distributed parameters systems
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... List of tables xii -- List of contributors xiii -- Acknowledgements xv -- Part I Nordic health care systems ... ... Martinussen and Jon Magnussen three The political process of restructuring Nordic health systems 53 - ... ... Saltman and Karsten Vrangbaek viii Contents -- Part II Nordic health systems: key issues 105 five The ... ... changing political governance structures of Nordic health care systems 107 -- Terje R Hagen and Karsten ... ... Martinsen and Paula Blomqvist fifteen The Icelandic health care system 316 -- Pinna L. ...
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies series
First published xiv, 339 stran : ilustrace ; 23 cm
- MeSH
- ekonomika a organizace zdravotní péče MeSH
- reforma zdravotní péče MeSH
- vytváření politiky MeSH
- zdravotnické plánování MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Skandinávie a severské státy MeSH
- Konspekt
- Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
- NLK Obory
- veřejné zdravotnictví
- NLK Publikační typ
- studie
... Fiscal sustainability of health systems - Why is it an issue, what can be done? 23 -- 1.1. ... ... How can fiscal sustainability be defined in relation to health systems? 25 -- 1.3. ... ... Ensuring the fiscal sustainability of health systems: what are the main policy options? 33 -- 1.6. ... ... Distribution of CNAMTS resources 217 -- 8.15. ... ... Evolution of household income distribution between 1970 and 2011 220 -- 8.18. ...
261 stran : ilustrace ; 28 cm
- MeSH
- ekonomika a organizace zdravotní péče MeSH
- poskytování zdravotní péče MeSH
- reforma zdravotní péče MeSH
- výdaje na zdravotnictví MeSH
- zdravotní politika MeSH
- Konspekt
- Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
- NLK Obory
- veřejné zdravotnictví
- NLK Publikační typ
- studie
In recent years, most countries around the world have struggled with the consequences of budget cuts in health expenditure, obliging them to utilize their resources efficiently. In this context, performance evaluation facilitates the decision-making process in improving the efficiency of the healthcare system. However, the performance evaluation of many sectors, including the healthcare systems, is, on the one hand, a challenging issue and on the other hand a useful tool for decision- making with the aim of optimizing the use of resources. This study proposes a new methodology comprising two well-known analytical approaches: (i) data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure the efficiencies and (ii) data science to complement the DEA model in providing insightful recommendations for strategic decision making on productivity enhancement. The suggested method is a first attempt to combine two DEA extensions: flexible measure and cross-efficiency. We develop a pair of benevolent and aggressive scenarios aiming at evaluating cross-efficiency in the presence of flexible measures. Next, we perform data mining cluster analysis to create groups of homogeneous countries. Organizing the data in similar groups facilitates identifying a set of benchmarks that perform similarly in terms of operating conditions. Comparing the benchmark set with poorly performing countries we can obtain attainable goals for performance enhancement which will assist policymakers to strategically act upon it. A case study of healthcare systems in 120 countries is taken as an example to illustrate the potential application of our new method.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), place increasing demands on accurate stratification of patients as the starting point for optimal individualized therapy. The present study focused on assessing the association between HLC levels and the HLC-r to parameters of MM activity, prognosis and tumor mass volume.The objective was to assess the correlation of immunoglobulin (Ig), heavy/light chain (HLC) pairs (IgG-κ and-λ, IgA-κ and -λ HLC) and the ratio of monoclonal involved-HLC (i-HLC) to polyclonal uninvolved (u-HLC) Ig concentrations assessed by the Hevylite(TM) method with the free light chain κ/λ ratio (FLC-r), selected prognostic laboratory parameters i.e. Hb, platelets, albumin, β2-microglobulin (β2-M), Ca, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine and the Durie-Salmon (D-S) and International Staging System (ISS), stages (1-3) for MM. METHODS: Hevylite assays were done on the sera of 132 MM patients at the time of diagnosis (IgG 94, IgA 38). HLC-r was calculated in the case of i-HLC-κ from the i-HLC-κ/u-HLC-λ ratio and for i-HLC-λ from the i-HLC-λ/u-HLC-κ ratio. D-S and ISS stages were evenly distributed. RESULTS: Md IgG-κ HLC-r was 64.8 (2.7-2222) and of IgG-λ HLC-r 49.6 (0.7-465.1), in the case of IgA-κ, Md HLC-r was 408.9 (3.4-3966) and for IgA-λ HLC-r the Md was 180.0 (0.1-3110). Normal levels of HLC pairs and HLC-r did not always rule out the diagnosis of MM. HLC-r correlated with FLC-r in IgG (r = 0.244, P = 0.018), but not in the IgA type. For IgG, HLC-r values were significantly different in patients with abnormal vs normal levels of Hb (P < 0.0001), albumin (P < 0.043), β2-M (P < 0.0001) and creatinine (P = 0.034) but not thrombocyte count, Ca or LDH. For the IgA isotype, we found a significant difference in HLC-r values only for thrombocyte count (P = 0.026) and β2-M (P = 0.016) but not for Hb, albumin, Ca, LDH or creatinine. For the IgG isotype there was a significant relationship of HLC-r index to stages 1-3 (P = 0.038) and substage A vs B (P = 0.048) according to D-S, and with high significance to stages 1-3 according to ISS (P = 0.005) and between stages 1 vs 3 (P = 0.001). For the IgA isotype, we found significant differences in HLC-r only between stages 1-3 (P = 0.025) according to D-S but not in the case of ISS. There were no significant correlations between i-HLC Ig levels and D-S or ISS stages in both IgG-κ and λ and IgA-κ and λ. Exceptions were significant differences for stages 1 vs 3 (P = 0.012) and 2 vs 3 (P = 0.017) for the IgG-λ isotype. There were no correlations of the HLC-r and u-HLC levels for either D-S or ISS stratifications in all HLC isotypes. CONCLUSION: We found a significant positive contribution of HLC-r using the i-HLC/u-HLC ratio even in the case of i-HLC-λ i.e. i-HLC-λ/u-HLC-κ. Variable results for the relationship of important laboratory parameters and D-S and ISS stratifications (stage 1-3) to HLC-r values in IgG and IgA isotypes make separate interpretation of the Hevylite method results necessary in clinical practice.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- imunoglobulin A metabolismus MeSH
- imunoglobulin G metabolismus MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mnohočetný myelom krev klasifikace diagnóza MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- těžké řetězce imunoglobulinů metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Fast methods of water sampling and scraping from water tank surface were described. The analyses were performed using paddle testers or tests of biological activity. The tests were informative but fully sufficient for manipulation with water tanks. The investigated microbiological parameters include the growth limits for aerobic bacteria at 36 °C and 22 °C (titres 0?102 and 0?103, respectively), limit for disinfection control (tjtres 0?102), limit for micromycetes (titre 0?10) and coliform bacteria (0). Based on the obtained values for microbial contamination, water tanks are categorized and suitable measures are proposed such as optimization of operations and cleaning. Microbial control of air in water tanks was also carried out. Design of a suitable filter unit was also a part of complex monitoring. A filtration unit ECO-Aer with six gradual filtres was mounted in the accumulation area.
... EVALUATION OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 697 -- 309 PAYMENT AND TAXATION SYSTEMS 720 -- 310 ECONOMICS OF CANCER ... ... DESIGN IN HEALTH CARE -- 401 MODELLING SYSTEMS 981 -- 402 RESTRUCTURING NATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEMS 999 ... ... Gibberd R.W., Hardes G. 105 - QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEMS -- Total Quality Management Systems: Using the ... ... Health Care Systems for Self-Initiated Health. A Future System Plan. Munakata T. ... ... Integrated Health Systems. ...
1589 s. : il. ; 24 cm
Úvod: Sarkoidóza je systémové granulomatózní onemocnění, které se velmi často projevuje ve formě klinicky limitované pouze na plíce. Cílem této studie bylo srovnat klinické a laboratorní parametry mezi pacienty s onemocněním limitovaným na nitrohrudní orgány a mimoplicní formou sarkoidózy. Metodika: Do studie jsme zařadili 161 pacientů hospitalizovaných na Klinice plicních nemocí a TBC ve FN Olomouc v letech 2007–2011 s nově diagnostikovanou sarkoidózou. U 107 pacientů bylo diagnostikováno onemocnění limitované na nitrohrudní orgány, u 54 bylo zjištěno generalizované (plicní i mimoplicní) postižení. V tomto souboru jsme srovnali vybrané klinické a laboratorní ukazatele: věk při stanovení diagnózy, pohlaví, kouření, krevní obraz, skiagram hrudníku a funkční vyšetření plic. Byl sledován výskyt hyperkalcinémie, hyperkalciurie, sérové hladiny CRP, sérového angiotensin konvertujícího enzymu (SACE), solubilního receptoru pro interleukin 2 (sIL-2R) a neopterinu. Dále byl srovnán buněčný profil a poměr CD4+/CD8+ v bronchoalveolární lavážní tekutině (BALTe). Subanalýza byla provedena u skupiny mužů a žen. Výsledky: Pacienti s generalizovanou sarkoidózou byli starší, převažovali nekuřáci ve srovnání s pacienty s limitovanou formou. Mezi oběma skupinami nebyl shledán rozdíl ve funkčních parametrech, hodnotách krevního obrazu ani sérových koncentrací CRP, SACE, sIL-2R a neopterinu. Absolutní ani relativní počty alveolárních makrofágů, lymfocytů, neutrofilů a eozinofilů se nelišily mezi nemocnými s limitovanou a generalizovanou formou onemocnění, a to ani při rozdělení na muže a ženy. U žen s limitovanou formou sarkoidózy byl zjištěn vyšší počet trombocytů v krevním obraze a vyšší hodnoty funkčního parametru VC a FEV1 než u žen s generalizovaným onemocněním. Dále bylo zjištěno vyšší zastoupení CD19+ lymfocytů v BALTe žen s limitovaným onemocněním než u pacientek s generalizovanou formou. U podskupiny mužů nebyl zjištěn žádný rozdíl ve studovaných parametrech mezi sarkoidózou limitovanou na plíce a generalizovanou formou. Závěr: S výjimkou rozdílu věku, ventilačních parametrů a zastoupení CD19+ lymfocytů v BALTe u žen neukázal žádný studovaný parametr vztah k rozsahu onemocnění, a není tudíž využitelný k predikci míry systémového postižení u sarkoidózy.
Background: Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease frequentiy manifested in the form clinically limited to the lungs. The objective was to compare the clinical and laboratory parameters between patients with the disease limited to the intiathoracic organs and those with extiapulmonary sarcoidosis. Methods: The study comprised 161 patients hospitalized for newly diagnosed sarcoidosis at the Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc in 2007-2011. Of those, a total of 107 patients were diagnosed with the disease limited to the intiathoracic organs and 54 with generalized (both pulmonary and extiapulmonary involvement). The following clinical and laboratory parameters were compared: age at diagnosis gender, smoking status, blood count, chest radiograph and pulmonary function. Further, hypercalcinemia, hypercalciuria, serum CRP, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (SACE), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and neopterin levels were analyzed. Finally, the cell profile and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were compared. Subanalyses were carried out in male and female subgroups. Results: Patients with generalized sarcoidosis were older, mostiy non-smokers, as compared with those with the limited form. Between the two groups, there were no differences in functional parameters, blood count values or serum concentiations of CRP, SACE, sIL-2R and neopterin. There were no differences in both absolute and negative counts of alveolar macrophages, lymphocytes, neutiophils and eosinophils between patients with limited and generalized sarcoidosis, even after males and females being studied separately. Females with limited sarcoidosis were found to have higher platelet count and higher VC and FEVl values than those with the generalized form. Also, there was a higher proportion of CD 19+ cells in the BAL fluid of women with the limited disease than in those with generalized sarcoidosis. In the male subgroup, there were no differences in the studied parameters between sarcoidosis limited to the lungs and the generalized form. Conclusions: With the exceptions of age, ventilation parameters and the proportion of CD 19+ cells in the BAL fluid in females, none of the studied parameters were found to be related to the extent of the disease, and thus cannot be used to predict the level of systemic involvement in sarcoidosis.
- Klíčová slova
- limitovaná sarkoidóza, generalizovaná sarkoidóza, klinické parametry, laboratorní parametry,
- MeSH
- antigeny CD19 MeSH
- bronchoalveolární lavážní tekutina cytologie imunologie MeSH
- C-reaktivní protein MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- kouření MeSH
- krevní obraz statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plicní sarkoidóza * diagnóza krev MeSH
- rentgendiagnostika hrudníku * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- respirační funkční testy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- sarkoidóza * diagnóza krev MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- věkové rozložení MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Blood flows and pressures throughout the human cardiovascular system are regulated in response to various dynamic perturbations, such as changes to peripheral demands in exercise, rapid changes in posture, or loss of blood from hemorrhage, via the coordinated action of the heart, the vasculature, and autonomic reflexes. To assess how the systemic and pulmonary arterial and venous circulation, the heart, and the baroreflex work together to effect the whole-body responses to these perturbations, we integrated an anatomically-based large-vessel arterial tree model with the TriSeg heart model, models capturing nonlinear characteristics of the large and small veins, and baroreflex-mediated regulation of vascular tone and cardiac chronotropy and inotropy. The model was identified by matching data from the Valsalva maneuver (VM), exercise, and head-up tilt (HUT). Thirty-one parameters were optimized using a custom parameter-fitting tool chain, resulting in an unique, high-fidelity whole-body human cardiovascular systems model. Because the model captures the effects of exercise and posture changes, it can be used to simulate numerous clinical assessments, such as HUT, the VM, and cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing. The model can also be applied as a framework for representing and simulating individual patients and pathologies. Moreover, it can serve as a framework for integrating multi-scale organ-level models, such as for the heart or the kidneys, into a whole-body model. Here, the model is used to analyze the relative importance of chronotropic, inotropic, and peripheral vascular contributions to the whole-body cardiovascular response to exercise. It is predicted that in normal physiological conditions chronotropy and inotropy make roughly equal contributions to increasing cardiac output and cardiac power output during exercise. Under upright exercise conditions, the nonlinear pressure-volume relationship of the large veins and sympathetic-mediated venous vasoconstriction are both required to maintain preload to achieve physiological exercise levels. The developed modeling framework is built using the open Modelica modeling language and is freely distributed.
- MeSH
- baroreflex * fyziologie MeSH
- cvičení * MeSH
- kardiovaskulární systém * MeSH
- krevní tlak fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- postura těla fyziologie MeSH
- srdeční frekvence fyziologie MeSH
- systémová analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
Úvod: Karcinóm z renálnych buniek (RCC – Renal Cell Carcinoma) predstavuje rôznorodú skupinu nádorových jednotiek, ktoré sú charakteristické aj niektorými rozdielmi súvisiacimi s pohlavím pacienta. Cieľ: V našom príspevku sme sa zamerali na hodnotenie základných klinicko-patologických ukazovateľov pacientov s karcinómom obličky a ich rozdiely medzi pohlavím. Materiál a metodika: Hodnotený súbor pozostával z biopticky verifikovaných 172 karcinómov od 170 pacientov (106 mužov, 64 žien) vo veku 18–90 rokov. Výsledky: Pri obidvoch pohlaviach bol takmer vyrovnaný priemerný vek pacientov (muži 63,0 rokov, ženy 62,3 rokov). Muži mali viac postihnutú pravú (60,2 %) a ženy ľavú obličku (59,3 %). V obidvoch podskupinách histologicky dominoval svetlobunkový typ RCC s približne rovnakým percentuálnym zastúpením (85,2 vs 84,4 %). U mužov sa častejšie vyskytoval papilárny RCC (12 vs 4,6 %), naopak u žien bol častejší chromofóbny RCC (6,2 vs 1,9 %). Patologické štádiá lokalizované na obličku (pT1 a pT2) predstavovali u mužov 64,8 % prípadov a u žien 76,6 % prípadov. Štádiá s extrarenálnou propagáciou (pT3 a pT4) boli častejšie u mužov (35,2 %) než u žien (23,4 %). Muži mali v porovnaní so ženami nádory väčších rozmerov (priemerná veľkosť 4,9 vs 4,1 cm), častejšiu multifokalitu lézií (13,9 vs 7,8 %), častejšie metastatické postihnutie regionálnych lymfatických uzlín (9,2 vs 4,6 %), častejšie nekrotické (43,5 vs 25 %) a sarkomatoidné zmeny (10,2 vs 7,8 %) a ich nádory mali tendenciu nižšej diferenciácie. Záver: Naša štúdia poukázala, že v závislosti od pohlavia sa odlišujú viaceré klinicko-patologické ukazovatele ochorenia. U mužov sa častejšie vyskytovali nepriaznivejšie histomorfologické nálezy, ktoré najskôr korešpondujú s ich horšou prognózou uvádzanou v literatúre.
Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents a heterogeneous group of oncological entities, that are characterized by some gender-related differences. Aim: The purpose of our paper was to evaluate the basic clinico-pathological parameters of the patients with RCC and to assess their gender-related disparities. Material and methods: A study group consisted of 172 bioptically verified cancers from 170 subjects (106 men, 64 women) in the age range between 18–90 years. Results: The mean age of the patients was almost the same for both sexes (men 63.0 years, women 62.3 years). A right kidney was more frequently affected in men (60.2%) and a left kidney in women (59.3%). Histologically, in both subgroups, clear cell type of RCC prevailed with approximately the same percentage (85.2 vs 84.4%). Papillary RCC occurred more commonly in men (12 vs 4.6%) and conversely, chromophobe RCC in women (6.2 vs 1.9%). Pathological stages confined to the kidney (pT1 and pT2) represented 64.8% and 76.6% in men and women, respectively. Stages with extrarenal propagation (pT3 and pT4) were found to be more common in men (35.2%) than women (23.4%). Compared to women, male gender exhibited larger cancers (mean size 4.9 vs 4.1 cm), more common multifocal lesions (13.9 vs 7.8%), more frequent metastatic involvement of the regional lymph nodes (9,2 vs 4,6%), as well as necrotic (43.5 vs 25%) and sarcomatoid changes (10.2 vs 7.8%) and their tumors tended to be poorely differentiated. Conclusion: Our study showed, that depending on gender, there were some differences in several clinico-pathological parameters of disease. Males more frequently exhibited unfavourable histomorphological findings, that probably correspond with their worse prognosis reported in the literature.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- karcinom z renálních buněk * patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nádory ledvin patologie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sexuální faktory * MeSH
- staging nádorů MeSH
- stupeň nádoru MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH