This experimental study investigated the back pressure (P(back)) versus flow (U) relationship for 10 different tubes commonly used for semi-occluded vocal tract exercises, that is, eight straws of different lengths and diameters, a resonance tube, and a silicone tube similar to a Lax Vox tube. All tubes were assessed with the free end in air. The resonance tube and silicone tube were further assessed with the free end under water at the depths from 1 to 7 cm in steps of 1 cm. The results showed that relative changes in the diameter of straws affect P(back) considerably more compared with the same amount of relative change in length. Additionally, once tubes are submerged into water, P(back) needs to overcome the pressure generated by the water depth before flow can start. Under this condition, only a small increase in P(back) was observed as the flow was increased. Therefore, the wider tubes submerged into water produced an almost constant P(back) determined by the water depth, whereas the thinner straws in air produced relatively large changes to P(back) as flow was changed. These differences may be taken advantage of when customizing exercises for different users and diagnoses and optimizing the therapy outcome.

• MeSH
• Models, Anatomic MeSH
• Equipment Design MeSH
• Phonation * MeSH
• Voice * MeSH
• Vocal Cords physiopathology   MeSH
• Voice Training * MeSH
• Larynx physiopathology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Nonlinear Dynamics MeSH
• Laryngeal Diseases diagnosis   physiopathology   therapy   MeSH
• Silicones * MeSH
• Pressure MeSH
• Sound MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Phonation into a tube is a widely used method for vocal training and therapy. Previous studies and practical experience show that the phonation becomes easier and louder after such an exercise. The purpose of this study was to find out whether there are systematic changes in the vocal fold adjustment after the exercise. METHODS: Two volunteer subjects (1 male and 1 female) without voice disorders were examined with computed tomography (CT). Both produced a sustained vowel [a:] at comfortable pitch and loudness before and after the tube phonation and a vowel-like phonation into the tube. Computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained before, during, and after the exercise, twice for each condition. The gathered CT images were used for measurements of vertical vocal fold thickness, bulkiness, length, and glottal width. RESULTS: No prominent trends common to both subjects were found in vocal fold adjustment during and after the phonation into the tube. Variability observed under the same conditions was usually of the same magnitude as the changes before and after the tube phonation. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in vocal tract configuration observed after the resonance tube exercises in previous related studies were more prominent than the changes in vocal fold configuration observed here.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Phonation * MeSH
• Vocal Cords radiography   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed MeSH
• Healthy Volunteers MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Case Reports MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Semi-occluded vocal tract exercises (SOVTE) are often used in voice clinics. SOVTE change the acoustic vocal tract impedance in relation to the glottis impedance, improving voice quality. However, differences among SOVTE, such as the number of vibration sources into the vocal tract, are often disregarded by clinicians. Some SOVTE present single, whereas others double source. This study aims at investigating changes in voice production pattern for a series of SOVTE. A combined exercise (tongue-trill coupled with hand-over-mouth) was implemented to illustrate the effect of a secondary source of vibration in the vocal tract. METHOD: Twenty-three healthy volunteers performed a series of SOVTE: LaxVox, straw, lip-trill, tongue-trill, hand-over-mouth, humming, and tongue-trill combined with hand-over-mouth. Comfortable phonation served as control exercise. The dependent variables were electroglottography contact quotient (CQ), contact quotient range (CQr), fundamental frequency (F0), fundamental frequency range, and difference between the first formant frequency and F0 (F1 - F0). RESULTS: A significant difference for CQr scores compared with comfortable phonation was found for the combined tongue-trill with hand-over-mouth, lip-trill, LaxVox, and tongue-trill exercises. The F1 - F0 acoustic analysis showed significant differences in scores for exercises with one versus two sources of vibration. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results indicate that SOVTE should be divided into two groups, as follows: (a) steady (single sourced) with lower CQr and F1 - F0 difference (hand-over-mouth, humming, and straw) and (b) fluctuating (dual source) with larger CQr and F1 - F0 difference (tongue-trill, lip-trill, and LaxVox). Because of these differences, also different therapeutic effects can be expected. Tongue-trill combined with hand-over-mouth exhibited mixed effects of both the exercise groups.

• MeSH
• Speech Acoustics MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Electrodiagnosis methods   MeSH
• Phonation physiology   MeSH
• Glottis physiology   MeSH
• Voice physiology   MeSH
• Vocal Cords physiology   MeSH
• Voice Training MeSH
• Tongue physiology   MeSH
• Voice Quality * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lip physiology   MeSH
• Exercise Therapy MeSH
• Healthy Volunteers MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Water resistance voice therapy applies phonation into water through a tube. This study investigates how strenuous this therapy can be for the vocal folds in terms of impact stress (IS). It further examines whether it is possible to estimate the IS using the contact quotient (CQ) and maximum derivative from an electroglottogram (EGG). STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. METHODS: A male participant sustained a rounded back vowel [u:] or [o:] at a comfortable speaking pitch and loudness, and phonated into a silicone "Lax Vox" tube submerged 2 cm in water. High-speed videolaryngoscopy was performed with a rigid scope. Oral air pressure (Poral) was registered in a mouthpiece through which an endoscope was inserted into the larynx. An EGG was recorded. RESULTS: The CQEGG from the EGG and the closed quotient from the glottal width (CQarea) increased, while the maximum glottal amplitude and absolute value of derivative minimum (dmin) and also the derivative maximum from the EGG decreased for phonation into water. Normalized amplitude quotient from the glottal width variation also decreased but the change was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the glottal area findings, water resistance therapy does not seem to increase vocal fold loading (in terms of increased IS) even if the increase of CQarea, and CQEGG suggest so. CQEGG may qualitatively correspond to that of area, but the reliability of CQ (from the glottal area or the EGG) and the maximum derivative from the EGG as estimates of IS in semiocclusion exercises warrant further studies.

• MeSH
• Speech Acoustics * MeSH
• Video Recording MeSH
• Biomechanical Phenomena MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Electrodiagnosis MeSH
• Phonation * MeSH
• Vocal Cords physiology   MeSH
• Voice Training * MeSH
• Voice Quality * MeSH
• Laryngoscopy MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pressure MeSH
• Water * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

While vocal fold adduction is an important parameter in speech, relatively little has been known on the adjustment of the vocal fold adduction in singing. This study investigates the possibility of separate adjustments of cartilaginous and membranous vocal fold adduction in singing. Six female and seven male subjects, singers and non-singers, were asked to imitate an instructor in producing four phonation types: "aBducted falsetto" (FaB), "aDducted falsetto" (FaD), "aBducted Chest" (CaB), and "aDducted Chest" (CaD). The phonations were evaluated using videostroboscopy, videokymography (VKG), electroglottography (EGG), and audio recordings. All the subjects showed less posterior (cartilaginous) vocal fold adduction in phonation types FaB and CaB than in FaD and CaD, and less membranous vocal fold adduction (smaller closed quotient) in FaB and FaD than in CaB and CaD. The findings indicate that the exercises enabled the singers to separately manipulate (a) cartilaginous adduction and (b) membranous medialization of the glottis though vocal fold bulging. Membranous adduction (monitored via videokymographic closed quotient) was influenced by both membranous medialization and cartilaginous adduction. Individual control over these types of vocal fold adjustments allows singers to create different vocal timbres.

• MeSH
• Phonation physiology   MeSH
• Glottis anatomy & histology   physiology   MeSH
• Vocal Cords anatomy & histology   physiology   MeSH
• Music MeSH
• Voice Quality physiology   MeSH
• Laryngeal Cartilages anatomy & histology   physiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Membranes anatomy & histology   physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Classical singers use nasal consonants as "resonance exercises," and experimental results have shown that singers may use some velopharyngeal opening (VPO), most often in [a:] and more seldom in [i:] or [u:]. In particular, male singers have been found to increase VPO as pitch rises toward register change frequencies (passaggi). Laryngoscopic findings have shown that some VPO stabilizes vocal fold vibration; the effect is related to positive reactance. This study investigates the effects of VPO on vocal tract (VT) reactance over the range of fundamental frequencies (f0) used in singing using a computerized tomography-based finite element model of the VT and nose of a female. According to the results, by raising the lowest VT resonances, the VPO increased the VT reactance in the frequency ranges 207-359 Hz for [i:], 265-411 Hz for [u:], and 500-611 Hz for [a:], depending on the VPO size (full or half VPO). These frequency ranges are close to the first and second passaggio of a female singer. The change may have an especially practical stabilizing effect for [a:], which is otherwise characterized by very large changes in VT reactance and negative reactance at the second passaggio.

• MeSH
• Finite Element Analysis MeSH
• Vocal Cords diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Voice Quality * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Vibration MeSH
• Singing * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Východisko: Elektrostimulácia je už dlhodobo významným faktorom pri liečbe paréz. Preto sme sa rozhodli aplikovať ju pri liečbe pacientov s iatrogennou a idiopatickou parézou hlasiviek, keďže v danej diagnóze je len občasne indikovaná. Paréza hlasiviek (paréza zvratného nervu) vedie nielen k fonačným obtiažam, ale aj k respiračným, preto je potrebné včasne začať s liečbou. Súbor a metódy: V kauzistickej štúdií sledujeme dvoch pacientov. Prvý pacient, muž, 64 rokov, dôchodca / obchodný zástupca, pacient absolvoval st.p. endarterektómia, laryngostroboskopiu s výsledkom dysfónie II.-III. st., paresis pl. voc. sin. iatrogenná po operácii. Druhý pacient, žena, 29 rokov, upratovačka, pacientka absolvovala totálnu thyreoidectomiu, fibrolaryngoskopiu s výsledkom parézy ľavej hlasivky v paramediálnom postavení a dysfónou II. –III. st.. Obaja pacienti so značnými fonačnými obmedzeniami. Pacienti na začiatku terapie absolvovali podrobné vyšetrenie na ambulancií ORL. Následne odoslaní na ambulanciu rehabilitačného lekára. Po jeho indikácií a vylúčení možných kontraindikácií následne odoslaní na FRO, kde pacienti absolvujú liečbu. Elektrostimulácia svalov hrtanu s katódou na štítnu chrupavku postihnutej hlasivky a anóda kontralaterálne na šiju pacienta. Impulz 300-500ms/2-3ms pauza, nadprahovo motoricky individuálne podľa tolerancie pacienta. Počet aplikácií 10x /3-5x týždenne. Pacienti absolvujú aj hlasové a dychové cvičenia pod dohľadom fyzioterapeuta. Po vybratí liečby nasleduje kontrola u rehabilitačného lekára s možnosťou pokračovania v liečbe v možnými korekciami podľa potreby pacienta individuálne. Porovnali sme vstupné a výstupné vyšetrenie laryngoskopie, fonačné a respiračné schopnosti, subjektívny pocit pacienta počas a po liečbe a názor lekára. Výsledky: Pacienti vnímali elektrostimuláciu priaznivo, lekár hodnotil hlas výrazne zlepšený, rezonovanejší. Laringoskopia u oboch pacientov preukázala zlepšenie hybnosti hlasiviek aj ich schopnosti doťahovania. Dysfónia zlepšená u prvého pacienta o 1 stupeň, u druhého pacienta o 0,5 stupňa. Záver: Celková liečba bola hodnotená priaznivo s očakávaným priaznivým výsledkom nielen s pohľadu pacienta, ale aj lekára a fyzioterapeutov. Laringoskopia taktiež potvrdila zmenu k lepšiemu. Elektrostimulácia má opodstatnenie a významné miesto aj pri liečbe paréz hlasiviek. Plní taktiež významnú psychologickú zložku pri celkovej liečbe pacienta. Doporučujeme preskúmať danú problematiku na väčšej vzorke pacientov.

Background: Electrostimulation has been an important factor in the treatment of paresis. We therefore decided its application in the therapy of patients with iatrogenic and idiopathic paresis of vocal cords, although this indication had been so far only occasional. Vocal cord paresis (recurrent nerve paresis) results in phonation problems, but also to respiratory problems and it is therefore necessary to begin the treatment early. Cohort and methods: The case study concerned two patients. The first one, a retired male patient, 64 years of age, a business representative, was subjected to endarterectomy, laryngostroboscopy with resulting dysphonia of 2nd to 3rd degree, and paresis of pl. voc. sin. of the iatrogenic type which resulted from surgery. The second patient, a women aged 29 years, a cleaning lady, was subjected to total thyroidectomy and fiberoptic laryngoscopy with resulting paresis of the left vocal cord in paramedial position with dysphonia of 2nd to 3rd degree. Both patients suffer from considerable phonation limitations. At the beginning of therapy both patients were subjected to detailed examinations at the ORL outpatient department. They were subsequently sent to a rehabilitation physician outpatient department. After his indications and exclusion of possible contraindications they were sent to a rehabilitation ward for treatment. Electrostimulation of pharyngeal muscles with cathode applied on thyroid cartilage and anode applied to the patient’s contralateral back of the neck. The applied impulse was 300-500ms and 2-3 ms pause, supra-threshold selected individually according to tolerance of the patient. The treatment was applied 10 times and three to five times weekly. The patient were also subjected to voice and breathing exercise under the guidance of a physical therapist. The therapy was followed by the control examination of a rehabilitation physician with a possibility to continue the treatment including possible individual corrections according to needs of the patient. The authors compared the entry and final examination by laryngoscopy, phonation and respiration abilities, subjective feeling of the patient during the therapy and afterwards and the physician’s opinion. Results: The patients viewed Electrostimulation favorably, the physician evaluated voice as improved with better resonance. Laryngoscopy demonstrated improvement of vocal cords mobility with better resonance. Dysphonia was improved by one degree in the first patient and by 0.5 degree in the second patient. Conclusion: The completed treatment was evaluated favorably with expected favorable result not only from the patient’s point of view, but also as viewed by the physician and physical therapist. Laryngoscopy also confirmed changes to the better. Electrostimulation is substantiated and occupies an important position in the treatment of vocal cord paresis as well. It also fulfills an important psychological constituent in general therapy of the patient. The authors recommend to explore the problems is a larger group of patients.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Electric Stimulation * methods   MeSH
• Endarterectomy MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Vocal Cord Paralysis * therapy   MeSH
• Postoperative Complications therapy   MeSH
• Thyroidectomy MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH

V období od srpna 2005 do února 2011 bylo na naší klinice operováno 132 pacientů s organickým postižením povrchové slizniční vrstvy hlasivek. Histologicky bylo verifikováno 48 hlasivkových uzlíků, 43 polypů, 28 edémů a 13 cyst. U sledovaného souboru 102 pacientů (39 uzlíků, 32 polypů, 21 edémů a 10 cyst) byla v pooperačním období aplikována hlasová reedukace a tento soubor byl srovnán se skupinou 30 operovaných pacientů (9 uzlíků, 11 polypů, 7 edémů a 3 cysty) bez následné reedukace hlasu. Operatér i foniatr v jedné osobě se v rámci pooperační péče snaží navodit správnou hlasovou techniku pomocí reedukačních cviků a pravidel hlasové hygieny. K vyhodnocení subjektivní změny hlasového projevu byl použit mezinárodní dotazník Voice Handicap Index (index hlasového postižení) a výsledky statisticky zpracovány. Dotazník obsahuje 30 otázek rozdělených do tří částí se zaměřením na kvalitativní hodnocení změny hlasového projevu subjektivně vnímané samotným pacientem před a po operaci a následné reedukaci. Oba soubory byly porovnány nejen mezi sebou celkově, ale i v korelaci sledovaných diagnóz a potvrzen efekt reedukační léčby. Schéma prezentuje sledování pacientů od diagnostiky, přes operační zákrok až po dlouhodobou reedukační terapii v rámci foniatrické hlasové péče. Všichni pacienti byli diagnostikováni, operováni a dosud i sledováni a dokumentováni stejným operatérem a na stejném pracovišti.

In the period from August 2005 to February 2011, 132 patients with organic affection of the superficial mucosal layer of the vocal cords were operated on at our Department. Histologically, the following findings were verified: 48 vocal nodules, 43 polyps, 28 oedemas, and 13 cysts. In a cohort of 102 patients monitored (39 vocal nodules, 32 polyps, 21 oedemas, and 10 cysts), vocal re-education was applied in the postoperative period, and the cohort was then compared with a group of 30 operated patients (9 vocal nodules, 11 polyps, 7 oedemas, and 3 cysts) without any subsequent vocal re-education. Within the frame of postoperative care, both the operating surgeon and the phoniatrician in one person try to create the correct vocal technique by means of re-education exercises and vocal hygiene rules. An international questionnaire called Voice Handicap Index (index of vocal affection) was used for the evaluation of a subjective change of the vocal speech, and the results were statistically processed. The questionnaire contains 30 questions divided into three sections focused on qualitative evaluation of the vocal speech change perceived subjectively by the patient themselves prior to and after the operation and the subsequent re-education. The two cohorts were compared not only between each other on the whole but also in correlation of the diagnoses studied, and the effect of the re-educative treatment was confirmed. The scheme presents the monitoring of the cohorts from the making of a diagnosis through the operation intervention up to the long-term re-education therapy within the frame of the phoniatric vocal care. All the patients were diagnosed, operated on, and so far also monitored and documented by the same operating surgeon and in the same institution.

• Keywords
• mikrolaryngoskopie, foniatr,
• MeSH
• Cysts surgery   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Voice MeSH
• Vocal Cords surgery   pathology   MeSH
• Voice Training MeSH
• Data Interpretation, Statistical MeSH
• Voice Quality MeSH
• Laryngoscopy MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Polyps surgery   MeSH
• Postoperative Care methods   MeSH
• Voice Disorders etiology   surgery   rehabilitation   MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Patient Education as Topic MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH

Úvod: Brumenda jsou používána při rezonančních cvičeních vokálního traktu, tvz. semi-occluded vocal tract exercises. Jsou využívána v klinické praxi – terapii a jsou součástí hlasových školení. Cílem prezentované studie bylo ověřit tréninkový a edukační efekt těchto rezonančních cvičení prováděných po dobu 2,5 měsíců s pěti studentkami se zdravým hlasem, ale bez předchozího hlasového vzdělávání. Metody: Nahrávky hlasových úkolů před a po procesu tréninku, sledování vibro –akustických parametrů pořizovaných nahrávek (elektroglotografické záznamy, analýza hlasového pole a akustických parametrů). Vstupní pohovor se subjekty, subjektivní hodnocení vlastního hlasu každým subjektem před a po skončení studie, zhodnocení stavu hlasu pedagogem před a po, zpětná vazba subjektů do deníků. Poslechové testy: percepční hodnocení metodou seřaďování a škálování, hodnocení vlastnosti lesk. Hlasový trénink: 6 lekcí + domácí trénink s nahrávkou cvičení. Výsledky: Hodnocení poslechovými testy (Seřaďovací a škálovací test – opakované hodnocení) vlastnosti lesk - vysoká míra shody všech hodnotitelů- ICC1 všech hodnocení 0,925, shodli se, že po hlasovém tréninku subjekty statisticky významně zvýšily míru lesku v hlase. Výsledky analýzy hlasového pole ukázaly statisticky významné změny na obrysech maxim VRP, které jsou typické pro přechody rejstříků. Elektroglotografie – měření rozložení kontaktního koeficientu a parametru SPR (singing power ratio) v hlasovém poli ukázalo na strategii zesílení vyšší poloviny hlasového rozsahu pomocí zvětšení addukce. Ve spodní polovině změřeno významné zmírnění kontaktního koeficientu na přechodech mezi vibračními mechanismy. Měření SPR prokázalo zvýraznění spektrálních složek v oblasti 2 – 4 kHz, typické pro profesionální mluvu i zpěv. Celkové statistické porovnání dat dokladuje nárůst SPR v střední a vyšší dynamice. Lze předpokládat obohacení spektra, a tedy i výraznější zvonivost hlasu. Tento výsledek spolu s trendovým poklesem CQd v oblasti modálního mechanismu indikuje pokles addukce. Frekvenčně obohacený hlas po tréninku je tedy tvořen se stejnou intenzitou, ale menší addukcí. To ukazuje na zlepšenou efektivitu tvorby hlasu. Měřené parametry u mluvního hlasu obecně ukazovaly na vysoce individuální změny, statisticky se potvrdilo mírné zvýšení polohy hlasu. Účastníci potvrdili tato pozorování subjektivním hodnocením zlepšení hlasové kondice, větší lehkostí při mluvě, větší dechovou výdrží, menší únavou, možností použití většího hlasového rozsahu a plynulejšími přechody z nižších do vyšších poloh hlasu. Závěr: Cvičení s brumendem se prokazuje jako metoda využitelná v hlasové edukaci a rehabilitaci, která rozvíjí základní dovednosti práce s hlasem, zlepšuje jeho kvalitu a efektivnost tvorby.

Introduction: Humming is one of semi-occluded vocal tract exercise, which is used in clinical practice - therapy and is part of voice training. The aim of the study was to verify the training and educational effect of resonance exercises at 5 students with an undamaged voice, without voice training experience over a short period of time (2.5 m.). Methods: Voice recordings of tasks before and after the training process, monitoring of acquired vibro-acoustics parameters (electroglottography, voice range profile and acoustic parameters analysis). Personal history: interview with subjects, subjective assessment of subject's own voice before and after study, assessing the state of voice by the teacher - before and after, feedback of subjects in diaries. Listening tests: evaluation of brightness by visual sort and rate method. Voice training: 6 lessons + home training with exercises recording. Results: Acoustic measurements and evaluation by listening tests (visual ranking and rating procedure) of brightness feature - high degree of agreement among all evaluators - ICC1 all evaluations 0,925, they agreed that the brightness level was significantly increased by the test subjects after the voice training. Voice range profile (VRP) Analysis results demonstrated statistically significant changes to VRP peak contours that are typical of voice register transitions. Electroglottography - measurement of contact coefficient and parameter SPR (singing power ratio) distribution in VRP pointed at the strategy of amplifying the higher half of the voice range by increasing adduction. In the lower half a significant reduction in contact coefficient was measured at the transitions between the vibration mechanisms. SPR measurement has demonstrated the enhancement of spectral components in part 2 - 4 kHz, typical for professional speaking and singing. The overall statistical comparison of data shows an increase SPR medium and higher dynamics. There can be assumed spectrum enrichment and also more pronounced ringing voice quality. This result indicates a decrease in adduction along with the trend decline in CQd in the modal mechanism. The frequency-enriched voice is created with the same intensity after the training, but less adduction. This indicates improved voice production efficiency. Measured parameters in speech voice generally showed highly individual changes. A slight increase in voice pitch was statistically confirmed. Participants subjectively evaluated improvements in voice condition, easier speech production, longer breath phrases, less fatigue, increased usable voice range, and smoother transitions between registers from lower to high positions of voice. Conclusion: Humming proves to be a method that can be used in voice education and rehabilitation, developing basic vocal skills, improving its quality and effective production.

• Keywords
• hlasová terapie, rezonovaný hlas, brumendo,
• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Voice Training * MeSH
• Voice Quality * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Pilot Projects MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• MeSH
• Vocal Cords physiopathology   pathology   MeSH
• Voice Quality * physiology   MeSH
• Laryngeal Edema complications   rehabilitation   therapy   MeSH
• Laryngoscopy methods   utilization   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Rehabilitation of Speech and Language Disorders * methods   MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Aging * physiology   MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Muscular Atrophy complications   rehabilitation   therapy   MeSH
• Sound Spectrography methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH