Prevalence diabetu mellitu neustále stoupá. Je proto nezbytné se zaměřit na časnou diagnostiku jak diabetu, tak prediabetu. Mezi základní diagnostické metody užívané v České republice patří stanovení lačné glykemie a orální glukózový toleranční test. Jako alternativní metodu lze pro diagnostiku využít glykovaný hemoglobin. Práci shrnujeme současné diagnostické možnosti, jejich výhody a nevýhody a podrobně hodnotíme možnost využití glykovaného hemoglobinu. Hlavní nevýhodou glykovaného hemoglobinu je nižší senzitivita jak v rámci diagnostiky diabetu, tak prediabetu. Velkou výhodou ale je možnost provedení vyšetření bez předchozího lačnění a příprav pacienta.
Krollová P, Frühaufová A, Urbanová J, Lustigová M, Koželuhová M, Michalec J, Duong TA, Brož J. Current recommendations for screening and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes – the importance of glycated haemoglobin The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is steadily increasing. It is essential to focus on early diagnosis of both diabetes and prediabetes. The basic diagnostic methods used in the Czech Republic include the fasting glycaemia test and the oral glucose tolerance test. As an alternative method, glycated haemoglobin can be used for diagnosis. In this review, we summarize the current diagnostic options, their advantages and disadvantages and evaluate in detail the possibility of using glycated haemoglobin. The main disadvantage of glycated hemoglobin is its lower sensitivity in the diagnosis of both diabetes and prediabetes. However, the major advantage is the possibility of performing the test without prior fasting and preparation of the patient.
The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of smokers and ex-smokers in the older diabetes population in Europe and to evaluate the relationship with various sociodemographic and lifestyle risk factors. This epidemiological study used Wave 8 of the multidisciplinary and cross-national SHARE database, which includes cross-sectional data on health, socio-economic status and social and family networks of individuals aged 50 and over from 27 European countries. Among the 6,903 participants with diabetes, 12.2% were current smokers, 29.9% were former smokers and 57.9% had never smoked. Among countries' diabetes populations, the highest prevalence of ex-smokers (57.6%) with a low prevalence of smokers (9.5%) was seen in the Netherlands. The highest prevalence of never-smokers (84.2%) was found in Latvia, with the lowest prevalence of ex-smokers (7.9%). Austria had the highest prevalence of current smokers (17.9%) along with a below-average prevalence of ex-smokers (26.5%) was seen in Austria. Normal weight, being overweight, lower education, living without a partner, living in larger cities, drinking alcohol in the last 7 days, lower age, and being male were associated with a higher risk of being a current smoker. The study shows high prevalence of smoking among the older diabetes population in Europe and provides data on the association of smoking with several risk factors and country-specific differences in smoking prevalence.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus * epidemiologie MeSH
- kouření * epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odvykání kouření * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- životní styl MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
Riziko rozvoje diabetické nefropatie je přímo úměrné době trvání diabetu 1. typu, zásadní roli hraje metabolická kom- penzace onemocnění. Vrchol její incidence spadá do období 10–20 let po stanovení diagnózy základního onemocnění. Roční incidence rozvoje albuminurie je u pacientů s diabetes mellitus 1. typu 2–3 %. Roční incidence poklesu odhadované glomerulární filtrace pod 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 činí 2–4 % bez ohledu na typ diabetu. Dle starších studií z konce 80. let má jednotlivec s diabetes mellitus 1. typu (DMT1) 40% riziko rozvoje proteinurie během 40 let trvání diabetu. Dle novějších průřezových studií z několika národních registrů rozvine mikroalbuminurii 8 % diabetiků 1. typu s délkou trvání diabetu méně než 20 let a téměř 25 % při délce trvání diabetu nad 40 let. I přes použití moderních terapeutických postupů v léčbě diabetu se u signifikantního podílu osob s DMT1 vyskytnou renální komplikace ve smyslu albuminurie či poruchy glo- merulární filtrace po méně než 20 letech od stanovení diagnózy. Zachování funkce ledvin po manifestaci proteinurie, se také zlepšilo, ale zůstává mnohem horší než u osob s DMT1 a absencí albuminurie. Studií, které by se zabývaly rychlostí vzniku diabetického onemocnění ledvin od stanovení diagnózy diabetu, není v dostupné literatuře dostatek k detailnímu popisu oblasti.
The risk of developing diabetic nephropathy is directly proportional to the duration of type 1 diabetes, with metabolic control of the disease playing a crucial role. The peak incidence of diabetic nephropathy occurs between 10 and 20 years after the diagnosis of the underlying disease. The annual incidence of albuminuria development in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus is 2-3%. The annual incidence of a decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate below 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 is 2-4 %, regardless of the type of diabetes. According to older studies from the late 1980s, an individual with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DMT1) has a 40% chance of developing proteinuria over 40 years of diabetes duration. More recent cross-sectional studies from several national registries indicate that 8 % of type 1 diabetics with a diabetes duration of less than 20 years develop microalbuminuria, and nearly 25 % do so after more than 40 years of diabetes. Despite the use of modern therapeutic approaches in diabetes treatment, a significant proportion of individuals with DMT1 develop renal complications in the form of albuminuria or impaired glomerular filtration within less than 20 years after diagnosis. Although the preservation of kidney function after the onset of proteinuria has also improved, it remains much worse compared to individuals with DMT1 without albuminuria. There is a lack of studies in the available literature that adequately describe the rate of development of diabetic kidney disease from the time of diabetes diagnosis.
- MeSH
- hypertenze dějiny farmakoterapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease. This review examines the literature on hypertension control in the Czech Republic from 1972 to 2022 addressing limited data on its effectiveness. METHODS: A literature review was conducted covering the period from 1972 to 2022, utilizing MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Articles were selected based on title and abstract evaluations, with full-text reviews performed as needed. Thirteen studies involving 44,990 participants were included in this review. RESULTS: Control rates increased from 2.8% (men) and 5.2% (women) in 1985 to 32.3% (men) and 37.4% (women) from 2015 to 2018. Women showed better blood pressure control. Specialised centres achieved higher success (48%) than general practitioners (18.4%). Diabetic patients had a lower percentage (29.1%) of patients meeting their target values (<130/80 mmHg) compared to non-diabetic patients, who had a higher percentage (60.6%) meeting their target values (<140/90 mmHg). CONCLUSION: Hypertension treatment success rate in the Czech Republic improved significantly over the last 50 years and is currently comparable to that of other European countries with similar healthcare resources. However, it still remains suboptimal and lags behind the countries with the most successful treatment outcomes (Tab. 3, Fig. 1, Ref. 37).
BACKGROUND: Despite accessible diagnostics and treatment of hypertension, a high proportion of patients worldwide remain unaware of their diagnosis, and even more remain untreated. Several studies suggest that absence of comorbidities is a predictive factor for unawareness and consequently non-treatment of hypertension. There are only a few studies that have assessed the hypertension prevalence and management among apparently healthy individuals. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess and compare hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control among apparently healthy individuals, patients with internal diseases, and patients with non-internal diseases. METHODS: Data from standardised blood pressure measurements conducted during the Czech European Health Examination Survey 2014 and information on health status and health care use collected during the Czech European Health Interview Survey 2014 were analyzed. We focused on participants aged 25-64. Data were weighted on sex and age to ensure an appropriate sex and age structure of the population. The χ2-test and binary logistic regression analyses were used to compare distribution of cascade of care for hypertension between the health-status groups of respondents. RESULTS: The final eligible sample consisted of 1121 participants. The prevalence of hypertension was 32.8% in the healthy group, 29.8% in the non-internal disease group and 52.4% in the internal disease group, (p < 0.001). Awareness was 54.1%, 59.1% and 85.2% respectively, (p < 0.001). Treatment was 44.2%, 52.6% and 86.4%, respectively, (p < 0.001). Among apparently healthy respondents 62.6% had their blood pressure measured by a medical professional in the last year, compared to 71.1% in the non-internal disease group and 91.7% in the internal disease group, (p < 0.001). Differences in hypertension control were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Generally, our data show a discordance in hypertension management within the Czech population. Apparently healthy individuals are the least aware of their diagnosis and the highest proportion of them remain untreated.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hypertenze * epidemiologie terapie diagnóza MeSH
- krevní tlak MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
- zdravotnické přehledy MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: Russia's military aggression against Ukraine set in motion a large number of refugees. Considerable amount of them came and stayed in Czechia. Refugees represent special vulnerable individuals often affected by war physically and psychologically. Due to the national regulations not allowing most of Ukrainian men aged 18-60 to leave the country, nowadays Ukrainian forced migration is relatively young and strongly gendered. Evidence suggests the higher probability for searching the safe refuge abroad among Ukrainian women with small children as well as those with relatively higher economic and cultural capital. The aim of this study is to identify the structural features of systemic risks associated with war migration by examining determinants of self-rated health among forcibly displaced highly educated Ukrainian women of productive age residing in Czechia. METHODS: Data from one wave of the panel survey among Ukrainian refugees in Czechia conducted in September 2022 was used. Determinants of self-rated health including self-reported diseases and healthcare factors, lifestyle, human and social capital, economic factors, and migration characteristics were analysed using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: About 45% highly educated Ukrainian women refugees in Czechia assessed their health as poor. The poor self-rated health was mostly associated with the number of diseases and depressive symptoms, and by social capital and economic factors. Having four and more diseases (OR = 13.26; 95%-CI: 5.61-31.35), showing some severe depressive symptoms (OR = 7.20; 95%-CI: 3.95-13.13), experiencing difficulties to seek help from others (OR = 2.25; 95%-CI: 1.20-4.23), living alone in a household (OR = 2.67; 95%-CI: 1.37-5.27), having severe material deprivation (OR = 2.70; 95%-CI: 1.35-5.41) and coming originally from the eastern part of Ukraine (OR = 2.96; 95%-CI: 1.34-6.55) increased the chance of these refugees to assess their health as poor. CONCLUSION: Social and economic determinants such as lack of social contacts for seeking help and material deprivation were found to be crucial for self-rated health and should be tackled via migration policies. Further, qualitative research is needed to better understand the mechanisms behind the factors affecting subjectively assessed health.
- MeSH
- charakteristiky rodiny MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- uprchlíci * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
