Biosocial impact of facial dominance and sex-typicality is well-evidenced in various human groups. It remains unclear, though, whether perceived sex-typicality and dominance can be consistently predicted from sexually dimorphic facial features across populations. Using a combination of multidimensional Bayesian approach and geometric morphometrics, we explored associations between perceived dominance, perceived sex-typicality, measured sexual shape dimorphism, and skin colour in a European and an African population. Unlike previous studies, we investigated the effect of facial variation due to shape separately from variation due to visual cues not related to shape in natural nonmanipulated stimuli. In men, perceived masculinity was associated with perceived dominance in both populations. In European women higher perceived femininity was, surprisingly, likewise positively associated with perceived dominance. Both shape and non-shape components participate in the constitution of facial sex-typicality and dominance. Skin colour predicted perceived sex-typicality in Africans but not in Europeans. Members of each population probably use different cues to assess sex-typicality and dominance. Using our methods, we found no universal sexually dimorphic scale predicting human perception of sex-typicality and dominance. Unidimensional understanding of sex-typicality thus seems problematic and should be applied with cautions when studying perceived sex-typicality and its correlates.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• černoši * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obličej * MeSH
• percepce MeSH
• sexuální chování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Human migration is an increasingly common phenomenon and migrants are at risk of disadvantageous treatment. We reasoned that migrants may receive differential treatment by locals based on the closeness of their facial features to the host average. Residents of Türkiye, the country with the largest number of refugees currently, served as participants. Because many of these refugees are of Arabic origin, we created target facial stimuli varying along the axis connecting Turkish and Arabic morphological prototypes (excluding skin colour) computed using geometric morphometrics and available databases. Participants made judgements of two universal dimensions of social perception-warmth and competence-on these faces. We predicted that participants judging faces manipulated towards the Turkish average would provide higher warmth and competence ratings compared to judging the same faces manipulated towards the Arabic average. Bayesian statistical tools were employed to estimate parameter values in multilevel models with intercorrelated varying effects. The findings did not support the prediction and revealed raters (as well as target faces) to be an important source of variation in social judgements. In the absence of simple cues (e.g. skin colour, group labels), the effect of facial morphology on social judgements may be much more complex than previously assumed.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mínění * MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obličej anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• rozpoznání obličeje fyziologie   MeSH
• sociální percepce * MeSH
• stereotypizace * MeSH
• uprchlíci psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Turecko MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Facial averageness and sexual dimorphism are extensively studied attractiveness markers, which are viewed as possible indicators of biological quality. Both are complex morphological traits, and both can be easily assessed from frontal and lateral projection of a human face. Interestingly, examination of mutual relations between the frontal and lateral dimensions of these markers has so far received little attention in published research. METHODS: In our cross-cultural study, we used geometric morphometric data from male and female faces from Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, and the Czech Republic, and analyzed correlations between frontal and lateral measurements of averageness and degree of maleness/femaleness, that is, the individual variation in features that characterize sexual dimorphism. We also analyzed whether the association between frontal and lateral measurements differed in men and women. RESULTS: In general, our results showed a moderate correlation in sexually dimorphic features between lateral and frontal facial configuration in both sexes, while frontal and lateral facial averageness was moderately correlated only in women. This pattern was less consistent when individual populations were analyzed separately. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that, in general, the weak association between lateral and frontal facial configurations may be the result of selection pressures in favor of individual identity signals. Moreover, especially in women, the frontal and lateral dimension of a given facial attractiveness marker may provide similar information about the qualities of the individual. The absence of a significant correlation in male facial averageness suggests that frontal and lateral averageness convey different information about an individual.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kefalometrie * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obličej anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Brazílie MeSH
• Česká republika MeSH
• Kamerun MeSH
• Kolumbie MeSH

In the present research, we took advantage of geometric morphometrics to propose a data-driven method for estimating the individual degree of facial typicality/distinctiveness for cross-cultural (and other cross-group) comparisons. Looking like a stranger in one's home culture may be somewhat stressful. The same facial appearance, however, might become advantageous within an outgroup population. To address this fit between facial appearance and cultural setting, we propose a simple measure of distinctiveness/typicality based on position of an individual along the axis connecting the facial averages of two populations under comparison. The more distant a face is from its ingroup population mean toward the outgroup mean the more distinct it is (vis-à-vis the ingroup) and the more it resembles the outgroup standards. We compared this new measure with an alternative measure based on distance from outgroup mean. The new measure showed stronger association with rated facial distinctiveness than distance from outgroup mean. Subsequently, we manipulated facial stimuli to reflect different levels of ingroup-outgroup distinctiveness and tested them in one of the target cultures. Perceivers were able to successfully distinguish outgroup from ingroup faces in a two-alternative forced-choice task. There was also some evidence that this task was harder when the two faces were closer along the axis connecting the facial averages from the two cultures. Future directions and potential applications of our proposed approach are discussed.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Functional connectivity analysis of resting-state fMRI data has recently become one of the most common approaches to characterizing individual brain function. It has been widely suggested that the functional connectivity matrix is a useful approximate representation of the brain's connectivity, potentially providing behaviorally or clinically relevant markers. However, functional connectivity estimates are known to be detrimentally affected by various artifacts, including those due to in-scanner head motion. Moreover, as individual functional connections generally covary only very weakly with head motion estimates, motion influence is difficult to quantify robustly, and prone to be neglected in practice. Although the use of individual estimates of head motion, or group-level correlation of motion and functional connectivity has been suggested, a sufficiently sensitive measure of individual functional connectivity quality has not yet been established. We propose a new intuitive summary index, Typicality of Functional Connectivity, to capture deviations from standard brain functional connectivity patterns. In a resting-state fMRI dataset of 245 healthy subjects, this measure was significantly correlated with individual head motion metrics. The results were further robustly reproduced across atlas granularity, preprocessing options, and other datasets, including 1,081 subjects from the Human Connectome Project. In principle, Typicality of Functional Connectivity should be sensitive also to other types of artifacts, processing errors, and possibly also brain pathology, allowing extensive use in data quality screening and quantification in functional connectivity studies as well as methodological investigations.

• MeSH
• artefakty MeSH
• atlasy jako téma * MeSH
• datové soubory jako téma * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hlava - pohyby MeSH
• konektom * metody   normy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * metody   normy   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu * metody   normy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Východiska: Karcinoidy byly v minulosti klasifikovány podle svého embryonálního původu, dnes jsou řazeny a klasifikovány jako neuroendokrinní nádory, které zahrnují nízce maligní typické karcinoidy, středně maligní atypické karcinoidy a skupinu neuroendokrinních karcinomů, kam patří vysoce maligní velkobuněčné neuroendokrinní a malobuněčné karcinomy. Typický karcinoid je dříve užívaný termín pro současné označení neuroendrokinního nádoru stupně I, dobře diferencovaného, patřícího do skupiny vzácných nádorů s dobrou prognózou, s metastázami v méně než 15 %, s pětiletým přežitím ve více než 90 %, vzácně produkujícího serotonin. Ani u tohoto biologicky příznivého nádoru s poměrně nízkým stupněm metastazování nelze podcenit další dispenzarizaci. Případ: V následujícím sdělení je shrnuta klasifikace neuroendokrinních nádorů, jejich diagnostika a léčba, a v druhé části je pak uveden konkrétní případ pacienta se vznikem vícečetných metastáz původně typického plicního karcinoidu (stanovení histologie v době operace v roce 2012, v době používání této starší verze klasifikace pro neuroendokrinní tumory) s popisem jeho další léčby. Závěr: U dobře diferencovaných neuroendokrinních nádorů je nezanedbatelné riziko metastazování i přes jejich radikální odstranění, proto je nutná a zcela namístě jejich dispenzarizace.

Carcinoids have been classified according to their embryonic origin in the past and are now categorized and classified as neuroendocrine tumors, including low malignant typical carcinoids, moderate malignant atypical carcinoids, and highly malignant large cell neuroendocrine and small cell carcinomas. A typical carcinoid is a previously used term for the current designation of a grade I neuroendocrine tumor, well differentiated, belonging to a group of rare tumors with a good prognosis with metastasis of less than 15% with a five-year survival of more than 90%, rarely producing serotonin. Even this biologically favorable tumor with a relatively low degree of metastasis cannot be underestimated. Case: The following section summarizes the classification of neuroendocrine tumors, their diagnosis and treatment, and the second section presents a specific case of a patient with multiple metastases of an original lung carcinoid (histology at the time of surgery 2012, at the time of using this older version of neuroendocrine tumors) describing its further treatment. Conclusion: In well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, there is a significant risk of metastasis despite their radical surgery; their dispensarization is therefore necessary.

• MeSH
• everolimus terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory plic diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• neuroendokrinní nádory * diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• oktreotid terapeutické užití   MeSH
• protokoly protinádorové léčby MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Ageing is a complex phenomenon affecting a wide range of coexisting biological processes. The homogeneity of the studied population is an essential parameter for valid interpretations of outcomes. The presented study capitalises on the MRI data available in the Human Connectome Project-Aging (HCP-A) and, within individuals over 55 years of age who passed the HCP-A section criteria, compares a subgroup of 37 apparently neurocognitively healthy individuals selected based on stringent criteria with 37 age and sex-matched individuals still representative of typical ageing but who did not pass the stringent definition of neurocognitively healthy. Specifically, structural scans, diffusion weighted imaging and T1w/T2w ratio were utilised. Furthermore, data of 26 HCP-A participants older than 90 years as notional 'super-agers' were analysed. The relationship of age and several microstructural MRI metrics (T1w/T2w ratio, mean diffusivity, intracellular volume fraction and free water volume fraction) differed significantly between typical and healthy ageing cohort in areas highly relevant for ageing such as hippocampus, prefrontal and temporal cortex and cerebellum. However, the trajectories of the healthy ageing population did not show substantially better overlap with the findings in people older than 90 than those of the typical population. Therefore, caution must be exercised in the choice of adequate study group characteristics relevant for respective ageing-related hypotheses. Contrary to typical ageing group, the healthy ageing cohort may show generally stable levels of several MRI metrics of interest.

• MeSH
• kognice * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• šedá hmota * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí * fyziologie   MeSH
• zdravé stárnutí fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Cíl studie: Přehled prenatální diagnostiky typického rozštěpu rtu a patra v 2D ultrasonografii v ambulantní praxi demonstrovaný na konkrétní kazuistice. Typ studie: Kazuistika, souhrnný přehled. Název a sídlo pracoviště: Gynekologicko-porodnické oddělení, Vítkovická nemocnice a.s., Ostrava. Metodika: Literární rešerše a popis konkrétního případu. Závěr: Typický rozštěp rtu a patra je často asociovaný s genetickými syndromy. Izolovaná vada nezřídka uniká prenatální diagnostice, která je možná již v prvním trimestru gravidity. Znalost přítomnosti vady prenatálně může zabezpečit časnou primární rekonstrukci rtu, která je spojena s lepší reparační schopností tkání. Cíl studie: Přehled prenatální diagnostiky typického rozštěpu rtu a patra v 2D ultrasonografii v ambulantní praxi demonstrovaný na konkrétní kazuistice. Typ studie: Kazuistika, souhrnný přehled. Název a sídlo pracoviště: Gynekologicko-porodnické oddělení, Vítkovická nemocnice a.s., Ostrava. Metodika: Literární rešerše a popis konkrétního případu. Závěr: Typický rozštěp rtu a patra je často asociovaný s genetickými syndromy. Izolovaná vada nezřídka uniká prenatální diagnostice, která je možná již v prvním trimestru gravidity. Znalost přítomnosti vady prenatálně může zabezpečit časnou primární rekonstrukci rtu, která je spojena s lepší reparační schopností tkání.

Objective: Review of prenatal diagnosis of typical cleft lip and palate in 2D ultrasonography in outpatient practice demonstrated on a specific case report. Design: Case report, summary. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Vítkovice, Ostrava. Methods: Literature search and case description. Conclusion: Typical cleft lip and palate is often associated with genetic syndromes. Isolated defect often escapes prenatal diagnosis. The diagnosis is possible in the first trimester of pregnancy. Knowing about the defect prenatally can ensure early primary lip reconstruction, which is associated with improved tissue repair ability.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• prenatální diagnóza MeSH
• rozštěp patra * chirurgie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• rozštěp rtu * chirurgie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ultrasonografie prenatální metody   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Poznání, že jednotlivé parkinsonské fenotypy jsou reflexí neurodegenerace spojené s tvorbou buď patologického alfa-synukleinu, nebo patologického tau-proteinu nebo patologického ubiquitinu či proteinu TDP-4,3 vedlo v posledních třech letech k opakovaným návrhům novelizované klasifikace parkinsonských syndromů či neurodegenerativních onemocnění obecně. Z patologického hlediska jsou dnes klasifikovány jako alfa-synukleinopatie, tauopatie a ubiquitinopatie.

The discovery that the various phenotypes of parkinsonism are reflection of neurodegeneration associated with formation of pathological alpha synuclein, pathological tau-protein, pathological ubiquitin or TDP-4,3 protein led to repeated suggestions to adopt a new classification system for the Parkinsonic syndromes or neurodegenerative diseases in general. From the pathological point of view they are now classified as alpha-synucleiopathies, tauopathies and ubiquitinopathies.

• MeSH
• degenerace nervu patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurodegenerativní nemoci patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * klasifikace   patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• parkinsonské poruchy patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Konspekt
• Farmacie. Farmakologie
• NLK Obory
• psychofarmakologie
• behaviorální vědy