Volumetrické vyšetření magnetickou rezonancí (MR) umožňuje hodnocení morfologických změn mozku u pacientů s Alzheimerovou nemocí. Cílem této studie bylo porovnat objem amygdaly u nemocných S Alzheimerovou nemocí s anatomickou normou a určit vztah mezi objemem amygdaly a tíží klinického postižení. Provedli jsme MR volumetrické měření amygdaly u 16 nemocných s Alzheimerovou nemocí a u 11 členné skupiny zdravých dobrovolníků. Byla stanovena inter- a intraindividuální variabilita měření. Anatomické volumetrické hodnoty (normy) byly získány měřením na histologickém preparátu získaném z 16 nemocí nepostižených dárců těsně postmortálně. Kognitivní deficit byl hodnocen škálou Mini-mental State (MMSE). Objem amygdaly byl u skupiny s Alzheimerovou nemocí statisticky významně nižší (p<0,01) než u kontrolní skupiny měřené v MR, ještě výraznější byl tento rozdíl při srovnání s kontrolní skupinou získanou měřením na histologických řezech (p<0,001). Byla nalezena statisticky významná korelace mezi objemem amygdaly a kognitivním deficitem vyjádřeným skóre dosaženým v Mini-mental state škále (p<0,0005, r=0,77). S pomoci MR volumetric lze spolehlivě odlišit nemocné s neuropatologickými změnami při Alzheimerově nemoci od normální populace. Výsledky MR volumetric korelují s tíží klinického postiže¬ ní. MR volumetric je při dostatečné anatomické přesnosti měření užitečnou metodou pro hodnocení neuropatologických změn in vivo v diagnóze a monitorování léčby Alzheimerovy nemoci.

A volumetric examination using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) makes possible to evaluate morphological changes in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the study presented was to compare the amygdala volume in patients suffering from this disease with anatomical norm and to determine relationship between the amygdala volume and severity of clinical affection. Method: MK volumetric measurements of the amygdala were carried out in 16 patients with Alzheimer's disease and in U healthy volunteers. The inter- and intra-individual variability of measuring was determined. The anatomical volumetric values (norm) were obtained by measuring histological preparations from 16 donors not affected with the disease shortly after death. Cognitive deficiency was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: In a set of patients with Alzheimer's disease the amygdala volume was statistically significantiy lower (p<0.01) if compared with controls measured by means of MRI. This difference was much more striking in comparison with controls obtained by the measurements on histological sections (p<0.001). Statistically significant correlation was revealed between the amygdala >^olume and cognitive deficiency expressed by the score reached in the Mini-Mental StateExamination (p<0.0005, r = 0.77). Conclusion: MR volumetry can differentiate reliably patients with neuropathological changes at Alzheimer's disease from normal population. The results of MRI volumetry correlate with the severity of clinical affection. With sufficient anatomical accuracy of measurements, MRI volumetry is a useful method for evaluating neuropathological changes in vivo in the diagnosing and monitoring the therapy for Alzheimer's disease.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc diagnóza   MeSH
• amygdala anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• tělesné váhy a míry statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

BACKGROUND: The amygdala plays an important role in the regulation of emotions and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Studies of amygdala volumes in mood disorders have been conflicting, with findings of increased, decreased and unchanged amygdala volumes in patients relative to controls. We present the largest meta-analysis of amygdala volumes in mood disorders and the first one to investigate modifying effects of clinical, demographic and methodological variables. METHODS: We reviewed 40 magnetic resonance imaging studies investigating amygdala volumes in patients with unipolar or bipolar disorders. For meta-analysis we used standardized differences in means (SDM) and random effect models. In the search for sources of heterogeneity, we subdivided the studies based on diagnosis, setting, age, medication status, sex, duration of illness, slice thickness, interrater reliability of tracing and anatomical definitions used. RESULTS: The volumes of the left and right amygdala in bipolar (N=215) or unipolar (N=409) patients were comparable to controls. Bipolar children and adolescents had significantly smaller left amygdala volumes relative to controls (SDM=-0.34, 95%CI=-0.65; -0.04, z=-2.20, p=0.03), whereas bipolar adults showed a trend for left amygdala volume increases (SDM=0.46, 95%CI=-0.03; 0.96, z=1.83, p=0.07). Unipolar inpatients had significantly larger left (SDM=0.35, 95%CI=0.03; 0.67, z=-2.17, p=0.03) amygdala volumes than controls, with no significant amygdala volume changes in unipolar outpatients. LIMITATIONS: Heterogeneity of included studies. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of overall differences in amygdala volumes, in the presence of significant and sometimes mirror changes in patient subgroups, demonstrates marked heterogeneity among mood disorders. Amygdala volume abnormalities may not be associated with mood disorders per se, but rather may underlie only some dimensions of illness or represent artifacts of medication or comorbid conditions.

• MeSH
• amygdala * patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• bipolární porucha patologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• funkční lateralita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
• mapování mozku metody   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• poruchy nálady * patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• metaanalýza MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Parkinson's disease (PD) is often accompanied by significant changes in emotionality, such as apathy, anhedonia, anxiety and depression. The present review summarizes the empirical evidence, including amygdala changes and psychological changes in emotionality in people suffering from PD. Seventeen empirical full-text articles including research on both amygdala and emotionality in PD were reviewed. The changes in amygdala volumes as well as changes in binding potentials, functional connectivity, regional homogeneity and regional cerebral blood flow were found to have various impacts on emotionality in people with PD. The integration of the results showed that some effects of amygdala changes on emotionality were lateralized. Some of the reviewed studies indicated that the volume loss in the left amygdala was found to be related to increased anxiety, whereas bilateral volume loss in amygdala was linked to increased depressivity. The reviewed results also support a hypothesis of bradylimbic affective disturbance in patients with PD. The disturbed activation of amygdala accompanying the evaluation of negative facial expressions implies that the evaluation of the content of affective stimuli in terms of their affective meanings is disturbed in PD patients. Impaired evaluation of affective attributes given by amygdala-based translational deficits is likely to be related to problems in translating the results of cognitive appraisal into somatomotor, arousal and other changes. This mechanism is suggested to be responsible for apathy as well as for other changes in emotionality accompanying PD.

• MeSH
• amygdala patologie   MeSH
• apatie MeSH
• depresivní poruchy MeSH
• emoce * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc patologie   psychologie   MeSH
• úzkost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

U neuropsychiatrických poruch souvisejících se stresem nebo nadprodukcí glukokortikoidů bývá popisován zmenšený objem hipokampu ve srovnání s párovanými zdravými kontrolami. Atrofie hipokampu je dávána do souvislosti s putativním neurodegenerativním působením glukokortikoidů, pro což existují doklady z animálních studií. Dosud nikdo však nesledoval vliv léčebně podávaných glukokortikoidů na strukturu a funkci hipokampu u lidí. Metoda: Studie se zúčastnilo 14 osob léčených glukokortikoidy, u kterých byly prospektivně prováděny neuropsychologické testy a u části z nich také MRI volumetrie zaměřená na hipokampus. Výsledky: V průběhu průměrně 73denní léčby průměrnými dávkami 30,99 mg prednisonu za den ani v průběhu průměrně 192,5denní léčby průměrnými dávkami 24,2 mg prednisonu za den jsme nenalezli statisticky významné změny v objemu hipokampu. Mezi jednotlivými vyšetřeními byl trend ke zhoršení v paměťových testech specifických pro poškození hipokampu. Závěr: Nepodařilo se nám prokázat změny objemu hipokampu v průběhu léčby exogenními glukokortikoidy v daném časovém rozmezí. Nelze však vyloučit mikroskopické změny pod rozlišovací schopností současné MRI, které se projevují funkčním poškozením měřitelným neuropsychologickými testy.

Decreased hippocampal volume often reported in disorders associated with stress or elevated levels of corticosteroids, is being ascribed to putative neurodegenerative effects of corticosteroids. This is the first study directly looking at hippocampal volume and function in human patients treated with corticosteroids. Methods: 14 subjects treated with corticosteroids were prospectively evaluated with neuropsychological tests and a subsample also with magnetic resonance volumetry of hippocampus. Results: There was no significant change in hippocampal volume neither during average of 73 days of treatment with mean dose of 30,99 mg of prednisone per day, nor during average of 192,5 days of treatment with mean dose of 24,2 mg of prednisone per day. There was a trend towards worsening in hippocampus specific memory tasks. Conclusion: We did not find macroscopic changes in hippocampal volume during treatment with corticosteroids. We cannot, however, rule out microscopic changes leading to decline in hippocampus mediated memory functions.

• MeSH
• amygdala anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• atrofie MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• glukokortikoidy aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hipokampus anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Based on the clinical observation that patients suffering from narcolepsy with cataplexy (NC) have cataplectic attacks when they experience positive emotions, it is therefore hypothesised that the abnormal processing of external emotional input through the limbic system, or motor dysregulation induced by emotions, takes place during these episodes. To date, imaging studies have failed to reveal consistent brain abnormalities in NC patients. METHODS: Considering the discrepancies in reported structural or functional abnormalities of the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens, we used the MRI volumetry to determine the volumes of the amygdala and nucleus accumbens in a group of eleven patients with NC (5 males and 6 females, mean age 41.7 years ± 17.7). This data was compared to an equal number of examinations in healthy volunteers matched for age and gender. RESULTS: We found a decrease in the amygdalar volume of NC patients in both raw (p<0.001) and relative (p<0.01) data sets. The difference in amygdalar volume between healthy volunteers and NC patients was about 17%. In contrast to the amygdala, we did not find any differences in the volumes of nucleus accumbens. CONCLUSION: In the present MRI volumetric study, we found bilateral gray matter loss in the amygdala only.

• MeSH
• amygdala patologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   normy   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• narkolepsie patologie   MeSH
• nucleus accumbens anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Exposure to maternal stress in utero has long-term implications for the developing brain and has been linked with a higher risk of depression. The amygdala, which develops during the early embryonic stage and is critical for emotion processing, might be particularly sensitive. METHODS: Using data from a neuroimaging follow-up of the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood prenatal birth cohort (n = 129, 47% men, 23-24 years old), we studied the impact of prenatal stress during the first and second halves of pregnancy on the volume of the amygdala and its nuclei in young adult offspring. We further evaluated the relationship between amygdala anatomy and offspring depressive symptomatology. Amygdala nuclei were parcellated using FreeSurfer's automated segmentation pipeline. Depressive symptoms were measured via self-report using the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS: Exposure to stress during the first half of pregnancy was associated with smaller accessory basal (Cohen's f2 = 0.27, false discovery rate [FDR]-corrected p [pFDR] = .03) and cortical (Cohen's f2 = 0.29, pFDR = .03) nuclei volumes. This effect remained significant after correcting for sex, stress during the second half of pregnancy, maternal age at birth, birth weight, maternal education, and offspring's age at magnetic resonance imaging. These two nuclei showed a quadratic relationship with Beck Depression Inventory scores in young adulthood, where both smaller and larger volumes were associated with more depressive symptoms (accessory basal nucleus: adj. R2 = 0.05, pFDR = .015; cortical nucleus: adj. R2 = 0.04, pFDR = .015). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that exposure to stress during the first half of pregnancy might have long-term implications for amygdala anatomy, which may in turn predict the experience of depressive symptoms in young adulthood.

• MeSH
• amygdala diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• deprese * psychologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc patologie   MeSH
• amygdala fyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   využití   MeSH
• neurologické manifestace MeSH
• velikost orgánu fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

A striking feature of the studies that have addressed the measurement of the amygdala is the wide range of volumes encountered, with reports of volumes ranging from 1 to almost 4 cm(3). Another striking feature is the number of discrepancies in the landmarks adopted for manual tracing in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The goal of our study was to assess the anatomical volume of the amygdala on the basis of its cytoarchitecture while comparing the differences in age and sex. This study was performed on 21 normal male brains (mean age of 56.8 years) and 9 normal female brains (mean age of 61.2 years). The volume of the amygdala was measured by planimetry of Nissl-stained serial sections using ImageJ software. To address the complexity of the amygdala, we elected to use two types of amygdalar measurement that differ mainly in the definition of anterior pole boundaries. The average size of the classic amygdala was 1.24 cm(3) (S.D.=0.14), while the average size of the amygdala with wider borders was 1.63 cm(3) (S.D.=0.2). No interhemispheric or intersexual differences were observed for either type of amygdalar measurement. Neither sex revealed any statistically important relationship between volume of the amygdala and age. Our study was concerned exclusively with the anatomical volume of the amygdala rather than the MRI volume. Nevertheless, our results may have important implications for MRI studies because as of yet there is no gold standard for manual volumetry of the amygdala.

• MeSH
• amygdala anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• posmrtné změny MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

This study focuses on hippocampal and amygdala volume, seed-based connectivity, and psychological traits of Holocaust survivors who experienced stress during prenatal and early postnatal development. We investigated people who lived in Central Europe during the Holocaust and who, as Jews, were in imminent danger. The group who experienced stress during their prenatal development and early postnatal (PreP) period (n = 11) were compared with a group who experienced Holocaust-related stress later in their lives: in late childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood (ChA) (n = 21). The results of volumetry analysis showed significantly lower volumes of both hippocampi and the right amygdala in the PreP group. Seed-based connectivity analysis revealed increased connectivity from the seed in the right amygdala to the middle and posterior cingulate cortex, caudate, and inferior left frontal operculum in the PreP group. Psychological testing found higher levels of traumatic stress symptoms (TCS-40) and lower levels of well-being (SOS-10) in the PreP group than in the ChA group. The results of our study demonstrate that extreme stress experienced during prenatal and early postnatal life has a profound lifelong impact on the hippocampus and amygdala and on several psychological characteristics.

• MeSH
• amygdala MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hipokampus MeSH
• holocaust * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• přežívající MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vitaminy MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The pre- and perinatal environment is thought to play a critical role in shaping brain development. Specifically, maternal mental health and maternal care have been shown to influence offspring brain development in regions implicated in emotional regulation such as the amygdala. In this study, we used data from a neuroimaging follow-up of a prenatal birth-cohort, the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood, to investigate the impact of early postnatal maternal anxiety/co-dependence, and prenatal and early-postnatal depression and dysregulated mood on amygdala volume and morphology in young adulthood (n = 103). We observed that in typically developing young adults, greater maternal anxiety/co-dependence after birth was significantly associated with lower volume (right: t = -2.913, p = 0.0045, β = -0.523; left: t = -1.471, p = 0.144, β = -0.248) and non-significantly associated with surface area (right: t = -3.502, q = 0.069, <10%FDR, β = -0.090, left: t = -3.137, q = 0.117, <10%FDR, = -0.088) of the amygdala in young adulthood. Conversely, prenatal maternal depression and mood dysregulation in the early postnatal period was not associated with any volumetric or morphological changes in the amygdala in young adulthood. Our findings provide evidence for subtle but long-lasting alterations to amygdala morphology associated with differences in maternal anxiety/co-dependence in early development.

• MeSH
• amygdala diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• deprese diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• duševní zdraví MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek MeSH
• poporodní deprese * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH