Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal hematologic disorders characterized by morphologic abnormalities of myeloid cells and peripheral cytopenias. Although genetic abnormalities underlie the pathogenesis of these disorders and their heterogeneity, current classifications of MDS rely predominantly on morphology. We performed genomic profiling of 3233 patients with MDS or related disorders to delineate molecular subtypes and define their clinical implications. Gene mutations, copy-number alterations, and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity were derived from targeted sequencing of a 152-gene panel, with abnormalities identified in 91%, 43%, and 11% of patients, respectively. We characterized 16 molecular groups, encompassing 86% of patients, using information from 21 genes, 6 cytogenetic events, and loss of heterozygosity at the TP53 and TET2 loci. Two residual groups defined by negative findings (molecularly not otherwise specified, absence of recurrent drivers) comprised 14% of patients. The groups varied in size from 0.5% to 14% of patients and were associated with distinct clinical phenotypes and outcomes. The median bone marrow (BM) blast percentage across groups ranged from 1.5% to 10%, and the median overall survival ranged from 0.9 to 8.2 years. We validated 5 well-characterized entities, added further evidence to support 3 previously reported subsets, and described 8 novel groups. The prognostic influence of BM blasts depended on the genetic subtypes. Within genetic subgroups, therapy-related MDS and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms had comparable clinical and outcome profiles to primary MDS. In conclusion, genetically-derived subgroups of MDS are clinically relevant and might inform future classification schemas and translational therapeutic research.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• myelodysplastické syndromy * genetika   klasifikace   patologie   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• variabilita počtu kopií segmentů DNA MeSH
• ztráta heterozygozity MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• chromozomální delece MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské chromozomy, pár 1 genetika   MeSH
• mnohočetný myelom * komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH

Monosomy 7 is the most common cytogenetic abnormality in pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and associated with a high risk of disease progression. However, in young children, spontaneous loss of monosomy 7 with concomitant hematologic recovery has been described, especially in the presence of germline mutations in SAMD9 and SAMD9L genes. Here, we report on our experience of close surveillance instead of upfront hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in seven patients diagnosed with SAMD9L syndrome and monosomy 7 at a median age of 0.6 years (range, 0.4-2.9). Within 14 months from diagnosis, three children experienced spontaneous hematological remission accompanied by a decrease in monosomy 7 clone size. Subclones with somatic SAMD9L mutations in cis were identified in five patients, three of whom attained hematological remission. Two patients acquired RUNX1 and EZH2 mutations during the observation period, of whom one progressed to myelodysplastic syndrome with excess of blasts (MDS-EB). Four patients underwent allogeneic HSCT at a median time of 26 months (range, 14-40) from diagnosis for MDSEB, necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis, persistent monosomy 7, and severe neutropenia. At last follow-up, six patients were alive, while one passed away due to transplant-related causes. These data confirm previous observations that monosomy 7 can be transient in young children with SAMD9L syndrome. However, they also indicate that delaying HSCT poses a substantial risk of severe infection and disease progression. Finally, surveillance of patients with SAMD9L syndrome and monosomy 7 is critical to define the evolving genetic landscape and to determine the appropriate timing of HSCT (clinicaltrials gov. Identifier: NCT00662090).

• MeSH
• chromozomální delece * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny genetika   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské chromozomy, pár 7 genetika   MeSH
• monozomie MeSH
• myelodysplastické syndromy * diagnóza   genetika   terapie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• spontánní remise MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Poor-risk (PR) cytogenetic/molecular abnormalities generally direct pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). We assessed the predictive value of cytogenetic risk classification at diagnosis with respect to post-HSCT outcomes in pediatric patients. Patients younger than 18 years at the time of their first allogeneic HSCT for AML in CR1 between 2005 and 2022 who were reported to the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation registry were subgrouped into four categories. Of the 845 pediatric patients included in this study, 36% had an 11q23 abnormality, 24% had monosomy 7/del7q or monosomy 5/del5q, 24% had a complex or monosomal karyotype, and 16% had other PR cytogenetic abnormalities. In a multivariable model, 11q23 (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.66, P = 0.03) and other PR cytogenetic abnormalities (HR = 0.55, P = 0.02) were associated with significantly better overall survival when compared with monosomy 7/del7q or monosomy 5/del5q. Patients with other PR cytogenetic abnormalities had a lower risk of disease relapse after HSCT (HR = 0.49, P = 0.01) and, hence, better leukemia-free survival (HR = 0.55, P = 0.01). Therefore, we conclude that PR cytogenetic abnormalities at diagnosis predict overall survival after HSCT for AML in pediatric patients.

• MeSH
• akutní myeloidní leukemie * genetika   terapie   diagnóza   MeSH
• chromozomální aberace MeSH
• chromozomální delece MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• homologní transplantace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské chromozomy, pár 7 MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• transplantace hematopoetických kmenových buněk * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Chromosomal band 17q12 is a gene-rich region flanked by segmental duplications, making the region prone to deletions and duplications via the non-allelic homologous recombination mechanism. While deletions cause a well-described disorder with a specific phenotype called renal cysts and diabetes mellitus, the phenotype caused by reciprocal duplications is less specific, primarily because of variable expressivity, and incomplete penetrance. We present an unusual family with four children carrying the 17q12 microduplication inherited from their clinically healthy mother, who was a carrier of both the duplication and, interestingly, also of an atypical deletion of the 17q12 region. The duplication was inherited from her diabetic father and the deletion from her diabetic mother who also suffered from a renal disorder. Clinical manifestations in the family were variable, but all children showed some degree of a neurodevelopmental disorder, such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, delayed speech development, or attention deficit disorder. The simultaneous occurrence of a deletion and duplication in the same chromosomal region in one family is very rare, and to our knowledge, individuals carrying both a deletion and a duplication of this region have never been described.

• MeSH
• chromozomální delece MeSH
• duplikace chromozomů genetika   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mentální retardace * genetika   MeSH
• mnohočetné abnormality * genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Protein synthesis is a tightly controlled process, involving a host of translation-initiation factors and microRNA-associated repressors. Variants in the translational regulator EIF2AK2 were first linked to neurodevelopmental-delay phenotypes, followed by their implication in dystonia. Recently, de novo variants in EIF4A2, encoding eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A isoform 2 (eIF4A2), have been described in pediatric cases with developmental delay and intellectual disability. OBJECTIVE: We sought to characterize the role of EIF4A2 variants in dystonic conditions. METHODS: We undertook an unbiased search for likely deleterious variants in mutation-constrained genes among 1100 families studied with dystonia. Independent cohorts were screened for EIF4A2 variants. Western blotting and immunocytochemical studies were performed in patient-derived fibroblasts. RESULTS: We report the discovery of a novel heterozygous EIF4A2 frameshift deletion (c.896_897del) in seven patients from two unrelated families. The disease was characterized by adolescence- to adulthood-onset dystonia with tremor. In patient-derived fibroblasts, eIF4A2 production amounted to only 50% of the normal quantity. Reduction of eIF4A2 was associated with abnormally increased levels of IMP1, a target of Ccr4-Not, the complex that interacts with eIF4A2 to mediate microRNA-dependent translational repression. By complementing the analyses with fibroblasts bearing EIF4A2 biallelic mutations, we established a correlation between IMP1 expression alterations and eIF4A2 functional dosage. Moreover, eIF4A2 and Ccr4-Not displayed significantly diminished colocalization in dystonia patient cells. Review of international databases identified EIF4A2 deletion variants (c.470_472del, c.1144_1145del) in another two dystonia-affected pedigrees. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that EIF4A2 haploinsufficiency underlies a previously unrecognized dominant dystonia-tremor syndrome. The data imply that translational deregulation is more broadly linked to both early neurodevelopmental phenotypes and later-onset dystonic conditions. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dystonické poruchy * genetika   MeSH
• dystonie * genetika   MeSH
• haploinsuficience genetika   MeSH
• iniciační faktory genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikro RNA * genetika   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• pohybové poruchy * MeSH
• proteosyntéza genetika   MeSH
• tremor MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Confirmation of the newly described 1p36.13-1p36.12 microdeletion syndrome by finding of a 2,2 Mb deletion in the critical region in a Czech two generation family with a very similar phenotype, but in addition also polyneuropathy of lower limbs.

• MeSH
• chromozomální delece * MeSH
• chromozomální poruchy * genetika   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské chromozomy, pár 1 genetika   MeSH
• syndrom MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Cíl studie: Zhodnocení kaskádového vyšetření metodami kvantitativní fluorescenční PCR (QF-PCR – quantitative fluorescence PCR) a SNP array (single nucleotide polymorphism array) při identifikaci chromozomálních abnormalit u potracených plodů. Soubor a metodika: V průběhu let 2018–2020 bylo v laboratořích Gennetu zpracováno 1 094 vzorků potracených plodů. Standardní schéma kaskádového vyšetření zahrnovalo screening základních aneuploidií metodou QF-PCR setem Omnibor (STR markery 13, 18, 21, X a Y), setem SAB-nadstavba I (STR markery 2, 7, 15, 16, 22), setem SAB-nadstavba II (od listopadu 2019, STR markery 4, 6, 14) a následně vyšetření metodou SNP array (Illumina). U všech vzorků bylo provedeno ověření/vyloučení maternální kontaminace. Výsledky: Po vyloučení maternální kontaminace (32 % vzorků) bylo metodou QF-PCR vyšetřeno 742 vzorků, 469 (63,2 %) z nich mělo negativní nález a 273 (36,8 %) patologický nález. Vzorky 469 plodů s negativním QF-PCR nálezem byly následně vyšetřeny metodou SNP array. Normální ženský/mužský profil byl potvrzen u 402 plodů (85,7 %), chromozomální aneuploidie a velké chromozomální aberace (delece/duplikace > 10 Mb) u 51 vzorků (10,9 %). U 16 (3,4 %) vyšetřených plodů byla nalezena mikrodelece nebo mikroduplikace, ve dvou případech se jednalo o patogenní mikrodelece a ve 14 o variantu nejasného významu bez přímé souvislosti s abortem. Byl potvrzen statisticky významný vyšší záchyt chromozomálních aberací u plodů žen s věkem > 35 let. Mezi skupinami vyšetřených abortů u gravidit po spontánní koncepci a po in vitro fertilizaci nebyl prokázán statisticky významný rozdíl. Závěr: Kaskádovým vyšetřením metodami QF-PCR a SNP array byla objasněna genetická příčina u 43 % všech vyšetřených abortů. Záchyt chromozomálních abnormalit u časných abortů v I. trimestru byl 50,4 %.

Objective: The evaluation of quantitative fluorescence PCR (QF-PCR) and single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP array) analysis for the identification of chromosomal abnormalities in products of conception (POC). Materials and methods: A total of 1,094 POC samples were processed at Gennet in the years 2018–2020. Chromosomal aneuploidies were tested by QF-PCR using a Omnibor set (STR markers 13, 18, 21, X a Y), SAB-I set (STR markers 2, 7, 15, 16, 22), SAB-II set (from November 2019, STR markers 4, 6, 14) followed by SNP array analysis (Illumina) on samples with a negative QF-PCR result. All POC samples were tested for maternal contamination. Results: After exclusion of maternal contamination (32% samples) the total number of 742 POC samples were tested by QF-PCR. Chromosomal aneuploidies were found in 273 POC samples (36.8%). Then, 469 QF-PCR negative POC samples were tested by SNP array analysis. Normal female/male profile was confirmed in 402 samples (85.7%) and chromosomal aneuploidies and chromosomal aberrations (deletion/duplication > 10 Mb) in 51 samples (10.9%). Microdeletion/microduplication was found in 16 POC samples (3.4%), two were classified as pathogenic variants and 14 as variants of unknown significance. In a group of women > 35 years of age, statistically significant increase of the chromosomal abnormalities was confirmed. No statistically significant difference between the in vitro fertilization group and the group of spontaneous conception was found. Conclusion: The application of the molecular work-up based on the stepwise use of QF-PCR and SNP array clarifies the cause of the abortion in 43% POC samples. The overall detection rate in the I. trimester was 50.4%.

• MeSH
• aneuploidie MeSH
• chromozomální aberace embryologie   MeSH
• chromozomální delece MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• potracený plod * abnormality   embryologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The short stature homeobox-containing (SHOX) is the most frequently analysed gene in patients classified as short stature patients (ISS) or diagnosed with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD), Langer mesomelic dysplasia (LMD), or Madelung deformity (MD). However, clinical testing of this gene focuses primarily on single nucleotide variants (SNV) in its coding sequences and copy number variants (CNV) overlapping SHOX gene. This review summarizes the clinical impact of variants in noncoding regions of SHOX. RECENT FINDINGS: CNV extending exclusively into the regulatory elements (i.e., not interrupting the coding sequence) are found more frequently in downstream regulatory elements of SHOX. Further, duplications are more frequent than deletions. Interestingly, downstream duplications are more common than deletions in patients with ISS or LWD but no such differences exist for upstream CNV. Moreover, the presence of specific CNVs in the patient population suggests the involvement of additional unknown factors. Some of its intronic variants, notably NM_000451.3(SHOX):c.-9delG and c.-65C>A in the 5'UTR, have unclear clinical roles. However, these intronic SNV may increase the probability that other CNV will arise de novo in the SHOX gene based on homologous recombination or incorrect splicing of mRNA. SUMMARY: This review highlights the clinical impact of noncoding changes in the SHOX gene and the need to apply new technologies and genotype-phenotype correlation in their analysis.

• MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• haploinsuficience genetika   MeSH
• intergenová DNA genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protein SHOX genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Long-term complications such as radiation-induced second malignancies occur in a subset of patients following radiation-therapy, particularly relevant in pediatric patients due to the long follow-up period in case of survival. Radiation-induced gliomas (RIGs) have been reported in patients after treatment with cranial irradiation for various primary malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and medulloblastoma (MB). We perform comprehensive (epi-) genetic and expression profiling of RIGs arising after cranial irradiation for MB (n = 23) and ALL (n = 9). Our study reveals a unifying molecular signature for the majority of RIGs, with recurrent PDGFRA amplification and loss of CDKN2A/B and an absence of somatic hotspot mutations in genes encoding histone 3 variants or IDH1/2, uncovering diagnostic markers and potentially actionable targets.

• MeSH
• amplifikace genu * MeSH
• chromozomální delece MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická transkripce MeSH
• genom lidský MeSH
• genová přestavba genetika   MeSH
• gliom genetika   patologie   MeSH
• inhibitor p15 cyklin-dependentní kinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• inhibitor p16 cyklin-dependentní kinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• Kaplanův-Meierův odhad MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru patologie   MeSH
• metylace DNA genetika   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů MeSH
• růstový faktor odvozený z trombocytů - receptor alfa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• záření MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH