Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are genetically very complex and heterogeneous diseases in which the acquisition of a somatic driver mutation triggers three main myeloid cytokine receptors, and phenotypically expresses as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The course of the diseases may be influenced by germline predispositions, modifying mutations, their order of acquisition and environmental factors such as aging and inflammation. Deciphering these contributory elements, their mutual interrelationships, and their contribution to MPN pathogenesis brings important insights into the diseases. Animal models (mainly mouse and zebrafish) have already significantly contributed to understanding the role of several acquired and germline mutations in MPN oncogenic signaling. Novel technologies such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and precise genome editing (using CRISPR/Cas9) contribute to the emerging understanding of MPN pathogenesis and clonal architecture, and form a convenient platform for evaluating drug efficacy. In this overview, the genetic landscape of MPN is briefly described, with an attempt to cover the main discoveries of the last 15 years. Mouse and zebrafish models of the driver mutations are discussed and followed by a review of recent progress in modeling MPN with patient-derived iPSCs and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.
- MeSH
- dánio pruhované MeSH
- esenciální trombocytemie genetika MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- indukované pluripotentní kmenové buňky metabolismus MeSH
- Janus kinasa 2 genetika MeSH
- kalretikulin genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- myeloproliferativní poruchy genetika patofyziologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nádory genetika MeSH
- polycythaemia vera genetika MeSH
- primární myelofibróza genetika MeSH
- receptory thrombopoetinu genetika MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) have translocation t(11;14) associated with cyclin D1 overexpression. We observed that iron (an essential cofactor of dioxygenases including prolyl hydroxylases [PHDs]) depletion by deferoxamine blocked MCL cells' proliferation, increased expression of DNA damage marker γH2AX, induced cell cycle arrest and decreased cyclin D1 level. Treatment of MCL cell lines with dimethyloxalylglycine, which blocks dioxygenases involving PHDs by competing with their substrate 2-oxoglutarate, leads to their decreased proliferation and the decrease of cyclin D1 level. We then postulated that loss of EGLN2/PHD1 in MCL cells may lead to down-regulation of cyclin D1 by blocking the degradation of FOXO3A, a cyclin D1 suppressor. However, the CRISPR/Cas9-based loss-of-function of EGLN2/PHD1 did not affect cyclin D1 expression and the loss of FOXO3A did not restore cyclin D1 levels after iron chelation. These data suggest that expression of cyclin D1 in MCL is not controlled by ENGL2/PHD1-FOXO3A pathway and that chelation- and 2-oxoglutarate competition-mediated down-regulation of cyclin D1 in MCL cells is driven by yet unknown mechanism involving iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases other than PHD1. These data support further exploration of the use of iron chelation and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase inhibitors as a novel therapy of MCL.
- MeSH
- aminokyseliny dikarboxylové farmakologie MeSH
- chelátory železa farmakologie MeSH
- cyklin D1 metabolismus MeSH
- deferoxamin farmakologie MeSH
- deficit železa MeSH
- dioxygenasy antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- down regulace účinky léků MeSH
- hydroxylace MeSH
- hypoxie buňky účinky léků MeSH
- inhibitory enzymů farmakologie MeSH
- kyseliny ketoglutarové farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfom z plášťových buněk enzymologie MeSH
- messenger RNA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- poškození DNA MeSH
- prolyl-4-hydroxylasy HIF metabolismus MeSH
- protein FOXO3 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- železo MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The first step in the development of human colorectal cancer is aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Wnt signaling hyperactivation is predominantly caused by loss-of-function mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene that encodes the pathway negative regulator. In order to identify genes affected by the Apc loss, we performed expression profiling of intestinal epithelium isolated from mice harboring a conditional Apc allele. The gene encoding transcriptional factor msh homeobox 1 (Msx1) displayed robust upregulation upon Apc inactivation. Histological analysis of the Apc-deficient epithelium revealed that in the small intestine, the Msx1 protein was localized exclusively in ectopic crypts, i.e., in pockets of proliferating cells abnormally positioned on the villi. Ablation of the Msx1 gene leads to the disappearance of ectopic crypts and loss of differentiated cells. Moreover, tumors arising from Msx1-deficient cells display altered morphology reminiscent of villous adenomas. In human tumor specimens, MSX1 displayed significantly increased expression in colonic neoplasia with a descending tendency during the lesion progression towards colorectal carcinoma. In summary, the results indicate that Msx1 represents a novel marker of intestinal tumorigenesis. In addition, we described the previously unknown relationship between the Msx1-dependent formation of ectopic crypts and cell differentiation.
- MeSH
- beta-katenin metabolismus MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace MeSH
- kolorektální nádory genetika patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši knockoutované MeSH
- nádory tračníku genetika patologie MeSH
- protein familiární adenomatózní polypózy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u nádorů MeSH
- signální dráha Wnt MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- střevní sliznice metabolismus patologie MeSH
- tenké střevo patologie MeSH
- transkripční faktor MSX1 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- Janus kinasa 2 * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- missense mutace * MeSH
- myeloproliferativní poruchy * enzymologie genetika patologie MeSH
- signální transdukce genetika MeSH
- substituce aminokyselin MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- dopisy MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
T-cell factor 4 (TCF4), together with β-catenin coactivator, functions as the major transcriptional mediator of the canonical wingless/integrated (Wnt) signaling pathway in the intestinal epithelium. The pathway activity is essential for both intestinal homeostasis and tumorigenesis. To date, several mouse models and cellular systems have been used to analyze TCF4 function. However, some findings were conflicting, especially those that were related to the defects observed in the mouse gastrointestinal tract after Tcf4 gene deletion, or to a potential tumor suppressive role of the gene in intestinal cancer cells or tumors. Here, we present the results obtained using a newly generated conditional Tcf4 allele that allows inactivation of all potential Tcf4 isoforms in the mouse tissue or small intestinal and colon organoids. We also employed the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system to disrupt the TCF4 gene in human cells. We showed that in adult mice, epithelial expression of Tcf4 is indispensable for cell proliferation and tumor initiation. However, in human cells, the TCF4 role is redundant with the related T-cell factor 1 (TCF1) and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1) transcription factors.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) is produced in a broad spectrum of mouse embryonic and adult tissues and its deficiency results in embryonal or perinatal lethality. The LGR4 function was mainly related to its potentiation of canonical Wnt signaling; however, several recent studies associate LGR4 with additional signaling pathways. To obtain a suitable tool for studying the signaling properties of Lgr4, we generated a tagged variant of the Lgr4 receptor using gene targeting in the mouse oocyte. The modified Lgr4 allele expresses the Lgr4 protein fused with a triple hemagglutinin (3HA) tag located at the extracellular part of the protein. The allele is fully functional, enabling tracking of Lgr4 expression in the mouse tissues. We also show that via surface labeling, the 3HA tag allows direct isolation and analysis of living Lgr4-positive cells obtained from the small intestinal crypts. Finally, the HA tag-specific antibody can be employed to characterize the biochemical features of Lgr4 and to identify possible biding partners of the protein in cells derived from various mouse tissues.
- MeSH
- alely MeSH
- genový targeting metody MeSH
- hemaglutininy genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- oocyty metabolismus MeSH
- receptory spřažené s G-proteiny genetika MeSH
- signální dráha Wnt genetika MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- tkáňová distribuce MeSH
- vazba proteinů genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- fenylalanin genetika MeSH
- Janus kinasa 2 genetika MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- missense mutace * MeSH
- mutační analýza DNA MeSH
- polycythaemia vera genetika patologie MeSH
- substituce aminokyselin MeSH
- valin genetika MeSH
- zárodečné mutace * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- dopisy MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
