ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The prevalence of different types of chronic wounds, due to the ageing population and increase incidence of diseases, is becoming a worldwide problem. Various medicinal plants used in folk medicine have demonstrated wound healing and antimicrobial properties, and some of these species are currently used in commercial preparations. Despite the well-documented and rich tradition of the use of local herbs for the treatment of skin injuries in Samoan folk medicine, their wound healing potential has not yet been systematically studied. AIM OF THE STUDY: Investigation into the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts from 14 medicinal plants used in Samoan traditional medicine for the healing of wounds, burns and sores, and their effects on the proliferation and migration of human fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antibacterial activity of these extracts was tested against pathogens associated with infected skin injuries, using the broth microdilution method. The effect on migration, proliferation and viability of human dermal fibroblasts was evaluated using wound healing scratch assay, cell proliferation assay, and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide cytotoxicity test. RESULTS: The extracts from Cerbera manghas, Commelina diffusa, Kleinhovia hospita, Mikania micrantha, Omalanthus nutans, Peperomia pellucida, Phymatosorus scolopendria, Piper graeffei, Psychotria insularum, and Schizostachyum glaucifolium inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≥4 μg/mL, whereas C. manghas and P. pellucida produced the same MIC against both Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among the antibacterially active species, C. diffusa, K. hospita, P. scolopendria, P. insularum, and S. glaucifolium did not produce toxicity towards the standard line of normal adult human dermal fibroblasts (IC80 > 128 μg/mL). In addition, extracts from Barringtonia asiatica, C. manghas, M. micrantha, O. nutans, P. insularum, and Piper graeffei stimulated significant migration of dermal fibroblasts, while M. micrantha, O. nutans, and P. insularum did not affect cell proliferation at a concentration of 32 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the above-mentioned species of Samoan medicinal plants can be used for the development of new wound healing agents. However, further phytochemical and pharmacological research is needed regarding the isolation and identification of their active constituents.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• fibroblasty účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• léčivé rostliny * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti metody   MeSH
• nadzemní části rostlin MeSH
• pohyb buněk účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• proliferace buněk účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Samoa MeSH

• MeSH
• alergologie a imunologie MeSH
• bakteriologie MeSH
• mikrobiologie MeSH
• mykologie MeSH
• parazitologie MeSH
• virologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Mikrobiologie
• NLK Obory
• mikrobiologie, lékařská mikrobiologie
• parazitologie
• virologie
• alergologie a imunologie
• bakteriologie

A sensitive capillary electrophoretic method with on-line sample preconcentration by large volume sample stacking has been developed for determination of the anti-microbial agent pentamidine. The separation is performed in a fused silica capillary coated with covalently bound hydroxypropyl cellulose, with an internal diameter of 50 μm and length of 31.5 cm; the background electrolyte was 100 mM acetic acid/Tris at pH 4.7. The stacking is tested using a model sample of 1 μM pentamidine dissolved in 25% infusion solution and 75% acidified acetonitrile. Stacking permits the injection of a sample zone with a length of 95% of the total capillary length to achieve an enhancing factor of 77 compared to low injection into 1.8% of the total capillary length, with simultaneous high separation efficiency of approximately 1 350 000 plates/m. Stacking is based on simultaneous application of a separation field and a hydrodynamic pressure to force the acetonitrile zone out of the capillary. This approach allows the determination of pentamidine in rat blood plasma using only 12.5 μL of plasma treated by the addition of acetonitrile in a ratio of 1:3 v/v. The attained LOD is 0.03 μM and the intra-day repeatability is 0.1% for the migration time and 1.0% for the peak area at the injection 28.3% of capillary length. The performed pharmacokinetic study with ten-second scanning of the blood reveals rapid dynamics of pentamidine in the arterial bloodstream, while the changes are much slower in the venous system.

• MeSH
• antiinfekční látky krev   MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární metody   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• pentamidin krev   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• tlak MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Identification of microbial contamination by CE has interested many researchers mainly because of the high speed of CE analysis. However, the CE separation of such big structures brings a lot of questions mainly about the behavior of microorganisms and about the mechanism of separation. In this work, we constructed a simple apparatus where a microscope was used as one detector and a UV detector was used as the second one and we made the comparison of three typical setups for CE of microorganisms. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was chosen as a model microorganism and was analyzed in bare fused-silica capillaries, covalently modified capillaries and dynamically modified capillaries by poly(ethylene oxide) or CTAB. Results showed that the use of CE instrument directly connected with a microscope could be advantageous for the study of separation mechanisms and/or migration behavior.

• MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• elektroosmóza MeSH
• mikroskopie metody   MeSH
• online systémy přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly chemie   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• spektrofotometrie ultrafialová metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Upward migration of plants to barren subnival areas is occurring worldwide due to raising ambient temperatures and glacial recession. In summer 2012, the presence of six vascular plants, growing in a single patch, was recorded at an unprecedented elevation of 6150 m.a.s.l. close to the summit of Mount Shukule II in the Western Himalayas (Ladakh, India). Whilst showing multiple signs of stress, all plants have managed to establish stable growth and persist for several years. To learn about the role of microbes in the process of plant upward migration, we analysed the root-associated microbial community of the plants (three individuals from each) using microscopy and tagged amplicon sequencing. No mycorrhizae were found on the roots, implying they are of little importance to the establishment and early growth of the plants. However, all roots were associated with a complex bacterial community, with richness and diversity estimates similar or even higher than the surrounding bare soil. Both soil and root-associated communities were dominated by members of the orders Sphingomonadales and Sphingobacteriales, which are typical for hot desert soils, but were different from communities of temperate subnival soils and typical rhizosphere communities. Despite taxonomic similarity on the order level, the plants harboured a unique set of highly dominant operational taxonomic units which were not found in the bare soil. These bacteria have been likely transported with the dispersing seeds and became part of the root-associated community following germination. The results indicate that developing soils act not only as a source of inoculation to plant roots but also possibly as a sink for plant-associated bacteria.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• Brassicaceae klasifikace   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lipnicovité klasifikace   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• rhizosféra MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• Saussurea klasifikace   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

Mateřské mléko bylo považováno za sterilní. Avšak nedávné studie ukázaly, že obsahuje velké množství bakterií, z nichž některé by mohly sloužit jako první probiotikum pro novorozence. K dispozici jsou dvě hypotézy, jak se bakterie dostávají do prsní žlázy: kontaminace a/nebo aktivní migrace. Lepší pochopení, jak vzniká mikrobiota mateřského mléka a zda má nějakou potenciální úlohu, by mělo být předmětem budoucího zkoumání.

Human milk has been considered sterile. However, recent studies have shown that it contains a lot of bacteria, which some of them could be first probiotics for newborns. There are two hypotheses how bacteria can reach the mammary gland: contamination and/or active migration. Better understanding microbiota of human milk, its creation and its potential role should be aim of future investigation.

• Klíčová slova
• bakteriální diverzita, aktivní migrace bakterií, kontaminace mateřského mléka bakteriemi,
• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojení MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské mléko * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• pohyb buněk MeSH
• probiotika * MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra MeSH
• ústní sliznice mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Effects of vertebrate-associated microbiota on physiology and health are of significant interest in current biological research. Most previous studies have focused on host-microbiota interactions in captive-bred mammalian models. These interactions and their outcomes are still relatively understudied, however, in wild populations and non-mammalian taxa. Using deep pyrosequencing, we described the cloacal microbiome (CM) composition in free living barn swallows Hirundo rustica, a long-distance migratory passerine bird. Barn swallow CM was dominated by bacteria of the Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla. Bacteroidetes, which represent an important proportion of the digestive tract microbiome in many vertebrate species, was relatively rare in barn swallow CM (< 5%). CM composition did not differ between males and females. A significant correlation of CM within breeding pair members is consistent with the hypothesis that cloacal contact during within-pair copulation may promote transfer of bacterial assemblages. This effect on CM composition had a relatively low effect size, however, possibly due to the species' high level of sexual promiscuity.

• MeSH
• bakteriální RNA MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• chov MeSH
• kloaka mikrobiologie   MeSH
• metagenom MeSH
• migrace zvířat * MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• ptáci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Medzi človekom a viacerými mikroorganizmami sa počas fylogenetického vývoja rozvinuli rôzne typy synbiózy. Najvyšším typom je mutuálny typ synbiózy, ktorý bol základom pre vývin špecializovaných systémov človeka, ako sú napr. GALT a MALT. Táto užitočná mikroflóra je tvorená najmä probiotikami, ktoré vytvárajú špecifické osadenstvá a z nich je najvýznamnejší mikrobióm tráviaceho traktu. Ľudský plod sa pôvodne považoval za sterilný, avšak výsledky prác poslednej dekády naznačujú, že už gravidita je obdobie, kedy dochádza k prvému kontaktu plodu s baktériami. Vznik mikroflóry novorodenca sa považuje za kritický krok určujúci prirodzený metabolický a imunologický vývin tráviaceho traktu a z neho vyplývajúci krátkodobý i dlhodobý vplyv na zdravotný stav jedinca. Interakcia mikrobiómu s makroorganizmom je veľmi intenzívna a významná pre človeka a to nielen v imunologickej, ale napríklad aj v metabolickej či psychickej oblasti. V práci sú uvedené definície probiotík, prebiotík a postbiotík, ktoré sú novo definovanou skupinou účinných látok, ktoré vznikajú metabolickou činnosťou probiotík vplyvom na prebiotiká. Tieto postbiotiká hrajú významnú úlohu v ovplyvňovaní ostatnej mikroflóry, majú antimikrobiálne, imunomodulačné i antioxidačné vlastnosti. Uvádzame význam materského mlieka a oligosacharidov pri kreovaní črevného mikrobiómu a jeho možné ovplyvnenie stravou a inými faktormi, čo môže mať význam pre zdravotný stav nielen samotného dieťaťa, ale aj v jeho ďalšom živote. Podávame prehľad niektorých účinkov prebiotík a postbiotík aj na podklade EBM i experimentálnych prác, ktorých výsledky je možné využívať v klinickej praxi. Modulácia ekosystému tráviaceho traktu s využitím probiotických mikroorganizmov, prebiotík a bioaktívnych látok by mohla zefektívniť prevenciu a terapiu mnohých chorobných procesov.

They have developed different types of synbiosis between different microorganisms during phyloge- netic development. Thehighest type of synbiosis is the mutual type, which was the basis for the development of specialized human systems, GALT andMALT. This useful microflora consists mainly of probiotics that create spe- cific habits and which are the most important in digestivetract. The human fetus was originally thought to be sterile, but the scientific results, in the last decade, indicate that pregnancyis a period when the first phase of contact with bacteria occurs. The emergence of a newborn microflora is considered to be acritical stage determining the natu- ral metabolic and immunological development of the gastrointestinal tract and resultingshort- and long-term effects on the individual‘s state of health. Interaction of the microbe with the macro organism is very intenseand important for humans and not only in the immunological, but also in the metabolic or psychological area.This paper includes the definitions of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics, which are newly defined by a group of active substances,which are created by the metabolic activity of probiotics on prebiotics. These postbiot- ic substances play an important role ininfluencing other microflora, have antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and an- tioxidant properties. We describe the importance ofbreast milk and oligosaccharides in the formation of intestinal micro biome and its potential influence on diet and other factors,which may be important for the health of the child, but also in his/her next life. We reviewed the effects of oligosacharides andpostbiotics on the basis of EBM and experimental works, the results of which can be used in clinical practice.Modulation of the digestive tract ecosystem with the use of probiotic micro-organisms, prebiotics and bioactive substances couldeffectively prevent the prevention and therapy of many disease processes.

• Klíčová slova
• postbiotika,
• MeSH
• císařský řez MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt fyziologie   chemie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojení MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské mléko chemie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mikrobiota fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• pohyb buněk MeSH
• prebiotika * MeSH
• přirozený porod MeSH
• probiotika * chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH

Interactions with microorganisms might enable house dust mites (HDMs) to derive nutrients from difficult-to-digest structural proteins and to flourish in human houses. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the effects of changes in the mite culture growth and population of two HDM species on HDM microbiome composition and fitness. Growing cultures of laboratory and industrial allergen-producing populations of Dermatophagoides farinae (DFL and DFT, respectively) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DPL and DPT, respectively) were sampled at four time points. The symbiotic microorganisms of the mites were characterized by DNA barcode sequencing and quantified by qPCR using universal/specific primers. The population growth of mites and nutrient contents of mite bodies were measured and correlated with the changes in bacteria in the HDM microbiome. The results showed that both the population and culture age significantly influenced the microbiome profiles. Cardinium formed 93% and 32% of the total sequences of the DFL and DFT bacterial microbiomes, respectively, but this bacterial species was less abundant in the DPL and DPT microbiomes. Staphylococcus abundance was positively correlated with increased glycogen contents in the bodies of mites, and increased abundances of Aspergillus, Candida, and Kocuria were correlated with increased lipid contents in the bodies of mites. The xerophilic fungus Wallemia accounted for 39% of the fungal sequences in the DPL microbiome, but its abundance was low in the DPT, DFL, and DFT microbiomes. With respect to the mite culture age, we made three important observations: the mite population growth from young cultures was 5-8-fold higher than that from old cultures; specimens from old cultures had greater abundances of fungi and bacteria in their bodies; and yeasts predominated in the gut contents of specimens from young cultures, whereas filamentous mycelium prevailed in specimens from old cultures. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that mites derive nutrients through associations with microorganisms.

• MeSH
• Bacteria * klasifikace   MeSH
• bakteriální RNA analýza   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fungální RNA analýza   MeSH
• houby * klasifikace   MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• Pyroglyphidae mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S analýza   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S analýza   MeSH
• taxonomické DNA čárové kódování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The aim of this study was to determine which species of culturable bacteria are associated with ectomycorrhizae (ECM) of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) in the Sudety Mountains, exposed for years to atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, and climatic stress, and to identify particular species that have adapted to those conditions. Biolog identification was performed on bacterial species from ECM of adult spruce trees and seedlings of stands with low, intermediate, and high forest decline. Bacterial diversity in ECM associated with adult spruce trees, seedlings, and seedlings grown on monoliths was calculated; although the expected values appeared to vary widely, no significant differences among sites were observed. Dendrograms based on the identified bacterial species showed that stands with low forest decline clustered separately from the others. Principal component analysis of the normalized data for ECM-associated species showed a clear separation between stands with high forest decline and stands with low forest decline for seedlings and a less evident separation for adult spruce trees. In conclusion, shifts in ECM-associated culturable bacterial populations seem to be associated with forest decline in Norway spruce stands. Some bacterial species were preferentially associated with mycorrhizal roots depending on the degree of forest decline; this was more evident in seedlings where the species Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas fluorescens were associated with, respectively, ECM of the most damaged stands and those with low forest decline.

• MeSH
• Bacteria genetika   růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza fyziologie   MeSH
• počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• semenáček mikrobiologie   MeSH
• smrk mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH