• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neurotic Disorders MeSH
• Social Adjustment MeSH
• Students MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Cíl: Neurotrofická keratopatie (NK) je degenerativní onemocnění rohovky způsobené poškozením trigeminální inervace vedoucí ke snížení citlivosti rohovky až k její úplné anestezii. Porucha rohovkové inervace vede k morfologickým a metabolickým poruchám epitelu a k rozvoji recidivujících nebo perzistujících defektů epitelu až vředů rohovky, které mohou progredovat ve stromální lýzu a perforaci rohovky. Jednou z možností řešení těžké neurotrofické keratopatie je reinervace anestetické rohovky s využitím n. supraorbitalis a autologního štěpu senzitivního nervu (nepřímá neurotizace). V práci prezentujeme výsledky léčby pomocí této metody u pacienta s perzistujícím epiteliálním defektem a vředem rohovky po úrazu oka v terénu denervované rohovky. Výsledky: 22letý muž s anamnézou neurochirurgického zákroku pro astrocytom mozečku a kmene vpravo ve 2 letech věku byl od dětství sledován pro pooperační parézu n. facialis vpravo s lagoftalmem, současně byla přítomna porucha funkce n. trigeminus vpravo. Ve 22 letech po kontuzi pravého bulbu došlo k rozvoji perzistujícího epiteliálního defektu a následně vředu rohovky. Vzhledem k vyčerpání jiných terapeutických možností byla u pacienta provedena reinervace rohovky vpravo cestou kontralaterálního n. supraorbitalis s využitím autologního štěpu z n. suralis z pravé dolní končetiny. 5 měsíců po výkonu došlo k částečné obnově citlivosti rohovky. Po následné transplantaci amniové membrány do chronického defektu epitelu se rozsáhlý epiteliální defekt uzavřel a došlo k projasnění zkaleného stromatu rohovky. Závěr: Technika reinervace anestetické rohovky s využitím n. supraorbitalis a autologního štěpu senzitivního nervu představuje novou možnost řešení těžké formy neurotrofické keratopatie. U pacienta z naší kazuistiky operovaného touto metodou došlo po výkonu ke zhojení těžkého rohovkového nálezu.

Purpose: Neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) is a degenerative corneal disease caused by damage to the trigeminal innervation due to a decrease in corneal sensitivity or complete anaesthesia. Impaired corneal innervation leads to morphological and metabolic disorders of the epithelium. In addition, it also leads to the development of recurrent or persistent epithelial defects in corneal ulcers, which may progress to stromal lysis and corneal perforation. One possible solution for severe NK is reinnervation of the anaesthetic cornea (corneal neurotization) using the supraorbital nerve and an autologous sensory nerve graft (indirect neurotization). This article presents the results of corneal neurotization in a young male patient with persistent epithelial defects and corneal ulcers due to corneal denervation. Results: A 22-year-old man with a history of neurosurgery for astrocytoma of the cerebellum and trunk on the right side at the age of 2 years, was observed for postoperative paresis of the right facial nerve with lagophthalmos in his childhood. The presence of asymptomatic dysfunction of the right trigeminal nerve was also noted. At the age of 22 years, after right eyeball contusion, the vision of the right eye decreased and a persistent epithelial defect developed, followed by corneal ulceration. Due to the exhaustion of therapeutic options in a young patient with corneal anaesthesia, the cornea was reinnervated via the contralateral supraorbital nerve using an autologous sural nerve graft. Five months after the surgery, the sensitivity of the cornea of the right eye began to recover. After amniotic membrane transplantation, the extensive epithelial defect healed, and the opaque corneal stroma gradually cleared up. Conclusion: The reinnervation of the anaesthetic cornea (corneal neurotization) using the supraorbital nerve and the autologous sensory nerve graft represents a new solution for severe NK treatment. The severe corneal condition in our patient healed after the surgery.

• Keywords
• neurotrofická keratopatie, neurotizace rohovky,
• MeSH
• Keratitis, Dendritic surgery   etiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Corneal Diseases * surgery   etiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Nerve Transfer methods   MeSH
• Nerve Regeneration MeSH
• Epithelium, Corneal physiopathology   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

Komplikací míšního postižení nejrůznější etiologie u dětí i dospělých je mimo jiné vznik funkčních mikčních poruch souhrnně nazývaných neurogenní močový měchýř. Cílem současných terapeutických algoritmů u pa­cientů s neurogenním močovým měchýřem je zavedení takového způsobu derivace moči, který je prevencí postupné destrukce funkce horních cest močových. Za metodu volby je považována metoda autokatetrizace, podpořená medikací či chirurgickými výkony snižujícími intravesikální tlak na přípustnou mez. To je důvod, proč je stále aktuální snaha o vývoj metod, jež by pa­cientům umožnily spontánní mikci fyziologickými parametry bez nutnosti další medikace. Patří sem neurostimulace či neuromodulace sakrálních míšních kořenů, pudendálního nervu anebo nervu tibiálního. Nepřímou stimulaci močového měchýře lze zajistit implantovanými elektrodami nejčastěji přes ventrální míšní kořeny nebo pudendální nerv. Neuromodulace je prováděna cestou stimulace dorzálních sakrálních kořenů, n. pudendus či perkutánní stimulací n. tibialis. Novou, progresivní fyziologickou metodu představuje neurotizace (znovuzapojení) nefunkčních ventrálních míšních kořenů napojením nepoškozených periferních nervů či jiných míšních kořenů se zachovalou funkcí. Autoři v článku srovnávají všechny zmíněné modality na základě současných literárních údajů a probíhajících experimentů a nastiňují neurofyziologický podklad možných řešení.

A great number of patients with spinal cord dysfunction of various origin suffer from functional micturition disorders called neurogenic bladder. Most of the therapeutic regimens are aimed at providing adequate urine derivation to prevent upper urinary tract dysfunction. The method of choice is a permanent autocatheterization with pharmacological and surgical facilitation to decrease intravesical pressure. This is the reason for growing tendency to develop methods that would enable spontaneous micturition without the need for further medication. Neurostimulation or neuromodulation of sacral roots, pudendal or tibial nerve are the most prevalent methods. Indirect stimulation of the bladder can be accomplished with electrodes attached to the sacral roots or the pudendal nerve. Neuromodulation is performed by stimulation of the dorsal sacral nerve roots, pudendal nerve or percutaneous stimulation of the tibial nerve. Physiological alternative of the above mentioned stimulation might be neurorrhaphy with the use of persisting functional peripheral nerves or nerve roots as donors. The authors are comparing both methods of stimulation and neurotization based on the literature and animal experiments and outline the neurophysiological basis for potential solutions. Key words: neurogenic bladder – neurorrhaphy – neuromodulation – neurostimulation – arteficial voiding reflex arch The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manu­script met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers.

• MeSH
• Electric Stimulation * methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Spinal Nerve Roots surgery   MeSH
• Urinary Bladder * anatomy & histology   physiology   pathology   MeSH
• Nerve Transfer * utilization   MeSH
• Neurosurgical Procedures MeSH
• Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic * etiology   surgery   physiopathology   therapy   MeSH
• Pudendal Nerve surgery   MeSH
• Reflex * physiology   MeSH
• Sympathetic Nervous System surgery   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

OBJECT: The authors present the long-term results of nerve grafting and neurotization procedures in their group of patients with brachial plexus injuries and compare the results of "classic" methods of nerve repair with those of end-to-side neurorrhaphy. METHODS: Between 1994 and 2006, direct repair (nerve grafting), neurotization, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy were performed in 168 patients, 95 of whom were followed up for at least 2 years after surgery. Successful results were achieved in 79% of cases after direct repair and in 56% of cases after end-to-end neurotization. The results of neurotization depended on the type of the donor nerve used. In patients who underwent neurotization of the axillary and the musculocutaneous nerves, the use of intraplexal nerves (motor branches of the brachial plexus) as donors of motor fibers was associated with a significantly higher success rate than the use of extraplexal nerves (81% compared with 49%, respectively, p = 0.003). Because of poor functional results of axillary nerve neurotization using extraplexal nerves (success rate 47.4%), the authors used end-to-side neurorrhaphy in 14 cases of incomplete avulsion. The success rate for end-to-side neurorrhaphy using the axillary nerve as a recipient was 64.3%, similar to that for neurotization using intraplexal nerves (68.4%) and better than that achieved using extraplexal nerves (47.4%, p = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: End-to-side neurorrhaphy offers an advantage over classic neurotization in not requiring sacrifice of any of the surrounding nerves or the fascicles of the ulnar nerve. Typical synkinesis of muscle contraction innervated by the recipient nerve with contraction of muscles innervated by the donor was observed in patients after end-to-side neurorrhaphy.

• MeSH
• Anastomosis, Surgical methods   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Spinal Nerves transplantation   MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Follow-Up Studies MeSH
• Nerve Transfer MeSH
• Recovery of Function MeSH
• Brachial Plexus surgery   injuries   MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Comparative Study MeSH

The suprascapular nerve (SSN) is commonly reconstructed by spinal accessory nerve (SAN) transfer. However, reinnervation of its branch to the infraspinatus muscle (IB-SSN) is poor. Reconstruction of the SSN in cases of scapular fractures is frequently neglected in clinical practice. The morphological study was performed on 25 adult human cadavers. The course and the length of SSN of minimal diameter of 2 mm within the trapezius muscle, the length of the distal stump of IB-SSN to its branching point and the length of the SSN available for reconstructive procedure were measured. The feasibility study of the SAN - IB-SSN neurotization performed by using a bony canal under the spine of scapula was performed. The mean distance of the SAN from the spine was 8.5 cm (±0.88) at the point where it perforates the trapezius muscle and 4.49 cm (±0.72) at the most distal part of the nerve. The mean length of the intramuscular portion of the nerve was 14.74 cm (±1.99). It ran under a mean latero-medial angle of 15.54° (±2.51). The mean distance between the medial end of the scapular spine and the SAN was 2.44 cm (± 0.64). The mean length of the IB-SSN was 3.6 cm (± 0.67). The mean length of the SAN stump which was mobilized from its original course and transferred to the infraspinous fossa to reach distal stump of the IB-SSN was 8.09 cm (±1.6). Direct SAN to IB-SSN transfer is anatomically feasible in the adult population.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Nerve Transfer * MeSH
• Accessory Nerve surgery   MeSH
• Superficial Back Muscles * surgery   MeSH
• Nerve Regeneration MeSH
• Rotator Cuff MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the anatomical feasibility of the infraspinatus branch of the suprascapular nerve (IB-SSN) reconstruction by lower subscapular nerve (LSN) transfer. METHODS: The morphological study was performed on 18 adult human cadavers. The length of the distal stump of the IB-SSN, the length of the LSN available for reconstruction and diameter of both stumps were measured. The feasibility study of the LSN to IB-SSN transfer was performed. RESULTS: The mean length of the IB-SSN to the end of its first branch was 40.9 mm (±4.6). Its mean diameter was 2.3 mm (±0.3). The mean length of the LSN stump, which was mobilized from its original course and transferred to reach the distal stump of the IB-SSN was 66.5 mm (±11.8). Its mean diameter was 2.1 mm (±0.3). The mean ratio between LSN and IB-SSN diameters was 0.9 (±0.1). The nerve transfer was feasible in 17 out of 18 cases (94.4%). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that direct LSN to IB-SSN transfer is anatomically feasible in most cases in the adult population. It may be used in cases of complex scapular fractures resulting in severe suprascapular nerve injury.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Nerve Transfer * methods   MeSH
• Brachial Plexus * surgery   MeSH
• Nerve Regeneration physiology   MeSH
• Rotator Cuff MeSH
• Feasibility Studies MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

• MeSH
• Rabbits MeSH
• Adrenal Glands MeSH
• Stress, Psychological MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rabbits MeSH
• Animals MeSH

Restoring shoulder abduction is one of the main priorities in the surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries. Double nerve transfer to the axillary nerve and suprascapular nerve is widely used and considered the best option. The most common donor nerve for the suprascapular nerve is the spinal accessory nerve. However, donor nerves for axillary nerve reconstructions vary and it is still unclear which donor nerve has the best outcome. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review on reconstructions of suprascapular and axillary nerves and to perform a meta-analysis investigating the outcomes of different donor nerves on axillary nerve reconstructions. We conducted a systematic search of English literature from March 2001 to December 2020 following PRISMA guidelines. Two outcomes were assessed, abduction strength using the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale and range of motion (ROM). Twenty-two studies describing the use of donor nerves met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Donor nerves investigated included the radial nerve, intercostal nerves, medial pectoral nerve, ulnar nerve fascicle, median nerve fascicle and the lower subscapular nerve. Fifteen studies that investigated the radial and intercostal nerves met the inclusion criteria for a meta-analysis. We found no statistically significant difference between either of these nerves in the abduction strength according to MRC score (radial nerve 3.66 ± 1.02 vs intercostal nerves 3.48 ± 0.64, p = 0.086). However, the difference in ROM was statistically significant (radial nerve 106.33 ± 39.01 vs. intercostal nerve 80.42 ± 24.9, p < 0.001). Our findings support using a branch of the radial nerve for the triceps muscle as a donor for axillary nerve reconstruction when possible. Intercostal nerves can be used in cases of total brachial plexus injury or involvement of the C7 root or posterior fascicle. Other promising methods need to be studied more thoroughly in order to validate and compare their results with the more commonly used methods.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Nerve Transfer * methods   MeSH
• Accessory Nerve surgery   MeSH
• Brachial Plexus Neuropathies * surgery   MeSH
• Brachial Plexus * injuries   surgery   MeSH
• Shoulder innervation   surgery   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Meta-Analysis MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Systematic Review MeSH

BACKGROUND: Contrary to the classic anatomical description, many recent studies have reported wide variations in branching patterns and location of motor branches that are supplying the pronator teres muscle. To understand these variations and their implications in surgical procedures of the nerve transfers, a systematic review was performed on the innervation of pronator teres muscle from cadaveric studies. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in databases such as Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Cochrane reviews and orthopedics textbooks using the search terms "pronator teres nerve branches"; AND "number" OR "location" OR "length" OR "diameter" yielded 545 article links. Articles were evaluated according to PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: A total of twenty cadaveric studies including 648 branches have registered 52.9% of two branch innervation pattern followed by 31.3%-single branch pattern; 13.5%-three branch pattern; 1.7%-four branch pattern, and 0.4%-five branch patterns, respectively. Of the 403 branches studied for their location in relation with the humeral intercondylar line, most branches were located distal to the line (50.3%), followed by 32.7% (proximal to it) and 16.8% at the line, respectively. The distance of branches located proximal and distal to humeral intercondylar line was in the range of 1.25-10 cm, and 1.1-7.5 cm, respectively. The mean length and diameter of nerves reported were 4.37 ± 2.43 cm, and 1.5 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data defined the morphometrics of nerve branches and they often met the required diameter for neurotization procedures. Our findings also demonstrated that the morphometrics, branching pattern and their location vary between populations and this information is very vital for surgeons during the nerve transfers.

• MeSH
• Anatomic Variation * MeSH
• Muscle, Skeletal innervation   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Cadaver MeSH
• Nerve Transfer methods   MeSH
• Median Nerve anatomy & histology   MeSH
• Ulnar Nerve anatomy & histology   MeSH
• Forearm innervation   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Systematic Review MeSH

Dual nerve transfer of the spinal accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve (SAN-SSN) and the radial nerve to the axillary nerve is considered to be the most feasible method of restoration of shoulder abduction in brachial plexus injuries. Supraspinatus muscle plays an important role in the initiation of abduction and its functional restoration is crucial for shoulder movements. There are two possible approaches for the SAN-SSN transfer: the more conventional anterior approach and the posterior approach in the area of scapular spine, which allows more distal neurotization. Although the dual nerve transfer is a widely used method, it is unclear which approach for the SAN-SSN transfer results in better outcomes. We conducted a search of English literature from January 2001 to December 2021 using the PRISMA guidelines. Twelve studies with a total 142 patients met our inclusion criteria. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the approach used: Group A included patients who underwent the anterior approach, and Group B included patients who underwent the posterior approach. Abduction strength using the Medical Research Scale (MRC) and range of motion (ROM) were assessed. The average MRC grade was 3.57 ± 1.08 in Group A and 4.0 ± 0.65 (p = 0.65) in Group B. The average ROM was 114.6 ± 36.7 degrees in Group A and 103.4 ± 37.2 degrees in Group B (p = 0.247). In conclusion, we did not find statistically significant differences between SAN-SSN transfers performed from the anterior or posterior approach in patients undergoing dual neurotization technique for restoration of shoulder abduction.

• MeSH
• Cognition MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Nerve Transfer * MeSH
• Radial Nerve MeSH
• Shoulder * surgery   MeSH
• Nerve Regeneration MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Meta-Analysis MeSH
• Systematic Review MeSH