Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from almost all cells and tissues. They are able to transport substances (e.g. proteins, RNA or DNA) at higher concentrations than in their environment and may adhere in a receptor-controlled manner to specific cells or tissues in order to release their content into the respective target structure. Blood contains high concentrations of EVs mainly derived from platelets, and, at a smaller amount, from erythrocytes. The female and male reproductive tracts produce EVs which may be associated with fertility or infertility and are released into body fluids and mucosas of the urogenital organs. In this review, the currently relevant detection methods are presented and critically compared. During pregnancy, placenta-derived EVs are dynamically detectable in peripheral blood with changing profiles depending upon progress of pregnancy and different pregnancy-associated pathologies, such as preeclampsia. EVs offer novel non-invasive diagnostic tools which may reflect the situation of the placenta and the foetus. EVs in urine have the potential of reflecting urogenital diseases including cancers of the neighbouring organs. Several methods for detection, quantification and phenotyping of EVs have been established, which include electron microscopy, flow cytometry, ELISA-like methods, Western blotting and analyses based on Brownian motion. This review article summarises the current knowledge about EVs in blood and cord blood, in the different compartments of the male and female reproductive tracts, in trophoblast cells from normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies, in placenta ex vivo perfusate, in the amniotic fluid, and in breast milk, as well as their potential effects on natural killer cells as possible targets.
- MeSH
- extracelulární vezikuly * MeSH
- fetální krev cytologie MeSH
- krevní buňky cytologie MeSH
- laktace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko cytologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- urogenitální systém cytologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- alergie * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- bronchiální astma * farmakoterapie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- karcinom * farmakoterapie MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko * cytologie enzymologie fyziologie imunologie metabolismus sekrece MeSH
- matky * MeSH
- mléčné banky * dějiny klasifikace normy organizace a řízení trendy využití MeSH
- neurologie * MeSH
- novorozenci extrémně nezralí * MeSH
- novorozenec s nízkou porodní hmotností * MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- proteiny * terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- MeSH
- jednotky intenzivní péče o novorozence organizace a řízení MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza prevence a kontrola MeSH
- konzervace potravin metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko cytologie chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- mražené potraviny analýza mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- MeSH
- kojení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko cytologie imunologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- alergie etiologie MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- infekce imunologie MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kojení fyziologie MeSH
- laktoglobuliny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko cytologie MeSH
- průjem kojenců MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- MeSH
- atopická dermatitida MeSH
- cytokiny MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- interferon gama MeSH
- interleukiny MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko cytologie imunologie MeSH
- transformující růstový faktor beta MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
When defined in terms of markers for normal cell lineages, most invasive breast cancer cells correspond to the phenotype of the common luminal epithelial cell found in the terminal ductal lobular units. Luminal epithelial cells cultured from milk, which have limited proliferative potential, have now been immortalized by introducing the gene encoding simian virus 40 large tumor (T) antigen. Infection with a recombinant retrovirus proved to be 50-100 times more efficient than calcium phosphate transfection, and of the 17 cell lines isolated, only 5 passed through a crisis period as characterized by cessation of growth. When characterized by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies, 14 lines showed features of luminal epithelial cells and of these, 7 resembled the common luminal epithelial cell type in the profile of keratins expressed. These cells express keratins 7, 8, 18, and 19 homogeneously and do not express keratin 14 or vimentin; a polymorphic epithelial mucin produced in vivo by luminal cells is expressed heterogeneously and the pattern of fibronectin staining is punctate. Although the cell lines have a reduced requirement for added growth factors, they do not grow in agar or produce tumors in the nude mouse. When the v-Ha-ras oncogene was introduced into two of the cell lines by using a recombinant retrovirus, most of the selected clones senesced, but one entered crisis and emerged after 3 months as a tumorigenic cell line.
- MeSH
- antigeny transformující polyomavirové * genetika MeSH
- buněčné dělení MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- DNA virů genetika MeSH
- epitelové buňky MeSH
- fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
- genetické vektory MeSH
- keratiny metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko * cytologie MeSH
- myši nahé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- onkogenní protein p21(ras) genetika MeSH
- opičí virus SV40 genetika MeSH
- prsy * cytologie MeSH
- Retroviridae genetika MeSH
- Southernův blotting MeSH
- virová transformace buněk * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- techniky in vitro MeSH
