passive sampling
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
The aim of this review is to introduce new methods of monitoring organic contaminants in aqueous environment. Passive sampling devices are able to overcome many of the limitations associated with conventional spot sampling of waters. They work in the integrative mode allowing the estimation of time-weighted average concentrations of contaminants in water, soil, sediments or air. Unlike most monitoring methods, passive samplers measure the dissolved, i.e. bioavailable fraction of water pollutants. In addition, they are able to effectively concentrate the pollutants that are present in trace amounts. The passive sampling devices should not replace conventional sampling; they provide additional information on the environment pollution at a reasonable cost.
Two laboratory performance studies with 21 and 11 participants were carried out for passive sampling of nonpolar chemicals in water, using silicone samplers that were deployed for 7 wk and 13 wk at 2 river sites in the Netherlands. Target analytes were polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexachlorobutadiene, hexachlorobenzene, and a number of performance reference compounds (PRCs). Calculation of aqueous concentrations based on prescribed input values and a prescribed uptake model was also included. Between-laboratory coefficients of variation (CVs) in the analysis of target compounds were approximately 20% at concentrations of 100 ng g(-1) and approximately 100% at concentrations of 0.01 ng g(-1) , which was similar to previous results for the analysis of biota samples. The analysis of PRCs yielded water sampling rates with a between-laboratory CV of 18% to 30%. The sampling rate model showed a nearly perfect match with the consensus values of retained PRCs. The implications of the present study for future interlaboratory exercises are discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1156-1161. © 2016 SETAC.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- halogenované difenylethery analýza MeSH
- hexachlorbenzen analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- polychlorované bifenyly analýza MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza MeSH
- řeky chemie MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Nizozemsko MeSH
The concentrations of seven perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in 36 European chub (Squalius cephalus) individuals from six localities in the Czech Republic. Chub muscle and liver tissue were analysed at all sampling sites. In addition, analyses of 16 target PFASs were performed in Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCISs) deployed in the water at the same sampling sites. We evaluated the possibility of using passive samplers as a standardized method for monitoring PFAS contamination in aquatic environments and the mutual relationships between determined concentrations. Only perfluorooctane sulphonate was above the LOQ in fish muscle samples and 52% of the analysed fish individuals exceeded the Environmental Quality Standard for water biota. Fish muscle concentration is also particularly important for risk assessment of fish consumers. The comparison of fish tissue results with published data showed the similarity of the Czech results with those found in Germany and France. However, fish liver analysis and the passive sampling approach resulted in different fish exposure scenarios. The total concentration of PFASs in fish liver tissue was strongly correlated with POCIS data, but pollutant patterns differed between these two matrices. The differences could be attributed to the metabolic activity of the living organism. In addition to providing a different view regarding the real PFAS cocktail to which the fish are exposed, POCISs fulfil the Three Rs strategy (replacement, reduction, and refinement) in animal testing.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- Cyprinidae metabolismus MeSH
- fluorokarbony analýza MeSH
- játra chemie MeSH
- kyseliny alkansulfonové analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- svaly chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Synthetic musk compounds are extensively used in personal care and cosmetic products all over the world. Afterwards, they are discharged into the environment mainly because they are not completely removed in wastewater treatment plants. The aim of this study was to investigate if a passive sampler is applicable for the monitoring of tonalide, a polycyclic musk compound, in the aquatic environment and to compare the levels of tonalide in pesticide-polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) and biota. For this purpose, four sampling localities on the three biggest rivers in the Czech Republic were selected. Tonalide was determined in POCIS at all sampling sites in the concentration ranging from 9 ng/POCIS (Labe River, Hradec Králové) to 25 ng/POCIS (Morava River, Blatec). The locality with the most frequent occurrence of tonalide in biota samples was the Morava River which well corresponded with the highest tonalide concentration in POCIS among sampling sites. The highest number of positive tonalide detections among all studied biota samples was found in fish plasma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence that tonalide bioaccumulates in fish blood. Tonalide levels were below the limit of quantification in benthos samples at all sampling sites.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- kosmetické přípravky analýza MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- odpadní voda chemie MeSH
- pesticidy analýza MeSH
- řeky chemie MeSH
- společenstvo MeSH
- tetrahydronaftaleny analýza MeSH
- vodní organismy chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
In the present study, we have evaluated the effectiveness of a passive sampler for polar organic chemicals to accumulate a group of widespread and hazardous tumor-promoting toxins produced in cyanobacterial water blooms-microcystins (MC). The previously optimized configuration of the sampler based on polycarbonate membrane and Oasis HLB sorbent (2.75 mg/cm(2)) was validated under various exposure scenarios in laboratory and field. Calibration of the passive sampler conducted under variable conditions and concentrations of MC revealed linearity of the sampling up to 4 weeks. The sampling rates of microcystins for two different exposure scenarios were derived (e.g., MC-LR: R (s) = 0.017 L/day under static and 0.087 L/d under turbulent conditions). R (s) values were further used for calculations of time-weighted average concentrations in natural water. Improved sensitivity and selectivity of the in-house-made sampler was observed in comparison with the commercially available Polar Organic Compound Integrative Sampler (POCIS). Comparisons of grab and passive sampling methods were performed during cyanobacterial water bloom season in the Brno reservoir, Czech Republic in 2008. Data obtained by passive sampling provided a more relevant picture of the situation and enabled better assessment of potential risks. The present study demonstrated that the modification of POCIS is suitable for monitoring of occurrence and retrospective estimations of microcystin water concentrations, especially with respect to the control of drinking water quality.
- MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny izolace a purifikace MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- membrány umělé MeSH
- mikrocystiny izolace a purifikace MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- mořské toxiny izolace a purifikace MeSH
- sinice chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Passive sampling techniques have been increasingly used to evaluate pollution of various environmental compartments. In many studies, fish and other aquatic biota have been monitored to assess the bioavailable fraction of pollutants. This review discusses the potential of two types of passive sampling devices (SPMD and Chemcatcher), which may serve as an efficient tool for monitoring of environmental pollutants, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCP), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in river waters, sediments and soil. Purification of SPMD extracts was performed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). For identification and quantification GC/MS was used. Passive sampling devices are suitable tools for routine monitoring of environmental pollution enabling the examination of environmental matrices without repeated sampling and analyzing high water volumes.
The freely dissolved concentration of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is one of the most important parameters for risk assessment in aquatic environments, due to its proportionality to the chemical activity. Chemical activity difference represents the driving force for a spontaneous contaminant transport, such as water-aquatic biota or water-sediment. Freely dissolved concentrations in sediment pore water can be estimated from the concentrations in a partition-based passive sampler equilibrated in suspensions of contaminated sediment. Equilibration in the sediment/passive sampler system is slow, since concentrations of most POPs in the water phase, which is the main route for mass transfer, are very low. Adding methanol to sediment in suspension increases the POPs' solubility and, consequently, the permeability in the water phase. The resulting higher aqueous concentrations enhance POPs mass transfer up to three times for investigated POPs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides) and shorten equilibrium attainment to less than 6 weeks. The addition of methanol to the aqueous phase up to a molar fraction of 0.2 changed the POPs equilibrium distribution ratio between sediment and passive sampler by less than a factor of two. As a result, the pore water concentrations of POPs, calculated from their amounts accumulated in a passive sampler, are affected by methanol addition not more than by the same factor.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- chlorované uhlovodíky analýza MeSH
- geologické sedimenty analýza MeSH
- methanol chemie MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- pesticidy analýza MeSH
- polychlorované bifenyly analýza MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza MeSH
- rozpustnost MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
As Europe's second longest river, the Danube is an important water source for drinking water and irrigation for many countries, before discharging into the Black Sea in the East. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been observed over the last two decades in concentrations exceeding the European Union's drinking water guidelines for total sum of 20 select PFAS of 0.1 μg L-1. Their presence is a result of current and historical use and high environmental persistence, necessitating their monitoring for human risk assessments. The aim of this study is to use recently developed passive sampling technology to calculate time-integrated water concentrations and mass loads of 11 select PFAS at 9 sites along the Danube River. Results indicate ∑11 PFAS concentrations in the range of 9.3-29.6 ng L-1 were not in exceedance of EU drinking water guidelines, but perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was in exceedance of the environmental quality standard (0.65 ng L-1) at all sampling locations. The highest ∑11 PFAS mass loads were observed at Ruse (9.5 kg day-1) and Budapest (6.3 kg day-1), believed to be driven by proximity to industrial facilities and large populations (urban runoff). Finally, we estimate 4.9 kg of total PFAS (∑11 PFAS) were delivered to the Black Sea daily over Summer 2019.
Calibrated adsorption-based passive samplers were used for time-integrative monitoring of microcystins (MCs) in three full-scale drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in the Czech Republic during two vegetation seasons (Jun-Nov), in parallel with traditional discrete sampling. MCs were detected in epilimnetic water samples at concentrations up to 14 μg/L, but their levels in raw water in DWTPs were below 1 μg/L WHO guideline value for drinking water. Conventional treatment technologies (coagulation/filtration) eliminated cyanobacteria and intracellular toxins but had a limited removal efficiency for extracellular toxins. MCs were regularly detected in final treated water, especially in DWTPs equipped only with the conventional treatment, but their concentrations were below the quantitation limit of discrete sampling (<25 ng/L). Passive samplers in combination with LC-MS/MS analysis provided excellent sensitivity allowing to detect time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of MCs as low as 20-200 pg/L after 14-d deployment. Median MC TWA concentrations in the treated water from the individual DWTPs were 1-12 ng/L, and most likely did not present significant health risks. Passive samplers well reflected spatiotemporal variations of MCs, actual concentrations of extracellular toxins, MC removal efficiency in DWTPs, and toxin concentrations in the treated water. Passive sampling can be effectively used for assessment and management of MC health risks during DWTP operation.
- MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- čištění vody * MeSH
- mikrocystiny MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- mořské toxiny MeSH
- pitná voda * MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
