Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are systemic immune-mediated conditions with predilection for the gastrointestinal tract and include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Despite the advances in the fields of basic and applied research, the etiopathogenesis remains largely unknown. As a result, only one third of the patients achieve endoscopic remission. A substantial portion of the patients also develop severe clinical complications or neoplasia. The need for novel biomarkers that can enhance diagnostic accuracy, more precisely reflect disease activity, and predict a complicated disease course, thus, remains high. Genomic and transcriptomic studies contributed substantially to our understanding of the immunopathological pathways involved in disease initiation and progression. However, eventual genomic alterations do not necessarily translate into the final clinical picture. Proteomics may represent a missing link between the genome, transcriptome, and phenotypical presentation of the disease. Based on the analysis of a large spectrum of proteins in tissues, it seems to be a promising method for the identification of new biomarkers. This systematic search and review summarize the current state of proteomics in human IBD. It comments on the utility of proteomics in research, describes the basic proteomic techniques, and provides an up-to-date overview of available studies in both adult and pediatric IBD.
- MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- Crohnova nemoc * metabolismus MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty * metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- proteomika metody MeSH
- ulcerózní kolitida * metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
AIMS: Inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer are serious intestinal disorders with continuously increasing incidence. Many aspects of etiopathogenesis still remain unclear. There is an urgent need to improve early diagnostics and markers indicating the progression of the disease. The aim of our study was to analyze the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-19 (MMP-19), and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) in different cell subpopulations in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to the tissue in the vicinity of pathological processes. METHODS: Expression of both markers in epithelium, macrophages and vessels were evaluated in IBD and CRC groups. They were detected using immunohistochemistry in paraffin sections. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the expression of MMP-19 on macrophages and vessels among healthy and cancer tissues. In both, macrophages and vessels were significantly lower levels in cancer tissues. The expression of MMP-19 on vessels was also significantly different between peritumoral and cancer tissues (higher levels in peritumoral tissue). RAGE expression in macrophages was significantly different between healthy and cancer tissues and between peritumoral and cancer tissues. There was significantly lower expression in cancer tissues than in healthy and peritumoral tissues. Expression of RAGE in vessels was significantly different just in the comparison of healthy and peritumoral tissues (higher levels in healthy tissues). CONCLUSION: Both markers seem to be promising potential auxiliary markers in IBD and CRC diagnostics. They can also improve evaluation of disease progression.
- MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty * diagnóza metabolismus patologie MeSH
- kolorektální nádory * diagnóza metabolismus patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metaloproteinasy secernované do matrix MeSH
- receptor pro konečné produkty pokročilé glykace metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) generates ATP, but OXPHOS also supports biosynthesis during proliferation. In contrast, the role of OXPHOS during quiescence, beyond ATP production, is not well understood. Using mouse models of inducible OXPHOS deficiency in all cell types or specifically in the vascular endothelium that negligibly relies on OXPHOS-derived ATP, we show that selectively during quiescence OXPHOS provides oxidative stress resistance by supporting macroautophagy/autophagy. Mechanistically, OXPHOS constitutively generates low levels of endogenous ROS that induce autophagy via attenuation of ATG4B activity, which provides protection from ROS insult. Physiologically, the OXPHOS-autophagy system (i) protects healthy tissue from toxicity of ROS-based anticancer therapy, and (ii) provides ROS resistance in the endothelium, ameliorating systemic LPS-induced inflammation as well as inflammatory bowel disease. Hence, cells acquired mitochondria during evolution to profit from oxidative metabolism, but also built in an autophagy-based ROS-induced protective mechanism to guard against oxidative stress associated with OXPHOS function during quiescence.Abbreviations: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; AOX: alternative oxidase; Baf A: bafilomycin A1; CI, respiratory complexes I; DCF-DA: 2',7'-dichlordihydrofluorescein diacetate; DHE: dihydroethidium; DSS: dextran sodium sulfate; ΔΨmi: mitochondrial inner membrane potential; EdU: 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine; ETC: electron transport chain; FA: formaldehyde; HUVEC; human umbilical cord endothelial cells; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MEFs: mouse embryonic fibroblasts; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; NAC: N-acetyl cysteine; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; PCs: proliferating cells; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PEITC: phenethyl isothiocyanate; QCs: quiescent cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species; PLA2: phospholipase A2, WB: western blot.
- MeSH
- adenosintrifosfát metabolismus MeSH
- autofagie * MeSH
- cystein metabolismus MeSH
- dextrany metabolismus MeSH
- dýchání MeSH
- endoteliální buňky metabolismus MeSH
- fibroblasty metabolismus MeSH
- formaldehyd metabolismus MeSH
- fosfatidylethanolaminy metabolismus MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty * metabolismus MeSH
- isothiokyanatany MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipopolysacharidy metabolismus MeSH
- mechanistické cílové místo rapamycinového komplexu 1 metabolismus MeSH
- mitochondriální DNA metabolismus MeSH
- mitochondrie metabolismus MeSH
- myši MeSH
- proteinkinasy aktivované AMP metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny asociované s mikrotubuly metabolismus MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- sirolimus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
An aberrant immune response developed early in life may trigger inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and food allergies (e.g., celiac disease). Fecal levels of immune markers categorize an inflammatory response (e.g., food allergy, autoimmune) paralleled with the initial microbial colonization. The immunoaffinity assays are routinely applied to quantify circulating immune protein markers in blood/serum. However, a reliable, multiplex assay to quantify fecal levels of immune proteins is unavailable. We developed mass spectrometry assays to simultaneously quantify fecal calprotectin, myeloperoxidase, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, eosinophil cationic protein, alpha-1-antitrypsin 1, and adaptive immunity effectors in 134 neonatal stool swabs. We optimized extraction and proteolytic protocol and validated the multiplex assay in terms of linearity of response (> 100; typically 0.04 to 14.77 µg/mg of total protein), coefficient of determination (R2; > 0.99), the limit of detection (LOD; 0.003 to 0.04 µg/mg of total protein), the limit of quantification (LOQ; 0.009 to 0.122 µg/mg of total protein) and robustness. The median CV of intra- and interday precision was 9.8% and 14.1%, respectively. We quantified breast milk-derived IGHA2 to differentiate meconium from feces samples and to detect the first food intake. An early life profiling of immune markers reflects disrupted intestinal homeostasis, and it is perhaps suitable for pre-symptomatic interception of IBD and food allergies.
- MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- chemické techniky analytické metody MeSH
- feces chemie MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie metody MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty etiologie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- odběr biologického vzorku metody MeSH
- potravinová alergie etiologie metabolismus MeSH
- zánět diagnóza mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), chronic inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract, include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. There are increasing clinical and experimental data showing that obesity, especially visceral adiposity, plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Obesity seems to be an important risk factor also for IBD disease severity and clinical outcomes. Visceral adipose tissue is an active multifunctional metabolic organ involved in lipid storage and immunological and endocrine activity. Bowel inflammation penetrates the surrounding adipose tissue along the mesentery. Mesenteric fat serves as a barrier to inflammation and controls immune responses to the translocation of gut bacteria. At the same time, mesenteric adipose tissue may be the principal source of cytokines and adipokines responsible for inflammatory processes associated with IBD. This review is particularly focusing on the potential role of adipokines in IBD pathogenesis and their possible use as promising therapeutic targets.
- MeSH
- abdominální obezita imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- adipokiny metabolismus MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nitrobřišní tuk imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- tuková tkáň imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- Globifer forte,
- MeSH
- anemie z nedostatku železa farmakoterapie MeSH
- dietní železo aplikace a dávkování metabolismus MeSH
- hypochromní anemie farmakoterapie MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty * komplikace metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- železnaté sloučeniny terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- novinové články MeSH
Idiopatické střevní záněty (IBD) zahrnují Crohnovu chorobu (CD), která je schopna ovlivnit celý gastrointestinální (GI) trakt, i když obvykle upřednostňuje ileokolickou a perianální lokalizaci, a ulcerózní kolitidu, která je omezena na tlusté střevo. Patofyziologie není zcela známa, ale předpokládá se, že je způsobena složitou souhrou střevní mikroflóry, dysregulací imunitního systému hostitele, genetickou citlivostí a faktory prostředí. Osteopenie a osteoporóza jsou považovány za extraintestinální projevy IBD. Osteoporóza je obvykle diagnostikována kostní denzitometrií. Včasné intervence při léčbě aktivních CD a preventivní léčebné postupy ke snížení nadměrného úbytku kostní hmoty mohou být prevencí dlouhodobých následků úbytku kostní hmoty, včetně zlomenin. Imunitní odpověď u IBD zahrnuje zvýšenou produkci různých prozánětlivých cytokinů, jako IL1 beta;, TNF alpha;, IL6 a IL1, z T -lymfocytů a makrofágů. Ty mají přímé i nepřímé účinky na obrat kostí. Vitamin D je důležitý při udržování pevnosti kostí, mineralizaci a prevenci zlomenin. Vitamin D se také podílí na řadě zánětlivých onemocnění, zejména astmatu, ateroskleróze a autoimunitních onemocněních.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease encompasses Crohn's Disease, which is capable of affecting the entire GI tract, although usually favors the ileocolonic and perianal areas, and Ulcerative Colitis, which is limited to the colon. The pathophysiology is not fully understood but is thought to be caused by a complex interplay among gut microbiota, dysregulation of the host's immune system, genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Osteopenia and osteoporosis are considered to be extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Osteoporosis is usually diagnosed by dual-energy X-ray absortiometry. Early interventions to treat active CD and preventative treatment strategies to reduce excessive bone loss might prevent long term consequences of bone loss, including fractures. The immune response in IBD includes increased production of variety of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL1β, TNFα, IL6 a IL1 from T cells and macrophages. These have both direct and indirect effects on bone turnover. Vitamin D is vital in mantenance of bone strenght, mineralisation and fracture prevention. Vitamin D's physiological importance has also been implicated in a number of inflammatory diseases, mainly asthma, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disease.
- MeSH
- fraktury kostí etiologie patologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty * komplikace metabolismus patologie MeSH
- kosti a kostní tkáň * metabolismus patologie MeSH
- kostní denzita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolické nemoci kostí diagnóza etiologie metabolismus MeSH
- osteoporóza * etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- remodelace kosti * MeSH
- vitamin D terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Idiopatické střevní záněty (IBD) zahrnují Crohnovu chorobu (CD), která je schopna ovlivnit celý gastrointestinální (GI) trakt, i když obvykle upřednostňuje ileokolickou a perianální lokalizaci, a ulcerózní kolitidu, která je omezena na tlusté střevo. Patofyziologie není zcela známa, ale předpokládá se, že je způsobena složitou souhrou střevní mikroflóry, dysregulací imunitního systému hostitele, genetickou citlivostí a faktory prostředí. Osteopenie a osteoporóza jsou považovány za extraintestinální projevy IBD. Osteoporóza je obvykle diagnostikována kostní denzitometrií. Včasné intervence při léčbě aktivních CD a preventivní léčebné postupy ke snížení nadměrného úbytku kostní hmoty mohou být prevencí dlouhodobých následků úbytku kostní hmoty, včetně zlomenin. Imunitní odpověď u IBD zahrnuje zvýšenou produkci různých prozánětlivých cytokinů, jako IL1 beta;, TNF alpha;, IL6 a IL1 z T-lymfocytů a makrofágů. Ty mají přímé i nepřímé účinky na obrat kostí. Vitamin D je důležitý při udržování pevnosti kostí, mineralizaci a prevenci zlomenin. Vitamin D se také podílí na řadě zánětlivých onemocnění, zejména astmatu, ateroskleróze a autoimunitních onemocněních.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease encompasses Crohn's Disease, which is capable of affecting the entire GI tract, although usually favors the ileocolonic and perianal areas, and Ulcerative Colitis, which is limited to the colon. The pathophysiology is not fully understood but is thought to be caused by a complex interplay among gut microbiota, dysregulation of the host's immune system, genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Osteopenia and osteoporosis are considered to be extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Osteoporosis is usually diagnosed by dual-energy X-ray absortiometry. Early interventions to treat active CD and preventative treatment strategies to reduce excessive bone loss might prevent long term consequences of bone loss, including fractures. The immune response in IBD includes increased production of variety of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL1 beta, TNF alpha, IL6 a IL1 from T cells and macrophages. These have both direct and indirect effects on bone turnover. Vitamin D is vital in mantenance of bone strenght, mineralisation and fracture prevention. Vitamin D’s physiological importance has also been implicated in a number of inflammatory diseases, mainly asthma, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disease.
- MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty * komplikace metabolismus patologie MeSH
- kosti a kostní tkáň * metabolismus patologie MeSH
- kostní denzita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolické nemoci kostí diagnóza etiologie metabolismus MeSH
- osteoporóza * etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- remodelace kosti * MeSH
- vitamin D terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- energetický metabolismus MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty * dietoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- léčivé přípravky aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroživiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- nutriční podpora * metody MeSH
- nutriční stav MeSH
- nutriční terapie metody MeSH
- podvýživa dietoterapie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- předoperační péče MeSH
- recidiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Glutamate carboxypeptidases II and III (GCPII and GCPIII) are highly homologous di-zinc metallopeptidases belonging to the M28 family. These enzymes are expressed in a variety of tissues, including the brain, prostate, kidney, testis and jejunum. GCPII has been recognized as a neuropeptidase in the central nervous system, as a folate hydrolase participating in absorption of folates in the jejunum and, most importantly, as a prostate-specific membrane antigen that is highly expressed in prostate adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, it has been identified in the neovasculature of most human solid tumors. In contrast, GCPIII has not been associated with any specific physiological function or pathology, and its expression, activity and inhibition have not been as well-studied. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the structure, enzymatic activity, substrate specificity, and tissue distribution of these two homologous enzymes. We discuss their potential physiological functions and describe the available animal models, including genetically modified mice. We also review the potential use of specific monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors recognizing GCPII/III for diagnosis, imaging and experimental therapy of human cancers and other pathologies.
- MeSH
- adenokarcinom metabolismus MeSH
- antigeny povrchové metabolismus MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- glutamátkarboxypeptidasa II metabolismus MeSH
- glutamáty chemie MeSH
- hydrolýza MeSH
- idiopatické střevní záněty metabolismus MeSH
- jejunum metabolismus MeSH
- karboxypeptidasy metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kyselina aspartová analogy a deriváty chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky chemie MeSH
- mozek metabolismus MeSH
- mutantní kmeny myší MeSH
- myši transgenní MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery metabolismus MeSH
- nádory prostaty metabolismus MeSH
- neuropeptidy chemie MeSH
- proteasy metabolismus MeSH
- tenké střevo metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH