Despite lower virulence, the omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) still poses a relevant threat for immunocompromised patients. A retrospective multicentric study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis with tixagevimab/cilgavimab (Evusheld) with a 6-month follow-up for preventing severe COVID-19 in adult patients with hematology malignancy. Among the 606 patients in the cohort, 96 (16%) contracted COVID-19 with a median of 98.5 days after Evusheld administration. A total of 75% of patients had asymptomatic or mild severity of COVID-19, while just 25% of patients with SARS-CoV-2 positivity had to be hospitalized. Two patients (2%) died directly, and one patient (1%) in association with COVID-19. Eight patients (1.3%) of every cohort experienced adverse events related to Evusheld, mostly grade 1 and of reversible character. It was found that complete vaccination status or positive seroconversion was not associated with lower risk of COVID-19 infection. Previous treatment with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody was associated with higher rates of COVID-19, while previous treatment with anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody was not, as was the case for recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or CAR-T cell therapy. Presence of other comorbidities was not associated with more severe COVID-19. The results support the growing evidence for Evusheld's efficacy against severe COVID-19 in patients with hematology malignancies.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hematologické nádory * komplikace   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky MeSH
• preexpoziční profylaxe * MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

INTRODUCTION: The dismal prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) highlights the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) seem to be ineffective in most PDAC studies. Therefore, we conducted an open-label, multicenter phase 1/2 study (CA209-9KH) to evaluate the safety of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) and sequential ICI therapy in PDAC, as well as to validate the efficacy of this regimen as a potential activator of antitumor immunity. METHODS: Patients aged ≥ 18 years with unresectable non-metastatic PDAC following four FOLFIRINOX induction cycles were included. Treatment comprised SRT (4 × 8 Gy) and sequential nivolumab administration until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoints were safety and toxicity assessment. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), biomarker evaluation, and quality of life (QoL) analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were screened, with 15 enrolled. Eleven (median) nivolumab cycles were administered. SRT demonstrated low and clinically nonsignificant toxicity, whereas nivolumab toxicity aligned with prior safety profiles, without grade 4-5 events observed. Three patients discontinued therapy owing to toxicity. Median PFS and OS were 8.1 and 13.0 months, respectively, with 12-month PFS and OS rates of 0% and 66.7%, respectively, and a 24-month OS rate of 8.9%. Biomarker levels correlated with clinical or radiological disease control. Patient-reported QoL remained acceptable, deteriorating with disease progression. CONCLUSION: SRT and nivolumab therapy exhibited manageable toxicity profiles consistent with previous findings; however, long-term treatment responses were not achieved with this regimen in locally advanced PDAC. Another strategy to trigger antitumor immunity in PDAC needs to be sought. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT: 2017-003404-52; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04098432.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It is well known that elevated cholesterol is associated with enhanced platelet aggregation and patients suffering from familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have a high risk of thrombotic cardiovascular events. Although decreasing cholesterol level is associated with attenuation of platelet hyperactivity, there are currently no data on the effect of convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies (PCSK9ab) on platelet reactivity in FH. The aim of the study was to analyse the impact of different therapies including PCSK9ab on platelet aggregation in FH. METHODS: This study enrolled all 15 patients treated in the University Hospital Hradec Králové for FH. PCSK9ab have been administered in 12 of 15 patients while 8 patients were also undergoing lipid apheresis. Blood samples from all patients including pre- and post-apheresis period were tested for platelet aggregation triggered by 7 inducers, and the effect of 3 clinically used drugs (acetylsalicylic acid, ticagrelor and vorapaxar) was compared as well. RESULTS: Although apheresis decreased the reactivity of platelets in general, platelet responses were not different between non-apheresis patients treated with PCSK9ab and apheresis patients (post-apheresis values) with the exception of ristocetin. However, when compared to age-matched healthy population, FH patients had significantly lower platelet aggregation responses to 4 out of 7 used inducers and higher profit from 2 out of 3 used antiplatelet drugs even after exclusion of FH patients regularly receiving conventional antiplatelet treatment. CONCLUSION: This study showed for the first time the suitability of PCSK9ab treatment for reduction of platelet reactivity in FH patients.

• MeSH
• agregace trombocytů * účinky léků   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hyperlipoproteinemie typ II * krev   terapie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• inhibitory agregace trombocytů * terapeutické užití   farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky terapeutické užití   farmakologie   MeSH
• PCSK9 inhibitory * MeSH
• proproteinkonvertasa subtilisin/kexin typu 9 * imunologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• separace krevních složek * MeSH
• trombocyty účinky léků   metabolismus   imunologie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognized for playing a dual role, since they can be either deleterious or beneficial to biological systems. An imbalance between ROS production and elimination is termed oxidative stress, a critical factor and common denominator of many chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), and other disorders. To counteract the harmful effects of ROS, organisms have evolved a complex, three-line antioxidant defense system. The first-line defense mechanism is the most efficient and involves antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). This line of defense plays an irreplaceable role in the dismutation of superoxide radicals (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The removal of superoxide radicals by SOD prevents the formation of the much more damaging peroxynitrite ONOO- (O2•- + NO• → ONOO-) and maintains the physiologically relevant level of nitric oxide (NO•), an important molecule in neurotransmission, inflammation, and vasodilation. The second-line antioxidant defense pathway involves exogenous diet-derived small-molecule antioxidants. The third-line antioxidant defense is ensured by the repair or removal of oxidized proteins and other biomolecules by a variety of enzyme systems. This review briefly discusses the endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH, xanthine oxidase (XO), Fenton reaction) and exogenous (e.g., smoking, radiation, drugs, pollution) sources of ROS (superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, peroxyl radical, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite). Attention has been given to the first-line antioxidant defense system provided by SOD, CAT, and GPx. The chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidant enzymes, enzyme-related diseases (cancer, cardiovascular, lung, metabolic, and neurological diseases), and the role of enzymes (e.g., GPx4) in cellular processes such as ferroptosis are discussed. Potential therapeutic applications of enzyme mimics and recent progress in metal-based (copper, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, cerium) and nonmetal (carbon)-based nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities (nanozymes) are also discussed. Moreover, attention has been given to the mechanisms of action of low-molecular-weight antioxidants (vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carotenoids (e.g., β-carotene, lycopene, lutein), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, anthocyanins, epicatechin), and glutathione (GSH)), the activation of transcription factors such as Nrf2, and the protection against chronic diseases. Given that there is a discrepancy between preclinical and clinical studies, approaches that may result in greater pharmacological and clinical success of low-molecular-weight antioxidant therapies are also subject to discussion.

• MeSH
• anthokyaniny metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• antioxidancia * farmakologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• chronická nemoc MeSH
• kyselina peroxydusitá farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory * MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• oxidační stres MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa metabolismus   MeSH
• superoxidy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

STUDY HYPOTHESIS: In women with preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM), increased oxidative stress may accelerate premature cellular senescence, senescence-associated inflammation and proteolysis, which may predispose them to rupture. STUDY FINDING: We demonstrate mechanistic differences between preterm birth (PTB) and PPROM by revealing differences in fetal membrane redox status, oxidative stress-induced damage, distinct signaling pathways and senescence activation. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Oxidative stress-associated fetal membrane damage and cell cycle arrest determine adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as spontaneous PTB and PPROM. STUDY DESIGN, SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS: Fetal membranes and amniotic fluid samples were collected from women with PTB and PPROM. Molecular, biochemical and histologic markers were used to document differences in oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme status, DNA damage, secondary signaling activation by Ras-GTPase and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and activation of senescence between membranes from the two groups. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Oxidative stress was higher and antioxidant enzymes were lower in PPROM compared with PTB. PTB membranes had minimal DNA damage and showed activation of Ras-GTPase and ERK/JNK signaling pathway with minimal signs of senescence. PPROM had higher numbers of cells with DNA damage, prosenescence stress kinase (p38 MAPK) activation and signs of senescence. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Samples were obtained retrospectively after delivery. The markers of senescence that we tested are specific but are not sufficient to confirm senescence as the pathology in PPROM. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and senescence are characteristics of fetal membranes from PPROM, compared with PTB with intact membranes. PTB and PPROM arise from distinct pathophysiologic pathways. Oxidative stress and oxidative stress-induced cellular damages are likely determinants of the mechanistic signaling pathways and phenotypic outcome. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTERESTS: This study is supported by developmental funds to Dr R. Menon from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston and funds to Dr M. Kacerovský from the Ministry of Health Czech Republic (UHHK, 001799906). The authors report no conflict of interest.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• extraembryonální obaly zranění   metabolismus   MeSH
• homeodoménové proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• lamin typ B genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• MAP kinasa-kinasa 4 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkinasa 1 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkinasa 3 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy p38 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• novorozenec nedonošený MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• oxidační stres genetika   MeSH
• poškození DNA MeSH
• předčasný odtok plodové vody genetika   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• předčasný porod MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• signální transdukce genetika   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• stárnutí buněk MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Chronická lymfocytární leukemie je onemocnění starších nemocných, z nichž většina trpí významnými přidruženými onemocněními či funkčním omezením (tzv. slow‑go nemocní). Klinická hodnocení u chronické lymfocytární leukemie se donedávna bohužel zaměřovala zejména na podskupinu mladších nemocných v dobrém celkovém stavu („go‑go“). Klinicko‑biologické parametry jako výkonnostní stav, vypočtená clearance kreatininu, počet a závažnost přidružených onemocnění a další nám společně s individuálním klinickým posouzením mohou být vodítkem při rozhodování o cílech a intenzitě léčby. Dvě velké randomizované studie prokázaly, že přidání monoklonálních protilátek proti CD20 (obinutuzumab, rituximab a ofatumumab) k chlorambucilu u neléčených starších/komorbidních nemocných vedlo k významnému zvýšení počtu kompletních remisí, přežití bez progrese a dokonce i celkového přežití (v případě obinutuzumabu a rituximabu) s přijatelným bezpečnostním profilem. Chemoimunoterapie kombinující chlorambucil s anti‑CD20 protilátkou je tedy nový standard léčby 1. linie u této skupiny nemocných. Léčba relabující/refrakterní chronické lymfocytární leukemie je u „slow‑go“ nemocných velmi obtížná a specifických dat je málo. V této indikaci jsme svědky revolučního průlomu zaváděním nových, perorálně dostupných malých molekul působících na principu inhibice signálních drah B buněčného receptoru: ibrutinibu, inhibitoru Brutonovy tyrozinkinázy a idelalisibu, inhibitoru fosfatidylinositol‑3 kinázy δ. Oba tyto léky radikálně změnily přístup k léčbě relabující/refrakterní chronické lymfocytární leukemie; relativně mírná toxicita je předurčuje také pro použití u starších/komorbidních nemocných. Další možnosti léčby relabující/refrakterní chronické lymfocytární leukemie pro „slow‑go“ nemocné zahrnují alemtuzumab, ofatumumab, vysokodávkované glukokortikoidy + rituximab či ofatumumab a režim bendamustin + rituximab. Tento přehledný článek shrnuje současné poznatky o léčbě starších a komorbidních nemocných s chronickou lymfocytární leukemií.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a disease of older patients, most of them suffering from significant comorbidities or functional limitations (so‑called 'slow‑go' patients). Unfortunately, clinical trials in chronic lymphocytic leukemia have until recently focused mainly on the subgroup of younger patients in good overall condition (‘go‑go' patients). Clinico‑biological parameters, such as performance status, calculated creatinine clearance, the number and severity of comorbidities along with individual clinical assessment can help guide decisions relating to the objectives and ultimately the intensity of treatment. Two large randomized studies have recently demonstrated that the addition of monoclonal antibodies against CD20 (obinutuzumab, rituximab and ofatumumab) to chlorambucil in untreated ‘slow‑go' patients resulted in a significant increase in the number of complete remissions, progression‑free survival and even overall survival (for obinutuzumab and rituximab) with an acceptable safety profile. Chemoimmunotherapy combining chlorambucil with anti‑CD20 antibody is thus the new standard 1st line therapy in this group of patients. Treatment of relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia in ‘slow‑go' patients is very difficult and specific data is sparse. In this indication, we have witnessed an extraordinary breakthrough by means of small oral inhibitors interfering with B‑cell receptor downstream signaling pathways: ibrutinib, the Bruton‘s tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and idelalisib, the inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase δ. Both drugs radically changed the approach to the treatment of relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia; relatively mild toxicity also predetermines their use in elderly/comorbid patients. Other treatment options for relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia in this subgroup include alemtuzumab, ofatumumab, high‑dose glucocorticoids + antiCD20 antibodies, or bendamustine + rituximab regimen. This review summarizes current data regarding the treatment of elderly and comorbid patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Key words: chronic lymphocytic leukemia – comorbidity – geriatric assessment – obinutuzumab – rituximab – ofatumumab – ibrutinib – idelalisib This work was supported by the grant IGA MH CZ NT13412-4/2012, MH CZ – DRO (UHHK, 00179906) and by the programme PRVOUK P37/08. I declare that, in connection with the above-mentioned contribution, which I am an author, I have a conflict of interest with the typed the following companies: Roche, Janssen-Cilag , Gilead and GlaxoSmithKline (honoraria for lectures or consultations, travel grants). The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers. Submitted: 23. 7. 2015 Accepted: 29. 7. 2015

• Klíčová slova
• obinutuzumab, idelalisib, ibrutinib, ofatumumab, fludarabine, bendamustin,
• MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• antigeny CD20 MeSH
• chinazoliny aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• chlorambucil aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• chronická lymfatická leukemie * farmakoterapie   komplikace   MeSH
• geriatrické hodnocení * MeSH
• humanizované monoklonální protilátky aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• myší monoklonální protilátky aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• protokoly antitumorózní kombinované chemoterapie * MeSH
• puriny aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• pyrazoly aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• pyrimidiny aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• rituximab MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sloučeniny dusíkatého yperitu aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• vidarabin analogy a deriváty   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• záchranná terapie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH