Vitamín B17, známý také jako amygdalin, je přírodní kyanogenní glykosid dostupný jako potravinový doplněk, který je využíván v alternativní medicíně. Amygdalin se v těle hydroxyluje na toxický kyanid, který může způsobit život ohrožující intoxikaci. V kazuistice je prezentována život ohrožující otrava kyanidem po požití potravinového doplňku obsahující amygdalin, která byla úspěšně léčena hydroxocobalaminem. Kazuistika dále obsahuje management přednemocniční neodkladné péče u pacienta s akutní intoxikací.
Vitamin B17, well known as amygdalin, is originally a natural cyanogenic glycoside available as a dietary supplement used in the alternative treatment. Amygdalin hydroxylates to toxic cyanide in the body, which can cause life-threatening intoxication. The case report presents a life-threatening cyanide poisoning after ingesting a dietary supplement containing amygdalin identified in pre-hospital care, which was successfully treated with hydroxocobalamin. The case report also contains the management of pre-hospital care in a patient with acute intoxication.
- MeSH
- amygdalin * aplikace a dávkování metabolismus otrava MeSH
- hydroxokobalamin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- kyanidy otrava MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory komplikace terapie MeSH
- otrava * diagnóza farmakoterapie patologie terapie MeSH
- potravní doplňky otrava MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) radiation damages the DNA, cells and photosynthetic apparatus of plants. Plants commonly prevent this damage by synthetizing UV-B-protective compounds. Recent laboratory experiments in Arabidopsis and cucumber have indicated that plants can also respond to UV-B stress with endopolyploidy. Here we test the generality of this response in natural plant populations, considering their monocentric or holocentric chromosomal structure. METHODS: We measured the endopolyploidy index (flow cytometry) and the concentration of UV-B-protective compounds in leaves of 12 herbaceous species (1007 individuals) from forest interiors and neighbouring clearings where they were exposed to increased UV-B radiation (103 forest + clearing populations). We then analysed the data using phylogenetic mixed models. KEY RESULTS: The concentration of UV-B protectives increased with UV-B doses estimated from hemispheric photographs of the sky above sample collection sites, but the increase was more rapid in species with monocentric chromosomes. Endopolyploidy index increased with UV-B doses and with concentrations of UV-B-absorbing compounds only in species with monocentric chromosomes, while holocentric species responded negligibly. CONCLUSIONS: Endopolyploidy seems to be a common response to increased UV-B in monocentric plants. Low sensitivity to UV-B in holocentric species might relate to their success in high-UV-stressed habitats and corroborates the hypothesized role of holocentric chromosomes in plant terrestrialization.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis * MeSH
- chromozomy * MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- listy rostlin MeSH
- ultrafialové záření MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The idea that genome (size) evolution in eukaryotes could be driven by environmental factors is still vigorously debated. In extant plants, genome size correlates positively with stomatal size, leading to the idea that conditions enabling the existence of large stomata in fossil plants also supported growth of their genome size. We test this inductive assumption in drought-adapted, prostrate-leaved Cape (South Africa) geophytes where, compared with their upright-leaved geophytic ancestors, stomata develop in a favourably humid microclimate formed underneath their leaves. METHODS: Stomatal parameters (leaf cuticle imprints) and genome size (flow cytometry) were measured in 16 closely related geophytic species pairs from seven plant families. In each pair, representing a different genus, we contrasted a prostrate-leaved species with its upright-leaved phylogenetic relative, the latter whose stomata are exposed to the ambient arid climate. KEY RESULTS: Except for one, all prostrate-leaves species had larger stomata, and in 13 of 16 pairs they also had larger genomes than their upright-leaved relatives. Stomatal density and theoretical maximum conductance were less in prostrate-leaved species with small guard cells (<1 pL) but showed no systematic difference in species pairs with larger guard cells (>1 pL). Giant stomata were observed in the prostrate-leaved Satyrium bicorne (89-137 µm long), despite its relatively small genome (2C = 9 Gbp). CONCLUSIONS: Our results imply that climate, through selection on stomatal size, might be able to drive genome size evolution in plants. The data support the idea that plants from 'greenhouse' geological periods with large stomata might have generally had larger genome sizes when compared with extant plants, though this might not have been solely due to higher atmospheric CO2 in these periods but could also have been due to humid conditions prevailing at fossil deposit sites.
- MeSH
- délka genomu MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genom rostlinný genetika MeSH
- listy rostlin MeSH
- průduchy rostlin genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Jihoafrická republika MeSH
Článek přináší informace o vybraných aspektech mimonemocniční zástavy oběhu v kontextu pandemie onemocnění COVID-19. Dopad pandemie na vybrané demografické a zdravotní charakteristiky je zřetelný především v oblasti zvýšení počtu pacientů s mimonemocniční zástavou oběhu s dominujícím místem postižení v domácím prostředí. V době pandemie byl zaznamenán nižší počet pacientů se vstupním defibrilovatelným rytmem a návratem spontánního oběhu. Dále je v článku uveden modifikovaný postup základní resuscitace s použitím automatizovaného externího defibrilátoru v době pandemie COVID-19.
The article provides information on selected aspects of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the context of the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 disease. The impact of the pandemic on selected demographic and health characteristics is obvious especially in increase of the number of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with a dominant place of onset at home. At the time of the pandemic, a lower number of patients with an initial defibrillate rhythm and return of spontaneous circulation were reported. Furthermore, the article presents a modified algorithm for basic life support using an automated external defibrillator during the COVID-19 pandemic.
V kazuistice prezentujeme případ pacientky v sekundární prevenci, která byla odeslánado lipidologické poradny pro nedosažení cílů LDL-cholesterolu v sekundární prevenci,a to i přes maximální možnou terapii dostupnými hypolipidemiky.
The case report documents the case of a patient who was referred to the LipidologyDepartment due to a failure of achieving targeted levels of LDL-cholesterol in a se-condary prevention despite maximal possible treatment with available hypolipidemicagents.
- MeSH
- adherence pacienta MeSH
- anticholesteremika MeSH
- fixní kombinace léků MeSH
- hypercholesterolemie * farmakoterapie MeSH
- infarkt myokardu s elevacemi ST úseků MeSH
- kombinace léků ezetimib a simvastatin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- LDL-cholesterol účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sekundární prevence MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Non-adherence pacientů k terapii arteriální hypertenze je nejčastější příčinou zdánlivě rezistentní hypertenze. Non-adherence pacientů je odpovědná za vyšší výskyt urgentní a emergentní hypertenze, a to až o 6,3 % v porovnání s adherentními pacienty. V prostředí urgentní medicíny non-adherence vede často ke stanovení mylné diagnózy rezistentní hypertenze. Cílem článku je poukázat na problematiku non-adherentních pacientů v kontextu urgentní medicíny.
Nonadherence to antihypertensive treatment is a common cause of pseudo-resistant hypertension. Nonadeherence is responsible for a higher incidence of hypertensive crisis. Patient nonadherence to antihypertensive treatment causes false diagnosis of resistant hypertension in emergency departments. This article explores factors that have an impact on patient antihypertensive medication nonadherence.
Prezentujeme 46-letého pacienta se smíšenou dyslipidémií a svalovou bolestí. Tento pacient, navzdory svému nízkému věku, prodělal infarkt myokardu a následně byl indikován k terapii dyslipidémie v rámci sekundární prevence. V úvodu terapie statiny došlo k výrazné elevaci kreatinkinázy. Z tohoto důvodu byly statiny vysazeny a pacient byl referován do lipidologické poradny. V poradně byl nasazen ezetimib a fenofibrát. Těmito léky nebylo dosaženo cílových hodnot LDL-cholesterolu, a proto byla zvolena terapie inhibitorem proprotein konvertázy subtilizin/kexin typu 9 (PCSK9) s výbornou tolerancí i potřebným poklesem cílových hodnot LDL-cholesterolu. Lit. 14
We present a 46-year-old patient with mixed dyslipidaemia and muscle pain. This patient, despite his low age, had a myocardial infarction and was subsequently indicated for the treatment of dyslipidaemia in secondary prevention. Significant elevation of creatine kinase occurred at the beginning of statin therapy. For this reason statins were discontinued and the patient was referred to a lipidology clinic. Ezetimibe and fenofibrate were used in the clinic. These drugs did not achieve the LDL-cholesterol target and therefore the proprotein convertase inhibitor subtilisin / kexin type 9 (PCSK9), with excellent tolerance and desirable reduction in LDL-cholesterol was chosen. Ref. 14.
- Klíčová slova
- evolokumab,
- MeSH
- dyslipidemie * diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- ezetimib terapeutické užití MeSH
- fenofibrát terapeutické užití MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky terapeutické užití MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci prevence a kontrola MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myotoxicita * etiologie MeSH
- PCSK9 inhibitory MeSH
- proproteinkonvertasa subtilisin/kexin typu 9 * aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- sekundární prevence MeSH
- statiny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Spiders are an ancient and extremely diverse animal order. They show a considerable diversity of genome sizes, karyotypes and sex chromosomes, which makes them promising models to analyse the evolution of these traits. Our study is focused on the evolution of the genome and chromosomes in haplogyne spiders with holokinetic chromosomes. Although holokinetic chromosomes in spiders were discovered a long time ago, information on their distribution and evolution in these arthropods is very limited. Here we show that holokinetic chromosomes are an autapomorphy of the superfamily Dysderoidea. According to our hypothesis, the karyotype of ancestral Dysderoidea comprised three autosome pairs and a single X chromosome. The subsequent evolution has frequently included inverted meiosis of the sex chromosome and an increase of 2n. We demonstrate that caponiids, a sister clade to Dysderoidea, have enormous genomes and high diploid and sex chromosome numbers. This pattern suggests a polyploid event in the ancestors of caponiids. Holokinetic chromosomes could have arisen by subsequent multiple chromosome fusions and a considerable reduction of the genome size. We propose that spider sex chromosomes probably do not pose a major barrier to polyploidy due to specific mechanisms that promote the integration of sex chromosome copies into the genome.
- MeSH
- genom * MeSH
- karyotyp * MeSH
- meióza MeSH
- molekulární evoluce * MeSH
- pavouci genetika MeSH
- polyploidie * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
It has been hypothesized that species with holocentric chromosomes have a selective evolutionary advantage for developmental and reproductive success because holocentric chromosomes are less susceptible to chromosome breakage than monocentric chromosomes. We analyzed data on sterilizing doses of ionizing radiation for more than 250 species of arthropods to test whether the minimal dose for reproductive sterilization is higher for species with holocentric chromosomes than for species with monocentric chromosomes. Using linear mixed models that account for phylogeny, we show that holocentric arthropods are more tolerant of sterilizing radiation than monocentrics. Moreover, higher dose rates correlate with lower sterilizing doses in monocentrics, but not in holocentrics, which is a novel finding that may be of importance for radiosanitation practice. Under the dose rate of 1 Gy/min, holocentric arthropods are sterilized on average with a 2.9 times higher minimal dose than monocentrics. Life stage and sex have significant but considerably weaker effects on sterilizing dose than chromosome type. Adults and males require 1.2 and 1.4 times higher sterilizing doses than juveniles and females, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that holocentric lineages may originate and thrive better in times of increased exposure to chromosome-breaking factors.
