ADME parameters
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Clearance léčiva je parametr, díky němuž můžeme nastavit racionální dávkovací režim při dlouhodobé aplikaci léčiva. Informuje nás o efektivnosti eliminace léčiva, a to jak celkové, tak o eliminaci jednotlivými orgány. Různými mechanismy může docházet ke zvýšení či snížení clearance léčiva.
Clearance of a drug is a parameter which allows us to set rational dosing regimen for long‑term drug treatment. It informs us about the effectiveness of overall drug elimination and elimination by individual organs. Different mechanisms may lead to an increase or decrease of drug clearance.
- MeSH
- eliminace ledvinami * fyziologie imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- farmakokinetika MeSH
- hepatobiliární exkrece * fyziologie imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- hodnoty glomerulární filtrace fyziologie imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- klinická farmakologie metody normy trendy MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky metody normy trendy MeSH
- ledvinové kanálky fyziologie patofyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolická clearance * fyziologie imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- renální reabsorpce fyziologie imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Pfii modelování kinetiky difuze a relaxace v polymerní matrici se nejãastûji vyuÏívá mocninná rovnice ve dvouparametrovém nebo tfiíparametrovém tvaru. V úvodní ãásti jsou shrnuty pouÏívané varianty mocninné rovnice vãetnû rovnice umoÏÀující rozli‰ení mezi difuzí a relaxací. Kinetika liberace pilokarpiniumchloridu z lyofilizovan ˘ch lamel s odstupÀovan˘m mnoÏstvím hydroxypropylmethylcelulosy je vyjádfiena mocninn˘mi rovnicemi a jsou srovnány jejich parametry. V závûru je diskutována pouÏitelnost mocninné rovnice pfii modelování liberace léãiv˘ch látek a doporuãeno vyuÏití tfiíparametrové mocninné rovnice s posunem uvolÀování mimo poãátek soufiadnic.
For the modelling of the kinetics of diffusion and relaxation in the polymer matrix, the power law equation in a two-parameter or three-parameter form is employed. The introductory part of the paper summarizes the employed varieties of the power law equation including the equation making it possible to distinguish diffusion from relaxation. The liberation kinetics of pilocarpinium chloride from lyophilized lamellae with graded amounts of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose is expressed by power law equations and their parameters are compared. The conclusion discusses the usability of the power law equation in the modelling of liberation of active ingredients and recommends the use of the three-parameter power law equation with a shift of the liberation out of the origin of the coordinates.
[Paediatric clinical pharmacist: a potential benefit?]
Prevalence lékových pochybení v pediatrii se odhaduje na 10–15 % a téměř v polovině případů se dle publikované evidence jedná o nesprávné dávkování léčiva. Vzhledem ke značné vývojové variabilitě farmakokinetiky a/nebo farmakodynamiky parametrů dětských pacientů představují rizikovou skupinu pro léková pochybení především novorozenci a děti do 2 let věku a na druhé straně obézní děti, které mají parametry dospělého. Klinický farmaceut orientovaný v problematice je dalším prvkem v účelné a bezpečné farmakoterapii v komplexní péči napříč mnoha pediatrickými specializacemi.
Medication errors in paediatric prescribing occur in approximately 10-15 % cases, almost half of these errors are represented by incorrect drug dosing. Maturational changes in pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics parameters of paediatric patients across different paediatric categories represent a challenge to optimal drug prescribing. Especially neonatal and infant populations along with obese children of adult size are the most vulnerable groups prone to medication errors. Clinical pharmacist focused on paediatric pharmacotherapy verification is another element ensuring safe and rational medication use across different paediatric specialities.
- MeSH
- farmakokinetika MeSH
- farmakoterapie MeSH
- klinická farmakologie * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pediatrie * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Background. Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunomodulatory agent used in standard immunosuppressive regimens in solid organ transplantations as well as in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus and psoriasis. Its immunosuppressive activity is primarily due to parent drug. However, following oral administration, absorption is incomplete and varies between individuals. Further, there is a dearth of pharmacokinetic data for CsA in autoimmune patients compared to transplant recipients. Aim. The goal of this study was to investigate the single-dose and steady state pharmacokinetics of CsA and two main primary metabolites, AM1 and AM4N, in patients with rheumatic/autoimmune diseases. Methods. Thirty-eight subjects, average age (years± SD) 46.8 (±11.6) years with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and undifferentiated SpA were included in an observational open study. The single dose pharmacokinetics (area under the concentration–time curve of CsA and its metabolites (AUC) and other PK parameters) were determined over a 24 h period following oral administration of 1.3 mg/kg oral CsA. Two CsA formulations-Neoral and the Czech generic substitute Consupren®, were used. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on all 38 patients after administration of a single dose of CsA (1.34 mg/ kg/day). In 12 patients only, a second series of blood samples was taken to calculate monitored PK parameters under steady state conditions. Results. Pharmacokinetic assessment showed AUC0-24 3009.66 ± 1449.78 ng/ml.h and Cmax 827.84 ± 425.84 after administration of a single dose of CSA, AUC0-24 3698.50 ± 2147 ng/ml.h and Cmax 741 ± 493 ng/ml after repeated dose. The proportion of the AM1 metabolite (AUC0-24) after a single dose of CsA corresponded to 40% of the parent compound and to approximately 35% of the parent compound in steady state conditions. The proportion of AM4N metabolite was low in both conditions and represented only 3 and 4.5% after a single dose and at steady state, respectively. Conclusion. The pharmacokinetic data (AUCCsA, Cmax) for the whole 24 h interval were similar to the published findings, mainly under steady state conditions. The AM1 (AUC0-24) after a single dose of CsA and in steady state conditions represented about 40% of the parent drug. The ratio of AM4N metabolite was low in both conditions.
- MeSH
- autoimunitní nemoci farmakoterapie imunologie MeSH
- cyklosporin aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika metabolismus MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- farmakokinetika MeSH
- imunosupresiva krev metabolismus MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plocha pod křivkou MeSH
- revmatoidní artritida farmakoterapie imunologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
The concentration of a drug in the circulatory system is studied under two different elimination strategies. The first strategy--geometric elimination--is the classical one which assumes a constant elimination rate per cycle. The second strategy--Poisson elimination--assumes that the elimination rate changes during the process of elimination. The problem studied here is to find a relationship between the residence-time distribution and the cycle-time distribution for a given rule of elimination. While the presented model gives this relationship in terms of Laplace-Stieltjes transform., the aim here is to determine the shapes of the corresponding probability density functions. From experimental data, we expect positively skewed, gamma-like distributions for the residence time of the drug in the body. Also, as some elimination parameter in the model approaches a limit, the exponential distribution often arises. Therefore, we use Laguerre series expansions, which yield a parsimonious approximation of positively skewed probability densities that are close to a gamma distribution. The coefficients in the expansion are determined by the central moments, which can be obtained from experimental data or as a consequence of theoretical assumptions. The examples presented show that gamma-like densities arise for a diverse set of cycle-time distribution and under both elimination rules.
- MeSH
- biologické modely * MeSH
- farmakokinetika * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matematika MeSH
- metabolická clearance MeSH
- stochastické procesy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Súčasné trendy projekcie liečiv významne reflektujú tzv. privilegované zoskupenia ako základné (tzv. jadrové) štruktúrne fragmenty s rozhodujúcim vplyvom na afinitu k vhodne zvoleným biologickým cieľom, účinok, selektivitu aj toxikologické charakteristiky týchto liečiv a perspektívnych kandidátov na liečivá. Fruquintinib (1) je nový syntetický selektívny inhibítor izoforiem receptora vaskulárneho endotelového rastového faktora (z angl. vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; VEGFR), t. j. VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 a VEGFR-3. Terapeutikum (1) obsahuje planárne bicyklické heteroaromatické jadro, v ktorom sú vhodne inkorporované dva atómy dusíka, základný (jadrový) bicyklický heteroaromatický kruh – privilegované (substituované) benzofuránové zoskupenie a skupinu pôsobiacu ako donor a akceptor väzby vodíkovým mostíkom (VVM), t. j. amidové funkčné zoskupenie. Fruquintinib (1) bol prvýkrát schválený v Číne pre liečbu metastázujúceho kolorektálneho karcinómu, závažného nádorového ochorenia s vysokou mortalitou. Táto prehľadová publikácia ponúkla stručný pohľad na tému privilegovaných štruktúr, ich niekoľkých parametrov, ktorých rozsah približuje tzv. liečivu podobné (drug-like) vlastnosti, farmakodynamické charakteristiky fruquintinibu (1) a rôzne in silico-deskriptory definujúce štruktúrne a fyzikálno-chemické vlastnosti tohto liečiva (molekulová hmotnosť, počet ťažkých atómov, počet aromatických tažkých atómov, frakcia C-atómov v sp3-hybridizovanom stave, počet akceptorov VVM, počet donorov VVM, celkový polárny povrch, molekulová refrakcia, molekulový objem aj parametre lipofility a rozpustnosti). Niektoré z týchto deskriptorov súviseli s farmakokinetikou aj distribúciou fruquintinibu (1) a navyše by mohli pomôcť predikovať jeho schopnosť pasívne prechádzať hematoencefalickou bariérou (HEB). V publikácii sa hodnotila aj eventuálna súvislosť medzi indukčným potenciálom liečiva (1) voči izoenzýmom cytochrómu P450 (CYP1A2 a CYP3A4) a jeho pasívnym transportom do centrálneho nervového systému via HEB. Stručne boli takisto načrtnuté súčasné klinické skúsenosti s fruquintinibom (1) a budúce liečebné možnosti tohto terapeutika.
Current trends in drug design notably consider so-called privileged scaffolds as the core structural fragments with decisive impact on affinity to properly chosen biological targets, potency, selectivity and toxicological characteristics of drugs and prospective drug candidates. Fruquintinib (1) is a novel synthetic selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) isoforms, i.e., VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. The therapeutic agent (1) consists of a flat bicyclic heteroaromatic ring, in which two nitrogens are suitablyincorporated, a core bicyclic heteroaromatic ring – privileged (substituted) benzofuran scaffold, and a pair of hydrogen bond (H-bond) donor and acceptor group, i.e., amide functional moiety. Fruquintinib (1) was first approved in China for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, a severe malignant disease with a high mortality rate. The review article offered a brief insight into the topic of privileged structures, their drug- -like ranges of several parameters, pharmacodynamic characteristics of fruquintinib (1) and various in silico descriptors characterizing drug’s structural and physicochemical properties (molecular weight, number of heavy atoms, number of aromatic heavy atoms, fraction of sp3 C-atoms, number of H-bond acceptors, number of H-bond donors, total polar surface area, molar refractivity, molecular volume as well as parameters of lipophilicity and solubility). Some of these descriptors were related to pharmacokinetics and distribution of fruquintinib (1), and, in addition, might help predict its ability to cross passively the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Moreover, a possible connection between the induction potential on cytochrome P450 isoenzymes (CYP1A2 and CYP3A4) and passive transport of a given drug into the central nervous system via BBB was investigated. Current clinical experience and future directions regarding of fruquintinib (1) were also briefly outlined.
- Klíčová slova
- fruquintinib,
- MeSH
- benzofurany farmakologie MeSH
- chinazoliny farmakologie MeSH
- farmakokinetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- protinádorové látky * farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH