Steroid sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.2) is an important enzyme involved in steroid hormone metabolism. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of steroid sulfates into their unconjugated forms. This action rapidly changes their physiological and biochemical properties, especially in brain and neural tissue. As a result, any imbalance in steroid sulfatase activity may remarkably influence physiological levels of active steroid hormones with serious consequences. Despite that the structure of the enzyme has been completely resolved there is still not enough information about the regulation of its expression and action in various tissues. In the past few years research into the enzyme properties and regulations has been strongly driven by the discovery of its putative role in the indirect stimulation of the growth of hormone-dependent tumors of the breast and prostate.

• Klíčová slova
• Steroid sulfatase, Enyzme, Sulfate, Physiological role, Action,
• MeSH
• cholesterol metabolismus   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hydrolýza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek enzymologie   MeSH
• nervová tkáň enzymologie   MeSH
• pohlavní steroidní hormony metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese enzymů MeSH
• steryl-sulfatasa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

Dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfated form are commonly known as modulators of gamma-aminobutyrate A and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. In spite of poor permeability of the blood-brain barrier for sulfated steroids, high concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone and also its sulfate have been found in brain tissue. Physiological concentrations of these neuromodulators are maintained by two enzymes present in the blood and many peripheral tissues, including the brain, namely, steroid sulfatase and neurosteroid sulfuryl transferase (NSST). This prompted us to investigate activities of these enzymes in primate brain tissue. Rather low neurosteroid sulfuryl transferase activity was detectable in in vitro incubations of cytosol fractions from male and female Macaca mulatta brains, dissected to cerebral cortex, subcortex, and cerebellum. In male monkeys, the highest activity was found in the cerebellum followed by cortex and subcortex. On the other hand, in female monkeys, the highest activity was determined in the cortex followed by subcortex and cerebellum. Steroid sulfatase activity was determined in in vitro microsomal samples from each of the above-mentioned brain regions. Specific activities in female cerebral regions declined in the order: cerebellum, cortex, and subcortex. In male monkeys, no significant difference among the studied regions was observed. Using dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate as a substrate, the apparent kinetic characteristics of steroid sulfatase were determined as follows: K(M) 36.10 +/- 8.33 microM, V(max) 8.38 +/- 1.68 nmol/h/mg protein. These results will serve as a basis for further studies concerning the pathophysiology of human brain tumors.

• MeSH
• biotest MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• Macaca mulatta * MeSH
• mozek - chemie MeSH
• mozek * enzymologie   MeSH
• steryl-sulfatasa * metabolismus   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• transferasy přenášející skupiny obsahující síru * metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Neuroactive steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone) and their sulfates act as modulators of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptors in the brain The physiological ratio of these neuromodulators is maintained by two enzymes present in the brain, namely, steroid sulfatase (STS) and steroid sulfuryl transferase (SULT). Following previous determination of their activities in monkey brains, their activities were evaluated in human brain tumors. Radioimmunoassay and GC-MS were used for determination of products. Both enzyme activities were measured in the 55 most frequent human brain tumors (glioblastomas, pituitary adenomas, meningiomas, astrocytomas). Significant differences were found in STS activity among investigated types of tumors except the pair of pituitary adenomas-glioblastomas, while significant differences were found in SULT activity among investigated types of tumors. Spontaneous tendency to form clusters was revealed when both enzyme activities were taken as coordinates. Clustering indicated an individual metabolic behavior of glioblastomas and 72.7% of pituitary adenomas. Astrocytomas, meningiomas and remaining 27.3% pituitary adenomas showed similarities in both enzymes' activities. Differences in STS and SULT activity did not depend on the sex or age of subjects.

• MeSH
• adenom enzymologie   MeSH
• astrocytom enzymologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• gliosarkom enzymologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningeální nádory enzymologie   MeSH
• meningeom enzymologie   MeSH
• nádory hypofýzy enzymologie   MeSH
• nádory mozku enzymologie   MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• radioimunoanalýza MeSH
• steryl-sulfatasa analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• sulfotransferasy analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• placentární insuficience MeSH
• steroidy MeSH
• sulfatasy diagnóza   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

While there are hundreds of synthetic steroids conjugates with acids, sugars, proteins and other molecules, only two types of conjugates occur in living organisms, namely sulfates and glucuronides. Steroid glucuronidation in the human liver is the main mechanism controlling the levels and biological activity of unconjugated hormones, and glucuronides are their main excretion products. This process is generally irreversible. On the other hand, sulfates possess their own biological activity that differs from that of the unconjugated steroid, emphasizing the importance of steroid sulfatases and sulfotransferases. Due to their negative charge, steroid sulfates cannot cross the blood-cell barrier and have to use transporters. Their efflux is mediated by specific transporters of the ATP binding cassette protein group, which thus are further factors controlling their physiological effects. Steroid sulfates, especially dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) are neuroactive steroids, with well-known effects as allosteric modulators of some neurotransmitter receptors, functioning as ion channels, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid, type A (GABAA) receptors or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. In this minireview, we highlight some recent findings of non-genomic steroid sulfate actions through specific G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), which we believe show the way of further research. A few studies have even indicated that sulfates such as DHEAS may even indirectly regulate gene expression via ligand binding to the membrane receptor and, through G-protein and second messenger formation, activate proteins like cAMP Regulated Elements Binding protein (CREB), which then binds to regulated DNA elements of the expressed gene, in a "classical" genomic effect.

• MeSH
• biologický transport MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• sírany * metabolismus   MeSH
• steroidy metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Metabolomic studies represent a promising tool for early diagnosis of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to find differences in the steroid spectrum in patients and controls, and to assess the diagnosis of schizophrenia by building a predictive model based on steroid data. Thirty-nine serum steroids (22 neuroactive steroids and their metabolites and 17 polar conjugates) representing steroid metabolome were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 22 drug-naive (first episode) schizophrenia patients (13 men and 9 women) before and after six-month treatment with atypical antipsychotics. The results were compared to the data from healthy subjects (22 males, 25 females). In summary the following significant differences were found: (1) In both sexes higher levels of pregnenolone sulfate and sulfated 5α- as well as 5β-saturated metabolites of C21-steroids in progesterone metabolic pathway were found in patients, pointing to decreased activity of sulfatase. (2) In a few instances decreased levels of the respective 5α-metabolites of C21 steroids were found in patients. (3) As C19 steroids concern, in both sexes there were considerably lowered levels of 5β-reduced metabolites in patients. On the other hand, with only a few exceptions, the treatment did not significantly influence most steroid levels. Further, to assess the relationships between schizophrenia status and steroid levels and to build the predictive model of schizophrenia, multivariate regression with reduction of dimensionality (the method of orthogonal projections to latent structures, OPLS) was applied. Irrespective of the small number of patients, use of this model enabled us to state the diagnosis of schizophrenia with almost 100% sensitivity. Our findings suggest that the assessment of steroid levels may become a valid and accurate laboratory test in psychiatry. A limitation of our study is the absence of subjects with a diagnosis other than schizophrenia, so we cannot conclude whether the results are specific for schizophrenia. On the other hand, steroid metabolome model may be used as a diagnostic tool for further studies.

• MeSH
• antipsychotika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• benzodiazepiny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolom * MeSH
• metabolomika metody   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• schizofrenie diagnóza   farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• steroidy krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• sulpirid analogy a deriváty   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• steroidy fyziologie   MeSH
• sulfatasy fyziologie   MeSH

Progesterone and estradiol are the foremost steroid hormones in human pregnancy. However, the origin of maternal progesterone has still not been satisfactorily explained, despite the generally accepted opinion that maternal LDL-cholesterol is a single substrate for placental synthesis of maternal progesterone. The question remains why the levels of progesterone are substantially higher in fetal as opposed to maternal blood. Hence, the role of the fetal zone of fetal adrenal (FZFA) in the synthesis of progesterone precursors was addressed. The FZFA may be directly regulated by placental CRH inducing an excessive production of sulfated 3ß-hydroxy-5-ene steroids such as sulfates of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) and pregnenolone (PregS). Due to their excellent solubility in plasma these conjugates are easily transported in excessive amounts to the placenta for further conversion to the sex hormones. While the significance of C19 3ß-hydroxy-5-ene steroid sulfates originating in FZFA for placental estrogen formation is mostly recognized, the question “Which maternal and/or fetal functions may be served by excessive production of PregS in the FZFA?“ - still remains open. Our hypothesis is that, besides the necessity to synthesize de novo all the maternal progesterone from cholesterol, it may be more convenient to utilize the fetal PregS. The activities of sulfatase and 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3ß-HSD) are substantially higher than the activity of cytochrome P450scc, which is rate-limiting for the placental progesterone synthesis from LDL-cholesterol. However, as in the case of progesterone synthesis from maternal LDL-cholesterol, the relative independence of progesterone levels on FZFA activity may be a consequence of substrate saturation of enzymes converting PregS to progesterone. Some of the literature along with our current data (showing no correlation between fetal and maternal progesterone but significant partial correlations between fetal and maternal 20?-dihydroprogesterone (Prog20?) and between Prog20? and progesterone within the maternal blood) indicate that the localization of individual types of 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is responsible for a higher proportion of estrone and progesterone in the fetus, but also a higher proportion of estradiol and Prog20? in maternal blood. Type 2 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17HSD2), which oxidizes estradiol to estrone and Prog20? to progesterone, is highly expressed in placental endothelial cells lining the fetal compartment. Alternatively, syncytium, which is directly in contact with maternal blood, produces high amounts of estradiol and Prog20? due to the effects of type 1, 5 and 7 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17HSD1, 17HSD5, and 17HSD7, respectively). The proposed mechanisms may serve the following functions: 1) providing substances which may influence the placental production of progesterone and synthesis of neuroprotective steroids in the fetus; and 2) creating hormonal milieu enabling control of the onset of labor.

• MeSH
• 17-hydroxysteroidní dehydrogenasy metabolismus   MeSH
• 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenasy metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dydrogesteron analogy a deriváty   krev   MeSH
• estradiol krev   MeSH
• fetální krev metabolismus   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hydroxyprostaglandindehydrogenasy metabolismus   MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nadledviny metabolismus   MeSH
• nástup porodu metabolismus   MeSH
• progesteron biosyntéza   krev   MeSH
• steryl-sulfatasa metabolismus   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• venae umbilicales MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

Steroid sulfation and desulfation participates in the regulation of steroid bioactivity, metabolism and transport. The authors focused on sulfation and desulfation balance in three neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer ́s disease (AD), Parkinson ́s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Circulating steroid conjugates dominate their unconjugated counterparts, but unconjugated steroids outweigh their conjugated counterparts in the brain. Apart from the neurosteroid synthesis in the central nervous system (CNS), most brain steroids cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) from the periphery and then may be further metabolized. Therefore, steroid levels in the periphery partly reflect the situation in the brain. The CNS steroids subsequently influence the neuronal excitability and have neuroprotective, neuroexcitatory, antidepressant and memory enhancing effects. They also exert anti-inflammatory and immunoprotective actions. Like the unconjugated steroids, the sulfated ones modulate various ligand-gated ion channels. Conjugation by sulfotransferases increases steroid water solubility and facilitates steroid transport. Steroid sulfates, having greater half-lives than their unconjugated counterparts, also serve as a steroid stock pool. Sulfotransferases are ubiquitous enzymes providing massive steroid sulfation in adrenal zona reticularis and zona fasciculata.. Steroid sulfatase hydrolyzing the steroid conjugates is exceedingly expressed in placenta but is ubiquitous in low amounts including brain capillaries of BBB which can rapidly hydrolyze the steroid sulfates coming across the BBB from the periphery. Lower dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) plasma levels and reduced sulfotransferase activity are considered as risk factors in AD patients. The shifted balance towards unconjugated steroids can participate in the pathophysiology of PD and anti-inflammatory effects of DHEAS may counteract the MS.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

U dvouletého chlapce s nízkou hladinou estriolu v séru matky během těhotenství, anamnézou nepostupujícího porodu ukončeného císařským řezem pro hypoxii plodu se zkalenou plodovou vodou, kožními projevy ichtyózy, které se objevily ve druhémtýdnu života, a těžkou poruchou psychomotorického vývoje byla diagnostikována X-vázaná ichtyóza. Enzymatická vyšetření u chlapce, jeho matky, babičky, tety a matčina bratrance ukázala poruchu aktivity steroidsulfatázy (STS). Cytogenetické vyšetření metodou FISH u probanda i jeho příbuzných ukázalo mikrodeleci genu pro STS. Protože postižení CNS obvykle nepatří do klinického obrazu X-vázané ichtyózy, autoři se domnívají, že na vzniku psychomotorické retardace u chlapce se nejspíše podílela perinatální hypoxie při protrahovaném porodu v důsledku snížené hladiny estrogenů při deficitu placentární STS, která se podílí na syntéze estrogenů. Nemohou však vyloučit ani postnatální postižení CNS po prodělané hypernatremické dehydrataci a/nebo hypoxii při aspirační pneumonii v novorozeneckém věku. V literatuře již byl u chlapců s X-vázanou ichtyózou protrahovaný porod opakovaně popsán. Předpokládá se, že protrahovaný porod u chlapců s X-vázanou ichtyózou je způsoben nízkou hladinou estrogenů při nedostatečné aktivitě placentární STS. Ačkoliv se deficit aktivity STS vyskytuje pouze u 1 chlapce ze 2–6000, měl by být nález nízké hladiny estriolu u těhotné ženy varovným signálem pro ošetřující lékaře, aby v rámci diferenciálně diagnostické rozvahy pomýšleli i na možnost X-vázané ichtyózy.

X-linked ichthyosis was diagnosed in a 2-year old boy with lowmaternal estriol serum levels during gestation. The prolonged delivery was terminated by Caesarian section due to fetal hypoxia and turbid amniotic fluid. Apgar score was uneventful, but early postnatal adaptation was complicated by failure to thrive and hypotonia followed on by hypernatremic dehydration and aspiration pneumonia in the second week of life. At this time, cutaneous manifestations of ichthyosis was also observed and severe psychomotor retardation developed since early infancy. Enzymatic investigations in the proband, his mother and her relatives including grandmother, sister and her son revealed steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency and the cytogenetic analyses using FISH method revealed the microdeletion of STS gene. The central nervous system impairment is usually not present in patients with X-linked ichthyosis. Although in our patient the role of hypernatremic dehydration and/or eventual hypoxia during aspiration pneumonia cannot be excluded as a cause of the postnatal CNS impairment, we suppose that also the perinatal hypoxia might be important in a boy with prolonged delivery resulting fromlowmaternal estrogens and placental STS deficiency. Because the STS deficiency affects approximately 1 in 2–6000 males, the low estriol level in pregnant woman should be an alerting marker for physicians to give a though to possibility of X-linked ichthyosis.

• MeSH
• cytogenetické vyšetření metody   využití   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• estriol krev   nedostatek   sekrece   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• ichtyóza vázaná na chromozom X diagnóza   farmakoterapie   terapie   MeSH
• komplikace porodu etiologie   chirurgie   krev   MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství chirurgie   krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• psychomotorické poruchy diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• těhotenství krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• vrozené, dědičné a novorozenecké nemoci a abnormality diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• těhotenství krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH