Water contaminated with plastic debris and leached plasticizers can be ingested or taken up by aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates alike, exerting adverse effects on multiple tissues including the gastrointestinal tract. As such, gut microbiomes of aquatic animals are susceptible targets for toxicity. Recent studies conducted in teleost fishes report that microplastics and plasticizers (e.g., phthalates, bisphenol A) induce gastrointestinal dysbiosis and alter microbial diversity in the gastrointestinal system. Here we synthesize the current state of the science regarding plastics, plasticizers, and their effects on microbiomes of fish. Literature suggests that microplastics and plasticizers increase the abundance of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms (e.g. Actinobacillus, Mycoplasma and Stenotrophomonas) in fish and reveal that gamma-proteobacteria are sensitive to microplastics. Recommendations moving forward for the research field include (1) environmentally relevant exposures to improve understanding of the long-term impacts of microplastic and plasticizer contamination on the fish gastrointestinal microbiome; (2) investigation into the potential impacts of understudied polymers such as polypropylene, polyamide and polyester, and (3) studies with elastomers such as rubbers that are components of tire materials, as these chemicals often dominate plastic debris. Focus on both microplastics and the gut microbiota is intensifying in environmental toxicology, and herein lies an opportunity to improve evaluation of global ecological impacts associated with plastic contamination. This is important as the microbiota is intimately tied to an individual's health and fragmentation of microbial community networks and gut dysbiosis can result in disease susceptibility and early mortality events.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- ekotoxikologie * MeSH
- mikroplasty toxicita MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- ryby růst a vývoj mikrobiologie MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- botulismus diagnóza epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- botulotoxiny izolace a purifikace otrava MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci přenášené potravou epidemiologie MeSH
- ryby mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Německo MeSH
- Španělsko MeSH
The nucleotide sequences of three IncU plasmids from Aeromonas spp. isolated from ornamental fish are described. They had a typical IncU backbone for plasmid replication and maintenance functions, but conjugative transfer modules were disrupted. The gene qnrS2 was inserted into mpR as a mobile insertion cassette. Novel Tn3 family transposons carrying putative toxin-antitoxin and plasmid stability genes were identified. The study demonstrates high plasticity of IncU plasmids from aquatic environments.
- MeSH
- Aeromonas účinky léků genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální geny * MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence genetika MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- chinolony farmakologie MeSH
- gramnegativní bakteriální infekce mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- nemoci ryb mikrobiologie MeSH
- otevřené čtecí rámce MeSH
- plazmidy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u bakterií * MeSH
- ryby mikrobiologie MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- transpozibilní elementy DNA MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The mechanisms of resistance to levofloxacin for Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from diseased fish and selected in vitro were examined in this study. Levofloxacin-resistant mutants were obtained by selection of A. hydrophila in vitro. The quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the gyrA and parC genes were sequenced in Lev(R) strains and reverse mutation strains. All Lev(R) strains carried a point mutation at codon 83 (Ser → Ile), and one strain (25 %) harbored a mutation at position 92 (Leu → Met) in the GyrA-QRDR. After being transferred in a levofloxacin-free medium, one strain of the mutants was successfully reversed and the reversion was related with mutations of GyrA-QRDR at positions 81 (Gly → Asp) and 83 (Ile → Ser). No amino acid alteration was found in the ParC-QRDR. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of levofloxacin for the mutants was lower in the presence of reserpine, and all mutants were also resistant to some of the other quinolones. It was found that the mechanism of levofloxacin resistance of A. hydrophila selected in vitro was related to gyrA of type II topoisomerase, and an efflux mechanism was involved in the resistance as well.
- MeSH
- Aeromonas hydrophila účinky léků enzymologie genetika MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
- DNA-topoisomerasy typu II genetika metabolismus MeSH
- levofloxacin farmakologie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- ryby mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis has been isolated from the intestines of marine fish and is a candidate probiotic for aquaculture. In order to use the bacterium as a probiotic, properties such as bile tolerance need to be assessed. Here, we compared bile tolerance in L. lactis strains derived from different sources. Three L. lactis subsp. lactis strains from marine fish (MFL), freshwater fish (FFL), and cheese starter (CSL) were used along with an Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strain from cheese starter (CSC). The four strains were grown under various culture conditions: deMan-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) broth containing bile salts/acids, MRS agar containing oxgall, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing fish bile. Survival/growth of the strains in the presence of sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate varied in the order MFL, CSL > CSC > FFL; in the presence of sodium taurocholate, the order was MFL > CSL > CSC > FFL. In liquid media containing various concentrations of oxgall, survival of the strains was observed in the order MFL > CSL > FFL and CSC. The survival of MFL was not affected by bile collected from the goldfish (Carassius auratus subsp. auratus) or the puffer fish (Takifugu niphobles), although the other strains showed significant inhibition of growth. It is a novel and beneficial finding that MFL has the highest resistance to bile acid.
- MeSH
- Lactococcus lactis metabolismus MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
- probiotika metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- ryby mikrobiologie MeSH
- vodní hospodářství MeSH
- žlučové kyseliny a soli farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are potentially pathogenic agents commonly found in natural ecosystems, while food is considered to be another source of NTM for humans. We investigated a total of 92 tissue samples of freshwater fish and fish products: fish directly obtained from ponds (n=25), retail fresh (n=23) and frozen fish (n=23) and smoked fish products (n=21). Culture examination for the presence of mycobacteria was positive in 11 (11.9%) from all the examined samples. The 15 obtained isolates were identified as Mycobacterium fortuitum (n=5), M. immunogenum (n=2), M. phocaicum/ mucogenicum (n=1), M. neoaurum (n=2), M. peregrinum (n=2), M. porcinum (n=1) and M. senegalense/houstonense/conceptionense (n=2). NTM DNA was found in one (4.0%) sample of fresh fish from ponds and in 60.9% and 91.3% of retail fresh and frozen fish, respectively. None of the smoked fish products contained NTM DNA. The results of our study suggest that freshwater fish and fish products, especially retail frozen fish, might be a reservoir of NTM for humans, and proper handling and treatment before consumption of such products is recommended.
- MeSH
- DNA analýza metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární typizace MeSH
- mražené potraviny analýza ekonomika mikrobiologie MeSH
- Mycobacterium fortuitum klasifikace růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- Mycobacterium klasifikace růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- mykobakteriózy mikrobiologie MeSH
- potrava z moře (živočišná) analýza ekonomika mikrobiologie MeSH
- potraviny konzervované analýza ekonomika mikrobiologie MeSH
- rybí výrobky analýza ekonomika mikrobiologie MeSH
- ryby metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- sladká voda MeSH
- zdroje nemoci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Mycobacteriosis is a progressive disease of a wide range of wild and captive, marine and freshwater fish species. Conventional detection of fish Mycobacteria is based on histopathology, culture, and biochemical characteristics. The present study analyzed the occurrence of Mycobacteria in clinically ill ornamental fish of different species, from different places of India. In first group, 60 fish were examined for presence of granulomatous inflammation and acid-fast bacteria. Thirty-eight (63.34 %) fish were positive for granulomatous inflammations. Presences of acid-fast bacteria were detected in 27 (45 %) fish having granulomatous inflammation and in two (3.33 %) fish without granulomatous inflammation. In total, AFB were found in 29 (48.34 %) of the 60 fish examined. In second group, 20 fish having granulomatous inflammation, 12 (60 %) samples were positive using Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) staining and 11 (55 %) of them were culture positive. Eight (40 %) samples were Z-N negative but two (10 %) of them were culture positive. In total, 13 (65 %) of the 20 examined fish were culture positive. On the basis of biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing, 13 isolates were identified: five as Mycobacterium fortuitum, five as Mycobacterium gordonae, and three as Mycobacterium chelonae. In comparison of two decontamination methods, 2 % HCl treatment was better than 4 % NaOH treatment. Mycobacteria recovery from decontaminated samples was significantly high on Lowenstein-Jensen medium compared to Middlebrook 7H11 agar and Stonebrink (SB) media. The disease is transmissible from fish to fish and also from fish to human, so the significance of Mycobacteria in ornamental fish should not be overlooked.
- MeSH
- DNA bakterií chemie genetika MeSH
- histocytochemie MeSH
- mikroskopie MeSH
- Mycobacterium chelonae klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- Mycobacterium fortuitum klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- mykobakteriózy mikrobiologie patologie veterinární MeSH
- nemoci ryb mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- netuberkulózní mykobakterie klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- ryby mikrobiologie MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Indie MeSH
The low frequency of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, nonspecific symptoms for individual mycobacteria, and the lack of specific identification methods could alter correct diagnosis. This study presents a combined microbiology and molecular-based approach for Mycobacterium marinum detection in four aquarists with cutaneous mycobacterial infection. Simultaneously, ecology screening for M. marinum presence in the aquarists' fish tanks was performed. A total of 38 mycobacterial isolates originated from four human patients (n = 20), aquarium animals (n = 8), and an aquarium environment (n = 10). Isolate identification was carried out using 16S rRNA sequence analysis. A microbiology-based approach, followed by 16S rRNA sequence analysis, was successfully used for detection of M. marinum in all four patients. Animal and environmental samples were simultaneously examined, and a total of seven mycobacterial species were isolated: Mycobacterium chelonae , Mycobacterium fortuitum , Mycobacterium gordonae , Mycobacterium kansasii , Mycobacterium mantenii , Mycobacterium marinum , and Mycobacterium peregrinum . The presence of M. marinum was proven in the aquarium environments of two patients. Although M. marinum is described as being present in water, it was detected only in fish.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- atypické mykobakteriální infekce diagnóza farmakoterapie mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- klarithromycin farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- mikrobiologie životního prostředí MeSH
- Mycobacterium marinum klasifikace účinky léků genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Mycobacterium klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- ryby mikrobiologie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The occurrence and species distribution of bifidobacteria in the digestive tract of important representatives of social insects such as ants, bees, wasps and bumblebees as well as the incidence of bifidobacteria in fecal samples of several species of vertebrates represented mainly by reptiles was assigned by culture-independent method based on DGGE and real time PCR. Bifidobacteria were present in the gut of most social insects--honey bees, wasps, cockroaches and bumblebees, except for ants. In honey bees, where the counts of bifidobacteria ranged from 2 to 8% of the total bacteria, the most common species seemed to be Bifidobacterium indicum. Proportion of bifidobacteria was found in broad range from 0.1 to 35-37% in wasps and cockroaches; the variance of bifidobacteria in bumblebees was lower, ranging from 1 to 7% of total bacterial count. Among studied vertebrates, the detectable presence of bifidobacteria was found only in trout (1.1%) and geckos (0.2%), but large amount of these bacteria was observed in Vietnamese box turtle, where bifidobacteria represented nearly one-fourth (22%) of total bacterial counts.
- MeSH
- Bifidobacterium genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- denaturace nukleových kyselin MeSH
- DNA bakterií genetika MeSH
- elektroforéza v polyakrylamidovém gelu MeSH
- feces mikrobiologie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- hmyz mikrobiologie MeSH
- plazi mikrobiologie MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- ryby mikrobiologie MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
