Aaron, Daniel*
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... KATOWITZ -- 9 Developmental Disorders of the Lacrimal Drainage System, 153 -- DANIELE LORENZANO, GEOFFREY ... ... DOLMAN, AARON FAY -- 18 Optic Nerve and Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors, 337 -- PEEROOZ SAEED -- 19 Fat ... ... OSAKI, AARON FAY, MILTON WANER -- 25 Infantile Flemangiomas and Other Vascular Neoplasms, 473 -- AARON ... ... NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS -- 31 Facial Nerve Palsy, 579 -- GARRETT GRIFFIN, AARON FAY, BABAK AZIZZADEH -- ...
xiv, 729 stran : ilustrace ; 28 cm
- Konspekt
- Ortopedie. Chirurgie. Oftalmologie
- NLK Obory
- oftalmologie
- NLK Publikační typ
- kolektivní monografie
- Klíčová slova
- fixace uzamykatelnou dlahou, náhrada hlavice humeru, otevřená repozice a vnitřní fixace proximálního humeru, zlomeniny proximálního humeru, zlomeniny v oblasti ramena,
- MeSH
- biomechanika MeSH
- fraktury humeru diagnóza klasifikace terapie MeSH
- horní končetina MeSH
- humerus anatomie a histologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- protézy kloubů MeSH
- radiografie MeSH
- vnitřní fixace fraktury metody využití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Urology, ISSN 0090-4295 vol. 60, no. 2A, suppl., August 2002
55 s. : il., tab. ; 30 cm
- MeSH
- kryochirurgie metody MeSH
- nádory prostaty chirurgie MeSH
- urologické chirurgické výkony u mužů metody MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- urologie
In endolysosomal networks, two hetero-hexameric tethers called HOPS and CORVET are found widely throughout eukaryotes. The unicellular ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila possesses elaborate endolysosomal structures, but curiously both it and related protozoa lack the HOPS tether and several other trafficking proteins, while retaining the related CORVET complex. Here, we show that Tetrahymena encodes multiple paralogs of most CORVET subunits, which assemble into six distinct complexes. Each complex has a unique subunit composition and, significantly, shows unique localization, indicating participation in distinct pathways. One pair of complexes differ by a single subunit (Vps8), but have late endosomal versus recycling endosome locations. While Vps8 subunits are thus prime determinants for targeting and functional specificity, determinants exist on all subunits except Vps11. This unprecedented expansion and diversification of CORVET provides a potent example of tether flexibility, and illustrates how 'backfilling' following secondary losses of trafficking genes can provide a mechanism for evolution of new pathways.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Diatoms are unicellular algae and important primary producers. The process of carbon fixation in diatoms is very efficient even though the availability of dissolved CO2 in sea water is very low. The operation of a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) also makes the more abundant bicarbonate accessible for photosynthetic carbon fixation. Diatoms possess carbonic anhydrases as well as metabolic enzymes potentially involved in C4 pathways; however, the question as to whether a C4 pathway plays a general role in diatoms is not yet solved. While genome analyses indicate that the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum possesses all the enzymes required to operate a C4 pathway, silencing of the pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) in a genetically transformed cell line does not lead to reduced photosynthetic carbon fixation. In this study, we have determined the intracellular location of all enzymes potentially involved in C4-like carbon fixing pathways in P. tricornutum by expression of the respective proteins fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), followed by fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, we compared the results to known pathways and locations of enzymes in higher plants performing C3 or C4 photosynthesis. This approach revealed that the intracellular distribution of the investigated enzymes is quite different from the one observed in higher plants. In particular, the apparent lack of a plastidic decarboxylase in P. tricornutum indicates that this diatom does not perform a C4-like CCM.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis fyziologie MeSH
- fosfoenolpyruvátkarboxylasa klasifikace metabolismus MeSH
- fotosyntéza fyziologie MeSH
- koloběh uhlíku MeSH
- kukuřice setá fyziologie MeSH
- mitochondrie enzymologie MeSH
- pyruvátkarboxylasa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese enzymů fyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin fyziologie MeSH
- rozsivky enzymologie fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A wide range of imaging studies provides growing support for the potential role of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in evaluating microstructural white matter integrity in Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Our review aims to present DTI principles, post-processing and analysis frameworks and to report the results of particular studies. The distribution of AD-related white matter abnormalities is widely discussed in the light of deteriorated connectivity within certain tracts due to secondary white matter degeneration; primary alterations are also assumed to contribute to the pattern. The question whether it is more effective to assess the whole-brain diffusion or to directly concentrate on specific regions remains an interesting issue. Assessing white matter microstructure alterations, as evaluated by group-level differences of tensor-derived parameters, may be a promising neuroimaging tool for differential diagnosis between AD, MCI and other cognitive disorders, as well as being particularly helpful in the interpretation of underlying pathological processes.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc komplikace diagnóza patologie MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce etiologie MeSH
- kognitivní poruchy diagnóza MeSH
- leukoencefalopatie diagnóza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek patologie MeSH
- zobrazování difuzních tenzorů * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Bacillus subtilis cells are well suited to study how bacteria sense and adapt to proteotoxic stress such as heat, since temperature fluctuations are a major challenge to soil-dwelling bacteria. Here, we show that the alarmones (p)ppGpp, well known second messengers of nutrient starvation, are also involved in the heat stress response as well as the development of thermo-resistance. Upon heat-shock, intracellular levels of (p)ppGpp rise in a rapid but transient manner. The heat-induced (p)ppGpp is primarily produced by the ribosome-associated alarmone synthetase Rel, while the small alarmone synthetases RelP and RelQ seem not to be involved. Furthermore, our study shows that the generated (p)ppGpp pulse primarily acts at the level of translation, and only specific genes are regulated at the transcriptional level. These include the down-regulation of some translation-related genes and the up-regulation of hpf, encoding the ribosome-protecting hibernation-promoting factor. In addition, the alarmones appear to interact with the activity of the stress transcription factor Spx during heat stress. Taken together, our study suggests that (p)ppGpp modulates the translational capacity at elevated temperatures and thereby allows B. subtilis cells to respond to proteotoxic stress, not only by raising the cellular repair capacity, but also by decreasing translation to concurrently reduce the protein load on the cellular protein quality control system.
Members of the snake subfamily Aparallactinae occur in various habitats throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The monophyly of aparallactine snakes is well established, but relationships within the subfamily are poorly known. We sampled 158 individuals from six of eight aparallactine genera in sub-Saharan Africa. We employed concatenated gene-tree analyses, divergence dating approaches, and ancestral-area reconstructions to infer phylogenies and biogeographic patterns with a multi-locus data set consisting of three mitochondrial (16S, cyt b, and ND4) and two nuclear genes (c-mos and RAG1). As a result, we uncover several cryptic lineages and elevate a lineage of Polemon to full species status. Diversification occurred predominantly during the Miocene, with a few speciation events occurring subsequently in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Biogeographic analyses suggested that the Zambezian biogeographic region, comprising grasslands and woodlands, facilitated radiations, vicariance, and dispersal for many aparallactines. Moreover, the geographic distributions of many forest species were fragmented during xeric and cooler conditions, which likely led to diversification events. Biogeographic patterns of aparallactine snakes are consistent with previous studies of other sub-Saharan herpetofauna.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- fylogeografie * MeSH
- hadi anatomie a histologie genetika MeSH
- ještěři anatomie a histologie klasifikace genetika MeSH
- mitochondriální DNA genetika MeSH
- pouštní klima * MeSH
- pravděpodobnostní funkce MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- subsaharská Afrika MeSH
BACKGROUND: Psilocybin is being studied for use in treatment-resistant depression. METHODS: In this phase 2 double-blind trial, we randomly assigned adults with treatment-resistant depression to receive a single dose of a proprietary, synthetic formulation of psilocybin at a dose of 25 mg, 10 mg, or 1 mg (control), along with psychological support. The primary end point was the change from baseline to week 3 in the total score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression). Secondary end points included response at week 3 (≥50% decrease from baseline in the MADRS total score), remission at week 3 (MADRS total score ≤10), and sustained response at 12 weeks (meeting response criteria at week 3 and all subsequent visits). RESULTS: A total of 79 participants were in the 25-mg group, 75 in the 10-mg group, and 79 in the 1-mg group. The mean MADRS total score at baseline was 32 or 33 in each group. Least-squares mean changes from baseline to week 3 in the score were -12.0 for 25 mg, -7.9 for 10 mg, and -5.4 for 1 mg; the difference between the 25-mg group and 1-mg group was -6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], -10.2 to -2.9; P<0.001) and between the 10-mg group and 1-mg group was -2.5 (95% CI, -6.2 to 1.2; P = 0.18). In the 25-mg group, the incidences of response and remission at 3 weeks, but not sustained response at 12 weeks, were generally supportive of the primary results. Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%) and included headache, nausea, and dizziness. Suicidal ideation or behavior or self-injury occurred in all dose groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this phase 2 trial involving participants with treatment-resistant depression, psilocybin at a single dose of 25 mg, but not 10 mg, reduced depression scores significantly more than a 1-mg dose over a period of 3 weeks but was associated with adverse effects. Larger and longer trials, including comparison with existing treatments, are required to determine the efficacy and safety of psilocybin for this disorder. (Funded by COMPASS Pathfinder; EudraCT number, 2017-003288-36; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03775200.).
- MeSH
- antidepresiva * škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- deprese nereagující na léčbu * farmakoterapie psychologie MeSH
- deprese farmakoterapie MeSH
- depresivní porucha unipolární * farmakoterapie psychologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psilocybin * škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze II MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
