• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• esenciální léky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• informační služby o lécích MeSH
• spotřeba léčiv MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH

• Konspekt
• Farmacie. Farmakologie
• NLK Obory
• pediatrie
• farmacie a farmakologie
• farmacie a farmakologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

Obsedantno-kompulzívna potuchaje psychická porucha s vysokou prevalenciou, ktorá prebieha zvyčajne chronicky, často pacientov invalidizuje. V jej liečbe sú účinné preparáty, ktoré inhibujú spätné vychytávanie sérotonínu, napr. klomipramín a SSRI (selektívne inhibitory spätného vychytávania sérotonínu). Hoci u mnohých pacientov dôjde k podstatnej redukcii symptómov, u mnohých dochádza iba k tzv. parciálnej responzii t.j. k redukcii symptómov o 30%-60 %. U týchto pacientov sa preferuje skôr stratégia augmentácie lieku než jeho výmena a to napr. augmentácia SSRI klomipramínom. V našej skupine 11 pacientov, ktorí boli vyhodnotení ako „parciálni responded" sme k dávke 40 mg fluoxetínu/deň pridali klomipramín v dávke 25-150mg/deň(postupnou titráciou), pričom sme monito¬ rovali plazmatické hladiny klomipramínu. Po 8 týždňoch pokleslo Y-BOCS skóre z 26 na 17 (p<.01), pričom u 7 pacientov došlo k zlepšeniu o viac než 35 %. Neboli pozorované žiadne závažné nežiaduce účinky. Augmentácia fluoxetínu dávkami klq^jj^jpi-atninu do výšky 150 mg/deň sa môže byť vhodnou alternativou liečby OCD u parciálnych respondérov.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent, enduring and usually a chronic, disabling disorder that responds preferentially to drugs which powerfully inhibit the synaptic reuptake of sereotonin, i.e. clomipramine (CMI) and selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Although some patients experience substantial improvement many of them tend to respond to medication with only a partial response - 30% to 60% symptoms reduction. In OCD patients who have had a partial response to the initial treatment with SSRIs augmentation strategies might be preffered to switching strategies e.g. clomipramine augmentation of SSRIs. 11 patients that were considered to be a „partial responders" with average Y-BOCS score 26 at baseline were added clomipramine (maximum 150 mg/day) to ongoing treatment with fluoxetine 40 mg/day. Plasma level of CMI was closely minitored. No serious side effects were detected. At the end of week 8 the average Y-BOCS score was 17 and 7 aptients improved r^ore then 35% on Y-BOCS. Augmentation strategy with clomipramine to ongoing treatment with fluoxetine might be a choice of treatment for partial responders with OCD.

• MeSH
• fluoxetin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• klomipramin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obsedantně kompulzivní porucha komplikace   terapie   MeSH
• selektivní inhibitory zpětného vychytávání serotoninu farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

BACKGROUND: Understanding the mechanisms and selective forces leading to adaptive radiations and origin of biodiversity is a major goal of evolutionary biology. Acrocephalus warblers are small passerines that underwent an adaptive radiation in the last approximately 10 million years that gave rise to 37 extant species, many of which still hybridize in nature. Acrocephalus warblers have served as model organisms for a wide variety of ecological and behavioral studies, yet our knowledge of mechanisms and selective forces driving their radiation is limited. Here we studied patterns of interspecific gene flow and selection across three European Acrocephalus warblers to get a first insight into mechanisms of radiation of this avian group. RESULTS: We analyzed nucleotide variation at eight nuclear loci in three hybridizing Acrocephalus species with overlapping breeding ranges in Europe. Using an isolation-with-migration model for multiple populations, we found evidence for unidirectional gene flow from A. scirpaceus to A. palustris and from A. palustris to A. dumetorum. Gene flow was higher between genetically more closely related A. scirpaceus and A. palustris than between ecologically more similar A. palustris and A. dumetorum, suggesting that gradual accumulation of intrinsic barriers rather than divergent ecological selection are more efficient in restricting interspecific gene flow in Acrocephalus warblers. Although levels of genetic differentiation between different species pairs were in general not correlated, we found signatures of apparently independent instances of positive selection at the same two Z-linked loci in multiple species. CONCLUSIONS: Our study brings the first evidence that gene flow occurred during Acrocephalus radiation and not only between sister species. Interspecific gene flow could thus be an important source of genetic variation in individual Acrocephalus species and could have accelerated adaptive evolution and speciation rate in this avian group by creating novel genetic combinations and new phenotypes. Independent instances of positive selection at the same loci in multiple species indicate an interesting possibility that the same loci might have contributed to reproductive isolation in several speciation events.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• hybridizace genetická MeSH
• pohlavní chromozomy * MeSH
• reprodukční izolace MeSH
• selekce (genetika) * MeSH
• tok genů * MeSH
• vznik druhů (genetika) MeSH
• zpěvní ptáci genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Population divergence in geographic isolation is due to a combination of factors. Natural and sexual selection may be important in shaping patterns of population differentiation, a pattern referred to as 'isolation by adaptation' (IBA). IBA can be complementary to the well-known pattern of 'isolation by distance' (IBD), in which the divergence of closely related populations (via any evolutionary process) is associated with geographic isolation. The barn swallow Hirundo rustica complex comprises six closely related subspecies, where divergent sexual selection is associated with phenotypic differentiation among allopatric populations. To investigate the relative contributions of selection and geographic distance to genome-wide differentiation, we compared genotypic and phenotypic variation from 350 barn swallows sampled across eight populations (28 pairwise comparisons) from four different subspecies. We report a draft whole-genome sequence for H. rustica, to which we aligned a set of 9493 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using statistical approaches to control for spatial autocorrelation of phenotypic variables and geographic distance, we find that divergence in traits related to migratory behaviour and sexual signalling, as well as geographic distance, together explain over 70% of genome-wide divergence among populations. Controlling for IBD, we find 42% of genomewide divergence is attributable to IBA through pairwise differences in traits related to migratory behaviour and sexual signalling alone. By (i) combining these results with prior studies of how selection shapes morphological differentiation and (ii) accounting for spatial autocorrelation, we infer that morphological adaptation plays a large role in shaping population-level differentiation in this group of closely related populations.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genom MeSH
• populační genetika * MeSH
• reprodukční izolace MeSH
• selekce (genetika) * MeSH
• vlaštovkovití genetika   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• esenciální léky normy   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• informační služby o lécích MeSH
• spotřeba léčiv MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH

• Konspekt
• Farmacie. Farmakologie
• NLK Obory
• farmacie a farmakologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• esenciální léky normy   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• informační služby o lécích MeSH
• spotřeba léčiv MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH

• Konspekt
• Farmacie. Farmakologie
• NLK Obory
• farmacie a farmakologie
• pediatrie
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

Banana (Musa spp.) is an important crop in the African Great Lakes region in terms of income and food security, with the highest per capita consumption worldwide. Pests, diseases and climate change hamper sustainable production of bananas. New breeding tools with increased crossbreeding efficiency are being investigated to breed for resistant, high yielding hybrids of East African Highland banana (EAHB). These include genomic selection (GS), which will benefit breeding through increased genetic gain per unit time. Understanding trait variation and the correlation among economically important traits is an essential first step in the development and selection of suitable GS models for banana. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that trait variations in bananas are not affected by cross combination, cycle, field management and their interaction with genotype. A training population created using EAHB breeding material and its progeny was phenotyped in two contrasting conditions. A high level of correlation among vegetative and yield related traits was observed. Therefore, genomic selection models could be developed for traits that are easily measured. It is likely that the predictive ability of traits that are difficult to phenotype will be similar to less difficult traits they are highly correlated with. Genotype response to cycle and field management practices varied greatly with respect to traits. Yield related traits accounted for 31-35% of principal component variation under low and high input field management conditions. Resistance to Black Sigatoka was stable across cycles but varied under different field management depending on the genotype. The best cross combination was 1201K-1xSH3217 based on selection response (R) of hybrids. Genotyping using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers revealed that the training population was genetically diverse, reflecting a complex pedigree background, which was mostly influenced by the male parents.

• MeSH
• banánovník genetika   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• genom rostlinný MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• lokus kvantitativního znaku genetika   MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice genetika   MeSH
• populační genetika * MeSH
• selekce (genetika) * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Afrika MeSH

• MeSH
• klinické lékařství MeSH
• klinický obraz nemoci MeSH
• nemalobuněčný karcinom plic terapie   MeSH
• protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• rozhovory MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• pneumologie a ftizeologie
• onkologie

The extracellular subunit of the major histocompatibility complex MHCIIβ plays an important role in the recognition of pathogens and the initiation of the adaptive immune response of vertebrates. It is widely accepted that pathogen-mediated selection in combination with neutral micro-evolutionary forces (e.g. genetic drift) shape the diversity of MHCIIβ, but it has proved difficult to determine the relative effects of these forces. We evaluated the effect of genetic drift and balancing selection on MHCIIβ diversity in 12 small populations of Galápagos mockingbirds belonging to four different species, and one larger population of the Northern mockingbird from the continental USA. After genotyping MHCIIβ loci by high-throughput sequencing, we applied a correlational approach to explore the relationships between MHCIIβ diversity and population size by proxy of island size. As expected when drift predominates, we found a positive effect of population size on the number of MHCIIβ alleles present in a population. However, the number of MHCIIβ alleles per individual and number of supertypes were not correlated with population size. This discrepancy points to an interesting feature of MHCIIβ diversity dynamics: some levels of diversity might be shaped by genetic drift while others are independent and possibly maintained by balancing selection.

• MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genetický drift * MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• geny MHC třídy II * MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• ostrovy MeSH
• Passeriformes genetika   MeSH
• populační genetika MeSH
• selekce (genetika) * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Ekvádor MeSH
• ostrovy MeSH

Neisseria meningitis is a human commensal bacterium that occasionally causes life-threatening disease. As with a number of other bacterial pathogens, meningococcal populations comprise distinct lineages, which persist over many decades and during global spread in the face of high rates of recombination. In addition, the propensity to cause invasive disease is associated with particular "hyperinvasive" lineages that coexist with less invasive lineages despite the fact that disease does not contribute to host-to-host transmission. Here, by combining a modeling approach with molecular epidemiological data from 1,108 meningococci isolated in the Czech Republic over 27 years, we show that interstrain competition, mediated by immune selection, can explain both the persistence of multiple discrete meningococcal lineages and the association of a subset of these with invasive disease. The model indicates that the combinations of allelic variants of housekeeping genes that define these lineages are associated with very small differences in transmission efficiency among hosts. These findings have general implications for the emergence of lineage structure and virulence in recombining bacterial populations.

• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• selekce (genetika) * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• virulence genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH