Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique for analyzing the central and peripheral nervous system. TMS could be a powerful therapeutic technique for neurological disorders. TMS has also shown potential in treating various neurophysiological complications, such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders, without pain and analgesics. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, there has been an increase in the prevalence of brain cancer globally. For surgical planning, mapping brain tumors has proven challenging, particularly those localized in expressive regions. Preoperative brain tumor mapping may lower the possibility of postoperative morbidity in surrounding areas. A navigated TMS (nTMS) uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to enable precise mapping during navigated brain stimulation. The resulting magnetic impulses can be precisely applied to the target spot in the cortical region by employing nTMS. This review focuses on nTMS for preoperative planning for brain cancer. This study reviews several studies on TMS and its subtypes in treating cancer and surgical planning. nTMS gives wider and improved dimensions of preoperative planning of the motor-eloquent areas in brain tumor patients. nTMS also predicts postoperative neurological deficits, which might be helpful in counseling patients. nTMS have the potential for finding possible abnormalities in the motor cortex areas.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods   MeSH
• Brain Mapping methods   MeSH
• Motor Cortex diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Brain Neoplasms * surgery   MeSH
• Neuronavigation methods   MeSH
• Preoperative Care * methods   MeSH
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation * methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

BACKGROUND: Diffusion kurtosis imaging has been applied to evaluate white matter and basal ganglia microstructure in mixed Parkinson's disease (PD) groups with inconclusive results. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate specific patterns of kurtosis changes in PD and to assess the utility of diffusion imaging in differentiating between healthy subjects and cognitively normal PD, and between PD with and without mild cognitive impairment. METHODS: Diffusion scans were obtained in 92 participants using 3T MRI. Differences in white matter were tested by tract-based spatial statistics. Gray matter was evaluated in basal ganglia, thalamus, hippocampus, and motor and premotor cortices. Brain atrophy was also assessed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify a combination of diffusion parameters with the highest discrimination power between groups. RESULTS: Diffusion kurtosis metrics showed a significant increase in substantia nigra (p = 0.037, Hedges' g = 0.89), premotor (p = 0.009, Hedges' g = 0.85) and motor (p = 0.033, Hedges' g = 0.87) cortices in PD with normal cognition compared to healthy participants. Combined diffusion markers in gray matter reached 81% accuracy in differentiating between both groups. Significant white matter microstructural changes, and kurtosis decreases in the cortex were present in cognitively impaired versus cognitively normal PD. Diffusion parameters from white and gray matter differentiated between both PD phenotypes with 78% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Increased kurtosis in gray matter structures in cognitively normal PD reflects increased hindrance to water diffusion caused probably by alpha-synuclein-related microstructural changes. In cognitively impaired PD, the changes are mostly driven by decreased white matter integrity. Our results support the utility of diffusion kurtosis imaging for PD diagnostics.

• MeSH
• Atrophy MeSH
• Basal Ganglia diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• White Matter diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Hippocampus diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   psychology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Logistic Models MeSH
• Motor Cortex diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Brain diagnostic imaging   pathology   MeSH
• Multivariate Analysis MeSH
• Parkinson Disease diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   psychology   MeSH
• Gray Matter diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Models, Statistical MeSH
• Thalamus diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Diffusion Tensor Imaging MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Exploration of motor cortex activity is essential to understanding the pathophysiology in Parkinson's Disease (PD), but only simple motor tasks can be investigated using a fMRI or PET. We aim to investigate the cortical activity of PD patients during a complex motor task (gait) to verify the impact of deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus (DBS-STN) by using Near-Infrared-Spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS is a neuroimaging method of brain cortical activity using low-energy optical radiation to detect local changes in (de)oxyhemoglobin concentration. We used a multichannel portable NIRS during finger tapping (FT) and gait. To determine the signal activity, our methodology consisted of a pre-processing phase for the raw signal, followed by statistical analysis based on a general linear model. Processed recordings from 9 patients were statistically compared between the on and off states of DBS-STN. DBS-STN led to an increased activity in the contralateral motor cortex areas during FT. During gait, we observed a concentration of activity towards the cortex central area in the "stimulation-on" state. Our study shows how NIRS can be used to detect functional changes in the cortex of patients with PD with DBS-STN and indicates its future use for applications unsuited for PET and a fMRI.

• MeSH
• Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared * standards   MeSH
• Walking MeSH
• Hemoglobins MeSH
• Deep Brain Stimulation * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Brain Mapping MeSH
• Motor Cortex * diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Brain Diseases diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Neuroimaging methods   MeSH
• Subthalamic Nucleus MeSH
• Parkinson Disease * diagnostic imaging   diagnosis   physiopathology   therapy   MeSH
• Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted MeSH
• Motor Activity * MeSH
• Fingers MeSH
• Research MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Hypokinetic dysarthria (HD) is a common symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) which does not respond well to PD treatments. We investigated acute effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the motor and auditory feedback area on HD in PD using acoustic analysis of speech. METHODS: We used 10 Hz and 1 Hz stimulation protocols and applied rTMS over the left orofacial primary motor area, the right superior temporal gyrus (STG), and over the vertex (a control stimulation site) in 16 PD patients with HD. A cross-over design was used. Stimulation sites and protocols were randomised across subjects and sessions. Acoustic analysis of a sentence reading task performed inside the MR scanner was used to evaluate rTMS-induced effects on motor speech. Acute fMRI changes due to rTMS were also analysed. RESULTS: The 1 Hz STG stimulation produced significant increases of the relative standard deviation of the 2nd formant (p = 0.019), i.e. an acoustic parameter describing the tongue and jaw movements. The effects were superior to the control site stimulation and were accompanied by increased resting state functional connectivity between the stimulated region and the right parahippocampal gyrus. The rTMS-induced acoustic changes were correlated with the reading task-related BOLD signal increases of the stimulated area (R = 0.654, p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate for the first time that low-frequency stimulation of the temporal auditory feedback area may improve articulation in PD and enhance functional connectivity between the STG and the cortical region involved in an overt speech control.

• MeSH
• Speech Acoustics MeSH
• Dysarthria diagnostic imaging   etiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Parahippocampal Gyrus diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Connectome * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Motor Cortex diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Nerve Net diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Parkinson Disease complications   diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Feedback, Sensory physiology   MeSH
• Temporal Lobe diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

There have recently been considerable advances in our understanding of the neuronal mechanisms underlying multitasking, but the role of multimodal integration for this faculty has remained rather unclear. We examined this issue by comparing different modality combinations in a multitasking (stop-change) paradigm. In-depth neurophysiological analyses of event-related potentials (ERPs) were conducted to complement the obtained behavioral data. Specifically, we applied signal decomposition using second order blind identification (SOBI) to the multi-subject ERP data and source localization. We found that both general multimodal information integration and modality-specific aspects (potentially related to task difficulty) modulate behavioral performance and associated neurophysiological correlates. Simultaneous multimodal input generally increased early attentional processing of visual stimuli (i.e. P1 and N1 amplitudes) as well as measures of cognitive effort and conflict (i.e. central P3 amplitudes). Yet, tactile-visual input caused larger impairments in multitasking than audio-visual input. General aspects of multimodal information integration modulated the activity in the premotor cortex (BA 6) as well as different visual association areas concerned with the integration of visual information with input from other modalities (BA 19, BA 21, BA 37). On top of this, differences in the specific combination of modalities also affected performance and measures of conflict/effort originating in prefrontal regions (BA 6).

• MeSH
• Acoustic Stimulation MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Electroencephalography MeSH
• Evoked Potentials physiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Brain Mapping MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Motor Cortex anatomy & histology   diagnostic imaging   physiology   MeSH
• Task Performance and Analysis MeSH
• Attention physiology   MeSH
• Prefrontal Cortex anatomy & histology   diagnostic imaging   physiology   MeSH
• Psychomotor Performance physiology   MeSH
• Pattern Recognition, Physiological * MeSH
• Photic Stimulation MeSH
• Visual Cortex anatomy & histology   diagnostic imaging   physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND: Although dystonia is traditionally conceptualized as a basal ganglia disorder, increasing interest has been directed at a different neural network node, the cerebellum, which may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of dystonia. Abnormal sensorimotor processing and disturbed motor schemes, possibly attributable to cerebellar changes, remain unclear. METHODS: We sought to characterize the extent of cerebellar dysfunction within the motor network using functional MRI activation analysis, connectivity analysis, and voxel-based morphometry in cervical dystonia patients (n = 25, 15 women, mean age 45.8 years) and healthy volunteers (n = 25, 15 women, mean age 44.7 years) in a visuospatial task requiring predictive motor timing. RESULTS: Cervical dystonia patients showed decreased activation in the posterior cerebellar lobules as well as in the premotor areas, the associative parietal cortex, and visual regions. Patients also had decreased cerebellar connectivity with bilateral basal ganglia structures and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: This promotes the view that dystonia results from miscommunication between the basal ganglia and cerebellar loops, thus providing new insights into the brain regions essential for the development of cervical dystonia. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

• MeSH
• Basal Ganglia diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Functional Neuroimaging MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Motor Cortex diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Cerebellum diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Brain diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Neural Pathways diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Task Performance and Analysis MeSH
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted MeSH
• Spatial Processing * MeSH
• Torticollis diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH