of drug when compared with Zorem®, Orcal® have not fulfiled the conditions of the first line class dosage form. Generical Acecor® succeeded in comparison with its original brand Sectral® and its dissolution profile was even less influenced by changes in pH values of the dissolution media. The second group was represented controlled drug release products with metoprolol. Three dissolution media with increasing pH values, imitating the passage of the drug in GIT were used. The drug released from Betaloc® ZOK followed zero order kinetic in all three media at least twelve hours contrary to its generic Emzok®. Dissolution profiles of Betaloc® ZOK and Emzok® were not similar.
- Klíčová slova
- Zoren, Orcal, Hipres, Sectral, Acecor, Betalor, ZOK, Emzok,
- MeSH
- acebutolol aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika MeSH
- amlodipin aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika MeSH
- generika aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika MeSH
- hodnocení léčiv MeSH
- kardiologie MeSH
- lékové formy MeSH
- metoprolol aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Warfarín je stále rozsiahle diskutovaným liečivom s úzkym terapeutickým indexom. Jeho generické náhrady boli v minulosti príčinou krvácavosti. Ako príčina boli diskutované kvalita substancie a miera obsahovej rovnorodosti. Kvalitu substancie je možné posúdiť vhodnou disolučnou metódou. Doteraz existuje pre tablety s obsahom warfarínu oficiálna miešadlová disolučná metóda s vodným médiom, ktorá nemá rozlišujúci charakter. V priebehu prvých 15 minút u nej dochádza k takmer úplnému uvoľneniu účinnej látky z liekovej formy, čím je znemožnené vzájomné porovnanie tabliet od rôznych výrobcov alebo sledovanie prípadných zmien v priebehu stabilitných testov. Z literatúry je známa aj metóda s médiom s pH 6,8, ktorá sa odporúča ako vhodná alternatíva. Cieľom tejto práce bolo vyskúšať, či táto metóda pri dvoch rýchlostiach otáčok (50 a 25 rpm) bude vhodná k výpočtom faktorov podobnosti a rozdielnosti a prípadne bude mať rozlišujúci charakter vzhľadom k veľkosti častíc účinnej látky a pevnosti tabliet. Za týmto účelom boli vyrobené tablety s obsahom 10 mg sodnej soli warfarínu vo forme kryštalického klathrátu s izopropanolom. Pripravené tablety sa líšili veľkosťou častíc účinnej látky (d50 = 4,8, resp. 22,5 μm) a ich radiálnou pevnosťou (30, resp. 100 N). Obsahová rovnorodosť tabliet, bola overená pomocou indexu spôsobilosti procesu (Cpk) a Bergumovej metódy. Bolo potvrdené, že disolučné médium s pH 6,8 umožňuje vzájomné porovnanie disolučných profilov pomocou výpočtov faktorov podobnosti a rozdielnosti, no za daných podmienok nemá rozlišujúci charakter.
Warfarin is intensively discussed drug with narrow therapeutic index. In the past, its generic substitution was identified as a cause of bleeding. Altered quality of the active substance or varying drug content was discussed. The substance quality can be evaluated with adequate dissolution method. An official dissolution method with aqueous medium exists, however this method is non-discriminatory. In the first 15 minutes the whole amount of the active pharmaceutical ingredient is released from a tested dosage form, which does not allow comparison between tablets from different producers and it also makes difficult to track the changes throughout stability testing. In the literature, there is a well known method using pH 6.8 buffer, which seems to be a suitable alternative to water. The aim of this study was to prove, that this alternative medium, when two stirring speeds for dissolution (50 or 25 rpm) are used, will be suitable for calculation of similarity and difference factor and if it will be eventually discriminatory with regard to particle size and radial hardness. For this purpose we prepared tablets with 10 mg of warfarin sodium in form of crystalline clathrate with isopropanol. Tablets differed by particle size of active pharmaceutical ingredient (d50 = 4.8, or d50 = 22.5 μm respectively) and by radial hardness (30, or 100 N respectively). The content uniformity of the tablets was determined using process capability index (Cpk) and Bergum method. It was confirmed that the dissolution medium with pH of 6.8 allows comparison of dissolution profiles by similarity and difference factors but under given conditions it is not discriminatory.
- Klíčová slova
- disoluční metoda, disoluční metoda, faktor rozdílnosti, faktor podobnosti, radiální pevnost,
- MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kontrola léčiv a omamných látek metody MeSH
- rozpouštědla chemie MeSH
- tablety analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- terapeutická ekvivalence * MeSH
- terapeutický index léčiva MeSH
- uvolňování léčiv * MeSH
- velikost částic MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- warfarin * chemie MeSH
Cieľom našej experimentálnej práce bolo vyhodnotenie retardácie pripravených formulácií tramadoliumchloridu s modifikovaným uvoľňovaním porovnaním disolučného profilu a posúdením mechanizmu uvoľňovania účinnej látky s využitím matematických modelov. Liberácia liečiva z matricovej retardety a z násobnej liekovej formy tvorenej peletami obalenými membránou polyméru sa porovnala s dostupnými prípravkami tramadoliumchloridu s predpísaným dávkovaním jedenkrát denne. Získané údaje sa interpretovali ohľadom na publikované údaje o priebehu farmakokinetického profilu dostupných OD foriem tramadoliumchloridu. Na základe vyhodnotenia výsledkov získaných in vitro môžeme konštatovať, že vybrané experimentálne matricové tablety na báze polyakrylátového Eudragitu NE 30D ako matricotvorného polyméru a násobná lieková forma tvorená peletami s membránou Kollicoatu SR, majú predpoklad dosiahnuť farmakokinetický profil, ktorý splní požiadavky na liekovú formu tramadoliumchloridu s predĺženým uvoľňovaním zabezpečujúcim dvadsaťštyrihodinový účinok liečiva. Použitá disolučná metóda poskytla výsledky, ktoré majú výpovednú hodnotu zodpovedajúcu publikovaným údajom: disolučná metóda predikuje rozdiely vo farmakokinetických profiloch popísané v citovanej literatúre 4–6).
The aim of the experimental paper was to evaluate the achieved retardation of prepared modified release formulations containing tramadol hydrochloride as an active ingredient by comparison of the dissolution profiles and to study the dissolution mechanism using mathematical models. The release of the active ingredient from the matrix tablet and multiple unit dosage form containing the coated microspheres was compared with the marketed once daily dosed modified release dosage forms of tramadol hydrochloride. The measured data were compared with the published pharmacokinetic data of available once daily formulations. Based on the evaluation of in vitro dissolution profiles, it can be assumed that the chosen formulations of matrix tablets using polyacrylate Eudragit NE 30 as a matrix-forming polymer and a pellet reservoir system containing the Kollicoat SR membrane allow to achieve the pharmacokinetic profile complying with the requirements for the dosage form of tramadol hydrochloride assuring a 24-hours prolonged effect of the active ingredient. The dissolution method employed is able to yield the results corresponding with the published data and predicting the differences in pharmacokinetic profiles described in the literature 4–6).
Hypromellose matrices exhibit extended burst effect immediately after contact with aqueous medium, especially when a water-soluble drug is incorporated. The objective of this study was to reduce burst effect and maintain complete dissolution of a very soluble levetiracetam over 12 h period from hypromellose K4M matrices to obtain zero-order kinetics. Desired changes were achieved by applying water dispersions of insoluble Eudragits(®) (NE, NM, RL, RS) as a granulation liquid to the drug/microcrystalline cellulose mixture during high-shear granulation (non-thermal treated set) and consequently by thermally treating granules or final tablets (TT), respectively. Applying Eudragit(®) water dispersions to the drug/microcrystalline cellulose mixture was recognized as an effective method of significantly reducing the burst release (25.4-33.7%) of levetiracetam in comparison with a reference sample without Eudragit(®). Multivariate data analysis showed that the addition of Eudragit(®) reduced burst effect, increased fitting with zero-order kinetics, and supported matrix erosion as the supplementary mechanism to predominant diffusion. Moreover, resulting PCA sub-model revealed the addition of Eudragit(®) RL and thermal treatment of tablets to be the most suitable method of all. For a 12 h dissolution profile, characterized by low burst effect and drug release close to 100% at the 12th hour, sample RL_TT was the most suitable.
- MeSH
- antikonvulziva aplikace a dávkování chemie MeSH
- celulosa chemie MeSH
- deriváty hypromelózy chemie MeSH
- kyseliny polymethakrylové chemie MeSH
- léky s prodlouženým účinkem chemie MeSH
- multivariační analýza MeSH
- piracetam aplikace a dávkování analogy a deriváty chemie MeSH
- příprava léků metody MeSH
- rozpustnost MeSH
- tablety MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- uvolňování léčiv MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A drug dissolution profile is one of the most critical dosage form characteristics with immediate and controlled drug release. Comparing the dissolution profiles of different pharmaceutical products plays a key role before starting the bioequivalence or stability studies. General recommendations for dissolution profile comparison are mentioned by the EMA and FDA guidelines. However, neither the EMA nor the FDA provides unambiguous instructions for comparing the dissolution curves, except for calculating the similarity factor f2. In agreement with the EMA and FDA strategy for comparing the dissolution profiles, this manuscript provides an overview of suitable statistical methods (CI derivation for f2 based on bootstrap, CI derivation for the difference between reference and test samples, Mahalanobis distance, model-dependent approach and maximum deviation method), their procedures and limitations. However, usage of statistical approaches for the above-described methods can be met with difficulties, especially when combined with the requirement of practice for robust and straightforward techniques for data evaluation. Therefore, the bootstrap to derive the CI for f2 or CI derivation for the difference between reference and test samples was selected as the method of choice.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Modern pharmaceutical technology still seeks new excipients and investigates the further use in already known ones. An example is magnesium aluminometasilicate Neusilin® US2 (NEU), a commonly used inert filler with unique properties that are usable in various pharmaceutical fields of interest. We aimed to explore its application in hypromellose matrix systems (HPMC content 10-30%) compared to the traditionally used microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) PH 102. The properties of powder mixtures and directly compressed tablets containing individual fillers NEU or MCC, or their blend with ratios of 1.5:1, 1:1, and 0.5:1 were investigated. Besides the routine pharmaceutical testing, we have enriched the matrices' evaluation with a biorelevant dynamic dissolution study and advanced statistical analysis. Under the USP apparatus 2 dissolution test, NEU, individually, did not provide advantages compared to MCC. The primary limitations were the burst effect increase followed by faster drug release at the 10-20% HPMC concentrations. However, the biorelevant dynamic dissolution study did not confirm these findings and showed similarities in dissolution profiles. It indicates the limitations of pharmacopoeial methods in matrix tablet development. Surprisingly, the NEU/MCC blend matrices at the same HPMC concentration showed technologically advantageous properties. Besides improved flowability, tablet hardness, and a positive impact on the in vitro drug dissolution profile toward zero-order kinetics, the USP 2 dissolution data of the samples N75M50 and N50M50 showed a similarity to those obtained from the dynamic biorelevant apparatus with multi-compartment structure. This finding demonstrates the more predictable in vivo behaviour of the developed matrix systems in human organisms.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A fully automated sequential injection system was tested in terms of its application in liberation testing, and capabilities and limitations were discussed for clotrimazole liberation from three semisolid formulations. An evaluation based on kinetic profiles obtained in short and longer sampling intervals and steady-state flux values were applied as traditional methods. The obtained clotrimazole liberation profile was faster in the case of Delcore and slower for Clotrimazol AL and Canesten cream commercial formulations. The steady-state flux values for the tested formulations were 52 µg cm-2 h-1 for Canesten, 35 µg cm-2 h-1 for Clotrimazol AL, and 7.2 µg cm-2 h-1 for Delcore measured in 4 min sampling intervals. A simplified approach for the evaluation of the initial rate based on the gradient between the second and third sampling points was used for the first time and was found to correspond well with the results of the conventional methods. A comparison based on the ratio of the steady-state flux and the initial rate values for Canesten and Clotrimazol AL proved the similarity of the obtained results. The proposed alternative was successfully implemented for the comparison of short-term kinetic profiles. Consequently, a faster and simpler approach for dissolution/liberation testing can be used.
This study was designed to assess both the quality and cost aspects of various branded and generic formulations of angiotensin receptor blockers, specifically Irbesartan, Losartan Potassium, Olmesartan Medoxomil, Telmisartan, and Valsartan. The collected samples underwent distinct quality evaluations using the methods outlined in different global Pharmacopoeias (British Pharmacopoeia/European Pharmacopoeia, Indian Pharmacopoeia and United States Pharmacopoeia). These drugs were characterized using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques, while their quality and concentration were analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The release profile of the drugs was examined through dissolution testing. Additionally, a cost comparison analysis was carried out by determining the prevailing market prices of the drugs. The evaluated branded and generic angiotensin receptor blockers were found to meet the established standards for impurities, active drug content, and dissolution as set by these Pharmacopoeias, indicating their optimal quality. Notably, the generic drugs exhibited significantly lower costs compared to their branded counterparts. This study confirms that the quality of generic angiotensin receptor blockers is equivalent to that of their branded counterparts. Consequently, these findings support the practicality of utilizing generic drugs as a more economically sustainable and cost-effective approach to managing diseases, especially those of chronic nature.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The dissolution mechanism of a poorly aqueous soluble drug from amorphous solid dispersions was investigated using a combination of two imaging methods: attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The rates of elementary processes such as water penetration, polymer swelling, growth and erosion of gel layer, and the diffusion, release and in some cases precipitation of drug were evaluated by image analysis. The results from the imaging methods were compared with drug release profiles obtained by classical dissolution tests. The study was conducted using three polymeric excipients (soluplus, polyvinylpyrrolidone - PVP K30, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose - HPMC 100M) alone and in combination with a poorly soluble drug, aprepitant. The imaging methods were complementary: ATR-FTIR imaging enabled a qualitative observation of all three components during the dissolution experiments, water, polymer and drug, including identifying structural changes from the amorphous form of drug to the crystalline form. The comparison of quantitative MRI data with drug release profiles enabled the different processes during dissolution to be established and the rate-limiting step to be identified, which - for the drug-polymer combinations investigated in this work - was the drug diffusion through the gel layer rather than water penetration into the tablet.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie * přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- morfoliny chemie MeSH
- polymery chemie MeSH
- spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- uvolňování léčiv MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Warfarin is intensively discussed drug with narrow therapeutic range. There have been cases of bleeding attributed to varying content or altered quality of the active substance. Factor analysis is useful for finding suitable technological parameters leading to high content uniformity of tablets containing low amount of active substance. The composition of tabletting blend and technological procedure were set with respect to factor analysis of previously published results. The correctness of set parameters was checked by manufacturing and evaluation of tablets containing 1-10mg of warfarin sodium. The robustness of suggested technology was checked by using "worst case scenario" and statistical evaluation of European Pharmacopoeia (EP) content uniformity limits with respect to Bergum division and process capability index (Cpk). To evaluate the quality of active substance and tablets, dissolution method was developed (water; EP apparatus II; 25rpm), allowing for statistical comparison of dissolution profiles. Obtained results prove the suitability of factor analysis to optimize the composition with respect to batches manufactured previously and thus the use of metaanalysis under industrial conditions is feasible.
