AIM: We aimed to determine whether the sodium/glucose cotransporter family member SGLT3, a proposed glucose sensor, is expressed in the intestine and/or kidney, and if its expression is altered in mouse models of obesity and in humans before and after weight-loss surgery. MAIN METHODS: We used in-situ hybridization and quantitative PCR to determine whether the Sglt3 isoforms 3a and 3b were expressed in the intestine and kidney of C57, leptin-deficient ob/ob, and diabetic BTBR ob/ob mice. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were also used to assess SGLT3 protein levels in jejunal biopsies from obese patients before and after weight-loss Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB), and in lean healthy controls. KEY FINDINGS: Sglt3a/3b mRNA was detected in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), but not in the large intestine or kidneys of mice. Both isoforms were detected in epithelial cells (confirmed using intestinal organoids). Expression of Sglt3a/3b mRNA in duodenum and jejunum was significantly lower in ob/ob and BTBR ob/ob mice than in normal-weight littermates. Jejunal SGLT3 protein levels in aged obese patients before RYGB were lower than in lean individuals, but substantially upregulated 6 months post-RYGB. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study shows that Sglt3a/3b is expressed primarily in epithelial cells of the small intestine in mice. Furthermore, we observed an association between intestinal mRNA Sglt3a/3b expression and obesity in mice, and between jejunal SGLT3 protein levels and obesity in humans. Further studies are required to determine the possible role of SGLT3 in obesity.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• down regulace MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• hmotnostní úbytek MeSH
• inzulin metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence MeSH
• jejunum metabolismus   MeSH
• leptin nedostatek   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• obezita genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• protein - isoformy MeSH
• střevní sliznice metabolismus   MeSH
• tenké střevo metabolismus   MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• transportní proteiny pro sodík a glukosu biosyntéza   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• žaludeční bypass MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Piglet coccidiosis due to Cystoisospora suis is a major cause of diarrhea and poor growth worldwide. It can effectively be controlled by application of toltrazuril (TZ), and oral formulations have been licensed for many years. Recently, the first parenteral formulation containing TZ in combination with iron (gleptoferron) was registered in the EU for the prevention of coccidiosis and iron deficiency anemia, conditions in suckling piglets requiring routine preventive measures. This study evaluated the absorption and distribution of TZ and its main metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone (TZ-SO2), in blood and intestinal tissues after single oral (20 mg/kg) or single intramuscular (45 mg/piglet) application of TZ. Fifty-six piglets were randomly allocated to the two treatment groups. Animals were sacrificed 1-, 5-, 13-, and 24-days post-treatment and TZ and TZ-SO2 levels were determined in blood, jejunal tissue, ileal tissue, and mixed jejunal and ileal content (IC) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Intramuscular application resulted in significantly higher and more sustained concentrations of both compounds in plasma, intestinal tissue, and IC. Higher concentrations after oral dosing were only observed one day after application of TZ in jejunum and IC. Toltrazuril was quickly metabolized to TZ-SO2 with maximum concentrations on day 13 for both applications. Remarkably, TZ and TZ-SO2 accumulated in the jejunum, the primary predilection site of C. suis, independently of the administration route, which is key to their antiparasitic effect.

• MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• ileum metabolismus   MeSH
• injekce intramuskulární MeSH
• jejunum metabolismus   MeSH
• kokcidiostatika aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• kokcidióza prevence a kontrola   veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci prasat prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• střevní sliznice metabolismus   MeSH
• sulfony aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost účinky léků   MeSH
• triaziny aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The circadian clock system drives many physiological processes, including plasma concentration of glucocorticoids and epithelial transport of some ions and nutrients. As glucocorticoids entrain the circadian rhythms in various peripheral organs, we examined whether adrenalectomy affects the expression and circadian rhythmicity of intestinal transporters of the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) families, which participate in intestinal barriers for absorption of nutrients, nonnutrients and oral drugs. The rat jejunum showed rhythmic circadian profiles of Sglt1, Pept1, Nhe3, Mdr1 and Mrp2 but not Mct1, Oct1, Octn1, Oatp1, Cnt1 and Bcrp. With the exception of Pept1 and Mct1, adrenalectomy decreased the expression of all rhythmic and arrhythmic transporters including the amplitude of Sglt1 and Nhe3 rhythms but minimally affected the phases of rhythmic transporters except of Nhe3. Similarly, adrenalectomy downregulated the expression of rhythmic (Pparα, Hlf, Pgc1α) and arrhythmic (Hnf1β, Hnf4α) transcription factors, which are known to regulate the expression of transporters. We conclude that endogenous corticosteroids have a profound effect on the expression of intestinal SLC and ABC transporters and their nuclear transcription factors. The circulating corticosteroids are necessary for maintaining upregulated expression of Sglt1, Oct1, Octn1, Oatp1, Cnt1, Nhe3, Mdr1, Bcrp, Mrp2, Pparα, Pgc1α, Hnf1β, Hnf4α and Hlf and for maintaining the high amplitude of Sglt1, Nhe3, Pparα, Pgc1α and Hlf circadian rhythms. The study demonstrates that signals from the adrenal gland are necessary for maintaining the expression of arrhythmic and rhythmic intestinal transporters and that changes in the secretion of corticosteroids associated with stress might reorganize intestinal transport barriers.

• MeSH
• ABC transportéry metabolismus   MeSH
• adrenalektomie škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus MeSH
• jejunum metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• SLC transportéry metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Glutamate carboxypeptidases II and III (GCPII and GCPIII) are highly homologous di-zinc metallopeptidases belonging to the M28 family. These enzymes are expressed in a variety of tissues, including the brain, prostate, kidney, testis and jejunum. GCPII has been recognized as a neuropeptidase in the central nervous system, as a folate hydrolase participating in absorption of folates in the jejunum and, most importantly, as a prostate-specific membrane antigen that is highly expressed in prostate adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, it has been identified in the neovasculature of most human solid tumors. In contrast, GCPIII has not been associated with any specific physiological function or pathology, and its expression, activity and inhibition have not been as well-studied. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the structure, enzymatic activity, substrate specificity, and tissue distribution of these two homologous enzymes. We discuss their potential physiological functions and describe the available animal models, including genetically modified mice. We also review the potential use of specific monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors recognizing GCPII/III for diagnosis, imaging and experimental therapy of human cancers and other pathologies.

• MeSH
• adenokarcinom metabolismus   MeSH
• antigeny povrchové metabolismus   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• glutamátkarboxypeptidasa II metabolismus   MeSH
• glutamáty chemie   MeSH
• hydrolýza MeSH
• idiopatické střevní záněty metabolismus   MeSH
• jejunum metabolismus   MeSH
• karboxypeptidasy metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kyselina aspartová analogy a deriváty   chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky chemie   MeSH
• mozek metabolismus   MeSH
• mutantní kmeny myší MeSH
• myši transgenní MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory prostaty metabolismus   MeSH
• neuropeptidy chemie   MeSH
• proteasy metabolismus   MeSH
• tenké střevo metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The ischemia and reperfusion of a jejunal graft during transplantation triggers the stress of endoplasmic reticulum thus inducing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Spreading of these signals stimulate immunological reactions in distal tissues, i.e. lung, liver and spleen. The aim of this study was to detect the molecular changes in liver and spleen induced by transplanted jejunal graft with one or six hours of reperfusion (group Tx1 and Tx6). Analysis of gene expression changes of inflammatory mediators (TNF-alpha, IL-10) and specific chaperones (Gadd153, Grp78) derived from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was done and compared to control group. The qRT-PCR method was used for amplification of the specific genes. The levels of corresponding proteins were detected by Western blot with immunodetection. Protein TNF-alpha was in liver tissue significantly overexpressed in the experimental group Tx1 by 48 % (p<0.001). In the group Tx6 we found decreased levels of the same protein to the level of controls. However, the protein concentrations of TNF-alpha in spleen showed increased levels in group Tx1 by 31 % (p<0.001) but even higher levels in the group Tx6 by 115 % (p<0.001) in comparing to controls. Our data demonstrated that the spleen is more sensitive to post-transplantation inflammation than liver, with consequent stress of ER potentially inducing apoptosis and failure of basic functions of lymphoid tissue.

• MeSH
• játra metabolismus   MeSH
• jejunum metabolismus   transplantace   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mediátory zánětu metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrochirurgie trendy   MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• slezina metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Syndróm multiorgánovej dysfunkcie spôsobuje vo väčšine prípadov úmrtie pacienta, a preto si vyžaduje zvýšenú pozornosť. Spúšťajúcim faktorom a cieľovou štruktúrou patofyziologických dejov vedúcich k tomuto syndrómu je endotel čreva. Oxid dusnatý pôsobí ako nonadrenergný a noncholinergný neurotransmiter v hladkej svalovine tenkého čreva a hrá významnú úlohu pri takomto type poškodenia. Metodika: Experimentálne zvieratá, samce dospelých potkanov kmeňa Wistar boli rozdelené do troch skupín v závislosti od trvania reperfúzie po predchádzajúcej hodinovej ischémii. Výsledky sme porovnávali s kontrolnou skupinou zvierat bez ischemicko-reperfúzneho poškodenia. Vzorky jejuna sme analyzovali histochemickou metódou na stanovenie nikotínamidadeníndinukleotidfosfát diaforázovej aktivity, ktorá zodpovedá prítomnosti oxidu dusnatého v nervových štruktúrach. Výsledky: Aktivita nitrergických neurónov enterického nervového systému jejuna sa prudko znížila v skupine s hodinovou reperfúziou, následne sa v skupine potkanov po 24-hodinovej reperfúzii zvýšila a v skupine po 30-dňovej reperfúzii dosiahla hodnoty rovnaké, aké sme získali analýzou rezov jejuna kontrolnej skupiny. Záver: Z výsledkov vyplýva, že ischemicko-reperfúzne poškodenie výrazne ovplyvňuje neuróny enterického nervového systému znížením aktivity neurotransmiteru oxidu dusnatého hneď po ischemicko-reperfúznom poškodení. Následné zvýšenie jeho aktivity 24 hod po zásahu svedčí o kompenzačnej reakcii neurónov na poškodenie, ktorá sa pri udržaní kompenzačných mechanizmov ustáli do 30 dní po ischémii návratom do stavu, aký bol pred ischemicko-reperfúznym poškodením. Pri zlyhaní kompenzačných mechanizmov nastáva smrť do 1 týždňa po navodenej ischémii.

Even nowadays, multiple organ failure syndrome still causes high mortality, therefore it needs special attention. Endo­thel of the small intestine causes bacterial translocation as well as local and systemic inflammation, the main pathophysiological changes that lead to the development of the syndrome. Nitric oxide is a nonadrenergic and noncholinergic neurotransmitter in the intestinal smooth muscle and it plays an important role in the process of ischemic-reperfusion injury. Methods: Experimental animals, adult male Wistar rats, were divided into three groups according to the reperfusion period after previous ischemic episode lasting for one hour. The results were compared to a control group without experimental ischemic-reperfusion injury. Samples of the jejunum were histochemically analyzed in order to visualize the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase, which is a marker of the nitric oxide in the nerve structures. Results: The activity of the nitrergic neurons rapidly decreased in the group with one hour reperfusion; consequently, this activity gradually increased in the group with 24 hour reperfusion, and finally in the group with 30 days reperfusion there were no changes in the activity of the nitrergic neurons compared to the control group. Conclusion: These results indicated that the jejunal ischemic-reperfusion injury affected the neurons of the enteric nervous system and resulted in early decrease in the activity of the nitric oxide neurotransmitter one hour after the injury. Further gradual increase of its activity 24 hours after ischemic-reperfusion injury could be considered a result of the plasticity process. On day 30 after ischemic-reperfusion injury all the histochemical changes reached control levels. After the compensation mechanisms failure, death occurred within a week after elicited ischemia.

• Klíčová slova
• ischemicko-reperfúzní poškození, inervace,
• MeSH
• arteriae mesentericae patologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• histocytochemie MeSH
• ischemie * metabolismus   MeSH
• jejunum * chemie   inervace   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• NADPH-dehydrogenasa metabolismus   MeSH
• nitrergní neurony * chemie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• reperfuze MeSH
• střevní sliznice chemie   inervace   metabolismus   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• synthasa oxidu dusnatého chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The aim of this work was to study the effect of the daily ingestion of a purified anthocyanin extract from red grape skin on rat serum antioxidant capacity (ORAC) and its safety for the intestinal epithelium. The study was carried out in rats orally administered with the extract for 10 days in either normal physiological conditions or exposed to a pro-oxidant chemical (CCl(4)). The oral administration of the extract significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the ORAC value of the deproteinised serum of about 50 % after 10 days of ingestion. Anthocyanin administration was also able to reverse completely the decrease in the serum ORAC activity induced by the CCl(4) treatment. Experiments with Ussing chamber mounted intestine allowed to exclude any toxicity of the extract for the intestinal epithelium. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the purified anthocyanin extract from red grape skin enhances the total antioxidant capacity of the serum in either normal physiological condition or during oxidative stress induction, revealing a protective role against the decrease in the serum antioxidant capacity induced by a pro-oxidant compound.

• MeSH
• anthokyaniny aplikace a dávkování   izolace a purifikace   krev   MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• jejunum metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty aplikace a dávkování   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• sérum fyziologie   MeSH
• Vitis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Rats were fed with a standard laboratory diet (SLD) or a high-protein diet (HPD). After three months changes in amino acid concentration and protein metabolism were examined in fed and 24h-fasted animals. In the blood of the HPD animals sacrificed in fed state were found higher concentrations of urea, aspartate, taurine, proline, valine, isoleucine, and leucine, and lower concentrations of glycine and cysteine. The main alterations in tissues were decreased concentrations of glycine and increased concentrations of valine, isoleucine, and leucine. Differences in weight, protein concentration, protein synthesis, and proteolysis in tissues were insignificant. The exception was soleus muscle in which higher values of protein synthesis and proteolysis were found in HPD animals. The response to starvation of HPD and SLD fed animals was different. In animals fed before starvation by HPD was found more pronounced decrease in a number of individual amino acids in plasma and tissues and more pronounced decrease in protein synthesis in muscle, spleen, jejunum, and colon. It is concluded that chronic intake of HPD has not positive effect on protein balance in any tissue, results in the imbalance in aminoacidemia in extracellular and intracellular fluid, and alters the response of the organism to starvation.

• MeSH
• aminokyseliny aplikace a dávkování   krev   MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• dietní proteiny aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   MeSH
• hladovění metabolismus   MeSH
• jejunum metabolismus   MeSH
• kaseiny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• kolon metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• proteolýza MeSH
• slezina metabolismus   MeSH
• svaly metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Gastrointestinal form is the second stage of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) with a threshold dose of 8 Gy in man. It represents an absolutely lethal clinical-pathological unit, necrohemorrhagic enteritis and proctocolitis, with unknown causal therapy. Elk-1 is a protein acting as a transcription factor activating specified genes. The purpose of our study was to examine the expression of phospho-Elk-1 in irradiated jejunum and transversal colon of rats with radiation-induced enterocolitis and to assess the importance of this transcriptional factor as a biodosimetric marker of radiation-induced enteropathy. The laboratory rats were randomly divided into 21 groups, 10 animals per group, and irradiated with whole body ?-irradiation of 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Gy. Samples of jejunum and transversal colon were taken 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours later, immunohistochemically stained, and the phospho-Elk-1 expression was examined using computer image analysis. A group of 10 shamirradiated animals was used as control. Significantly increased expression of phospho-Elk-1 in rat jejunum has been found in all time intervals after irradiation by sublethal doses of 1 and 5 Gy, whereas after the irradiation by lethal doses, the expression of phospho-Elk-1 in rat jejunum varied considerably. Significantly increased expression of phospho-Elk-1 in transversal colon has also been found in the first days after irradiation by sublethal doses of 1 and 5 Gy. After irradiation by lethal doses, tere was no uniform pattern of the changes in the expression of phospho-Elk- 1 in rat transversal colon. The detection of phospho-Elk-1 might be considered as a suitable and very sensitive biodosimetric marker of radiation-induced injury of small and large intestine. According to our knowledge, this is the first study on the phospho-Elk-1 expression in irradiated jejunum and transversal colon in the rat.

• Klíčová slova
• Radiation-induced entero-colitis, Phospho-Elk-1 expression, Biodosimetric marker,
• MeSH
• akutní radiační syndrom etiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• celotělové ozáření MeSH
• enterokolitida etiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• experimentální radiační poranění etiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• jejunum metabolismus   účinky záření   MeSH
• kolon metabolismus   účinky záření   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• protein Elk-1 s doménou ets metabolismus   MeSH
• upregulace MeSH
• vztah dávky záření a odpovědi MeSH
• záření gama MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

• MeSH
• adrenergní látky farmakologie   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• guanethidin farmakologie   MeSH
• játra účinky léků   MeSH
• jejunum metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• ledviny metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• leucin metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH