Single-cell RNA-seq methods can be used to delineate cell types and states at unprecedented resolution but do little to explain why certain genes are expressed. Single-cell ATAC-seq and multiome (ATAC + RNA) have emerged to give a complementary view of the cell state. It is however unclear what additional information can be extracted from ATAC-seq data besides transcription factor binding sites. Here, we show that ATAC-seq telomere-like reads counter-inituively cannot be used to infer telomere length, as they mostly originate from the subtelomere, but can be used as a biomarker for chromatin condensation. Using long-read sequencing, we further show that modern hyperactive Tn5 does not duplicate 9 bp of its target sequence, contrary to common belief. We provide a new tool, Telomemore, which can quantify nonaligning subtelomeric reads. By analyzing several public datasets and generating new multiome fibroblast and B-cell atlases, we show how this new readout can aid single-cell data interpretation. We show how drivers of condensation processes can be inferred, and how it complements common RNA-seq-based cell cycle inference, which fails for monocytes. Telomemore-based analysis of the condensation state is thus a valuable complement to the single-cell analysis toolbox.

• MeSH
• analýza jednotlivých buněk * metody   MeSH
• B-lymfocyty metabolismus   cytologie   MeSH
• buněčný cyklus * genetika   MeSH
• ChiP sekvenování metody   MeSH
• chromatin * metabolismus   chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fibroblasty metabolismus   cytologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sekvenování transkriptomu metody   MeSH
• telomery * genetika   MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Transfer RNAs acquire a large plethora of chemical modifications. Among those, modifications of the anticodon loop play important roles in translational fidelity and tRNA stability. Four human wobble U-containing tRNAs obtain 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine (mcm5U34) or 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U34), which play a role in decoding. This mark involves a cascade of enzymatic activities. The last step is mediated by alkylation repair homolog 8 (ALKBH8). In this study, we performed a transcriptome-wide analysis of the repertoire of ALKBH8 RNA targets. Using a combination of HITS-CLIP and RIP-seq analyses, we uncover ALKBH8-bound RNAs. We show that ALKBH8 targets fully processed and CCA modified tRNAs. Our analyses uncovered the previously known set of wobble U-containing tRNAs. In addition, both our approaches revealed ALKBH8 binding to several other types of noncoding RNAs, in particular C/D box snoRNAs.

• MeSH
• AlkB homolog 8, tRNA methyltransferasa genetika   MeSH
• antikodon MeSH
• ChiP sekvenování * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nekódující RNA genetika   MeSH
• RNA transferová * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: ChIP-seq has become a routine method for interrogating the genome-wide distribution of various histone modifications. An important experimental goal is to compare the ChIP-seq profiles between an experimental sample and a reference sample, and to identify regions that show differential enrichment. However, comparative analysis of samples remains challenging for histone modifications with broad domains, such as heterochromatin-associated H3K27me3, as most ChIP-seq algorithms are designed to detect well defined peak-like features. RESULTS: To address this limitation we introduce histoneHMM, a powerful bivariate Hidden Markov Model for the differential analysis of histone modifications with broad genomic footprints. histoneHMM aggregates short-reads over larger regions and takes the resulting bivariate read counts as inputs for an unsupervised classification procedure, requiring no further tuning parameters. histoneHMM outputs probabilistic classifications of genomic regions as being either modified in both samples, unmodified in both samples or differentially modified between samples. We extensively tested histoneHMM in the context of two broad repressive marks, H3K27me3 and H3K9me3, and evaluated region calls with follow up qPCR as well as RNA-seq data. Our results show that histoneHMM outperforms competing methods in detecting functionally relevant differentially modified regions. CONCLUSION: histoneHMM is a fast algorithm written in C++ and compiled as an R package. It runs in the popular R computing environment and thus seamlessly integrates with the extensive bioinformatic tool sets available through Bioconductor. This makeshistoneHMM an attractive choice for the differential analysis of ChIP-seq data. Software is available from http://histonehmm.molgen.mpg.de .

• MeSH
• algoritmy * MeSH
• chromatinová imunoprecipitace MeSH
• genomika metody   MeSH
• histony chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Markovovy řetězce MeSH
• myši MeSH
• posttranslační úpravy proteinů * MeSH
• software * MeSH
• výpočetní biologie metody   MeSH
• vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is an important crop of temperate climate zones, which provides nearly 30 % of the world's annual sugar needs. From the total genome size of 758 Mb, only 567 Mb were incorporated in the recently published genome sequence, due to the fact that regions with high repetitive DNA contents (e.g. satellite DNAs) are only partially included. Therefore, to fill these gaps and to gain information about the repeat composition of centromeres and heterochromatic regions, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-Seq) using antibodies against the centromere-specific histone H3 variant of sugar beet (CenH3) and the heterochromatic mark of dimethylated lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me2). RESULTS: ChIP-Seq analysis revealed that active centromeres containing CenH3 consist of the satellite pBV and the Ty3-gypsy retrotransposon Beetle7, while heterochromatin marked by H3K9me2 exhibits heterogeneity in repeat composition. H3K9me2 was mainly associated with the satellite family pEV, the Ty1-copia retrotransposon family Cotzilla and the DNA transposon superfamily of the En/Spm type. In members of the section Beta within the genus Beta, immunostaining using the CenH3 antibody was successful, indicating that orthologous CenH3 proteins are present in closely related species within this section. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of repetitive genome portions by ChIP-Seq experiments complemented the sugar beet reference sequence by providing insights into the repeat composition of poorly characterized CenH3-chromatin and H3K9me2-heterochromatin. Therefore, our work provides the basis for future research and application concerning the sugar beet centromere and repeat-rich heterochromatic regions characterized by the presence of H3K9me2.

• MeSH
• Beta vulgaris genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• centromera metabolismus   MeSH
• chromatin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• chromatinová imunoprecipitace MeSH
• heterochromatin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• histony metabolismus   MeSH
• lysin metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Identifying regulons of sigma factors is a vital subtask of gene network inference. Integrating multiple sources of data is essential for correct identification of regulons and complete gene regulatory networks. Time series of expression data measured with microarrays or RNA-seq combined with static binding experiments (e.g., ChIP-seq) or literature mining may be used for inference of sigma factor regulatory networks. RESULTS: We introduce Genexpi: a tool to identify sigma factors by combining candidates obtained from ChIP experiments or literature mining with time-course gene expression data. While Genexpi can be used to infer other types of regulatory interactions, it was designed and validated on real biological data from bacterial regulons. In this paper, we put primary focus on CyGenexpi: a plugin integrating Genexpi with the Cytoscape software for ease of use. As a part of this effort, a plugin for handling time series data in Cytoscape called CyDataseries has been developed and made available. Genexpi is also available as a standalone command line tool and an R package. CONCLUSIONS: Genexpi is a useful part of gene network inference toolbox. It provides meaningful information about the composition of regulons and delivers biologically interpretable results.

• MeSH
• Bacteria genetika   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• databáze genetické * MeSH
• Eukaryota genetika   MeSH
• genové regulační sítě * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• regulace genové exprese * MeSH
• regulon genetika   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetika   MeSH
• software * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Monografie dává ucelený přehled o současných technologiích aplikovaných v oblasti molekulární bioinformatiky a slouží k lepší orientaci ve statistických metodách v klinickém a bioinformatickém výzkumu nejen pro mladé a začínající vědce, ale i pro jednooborově zaměřené specialisty. Může pomoci vysokoškolským učitelům lékařských a přírodovědeckých fakult v pregraduálním, postgraduálním i celoživotním vzdělávání, výzkumným pracovníkům v biomedicínských oborech, lékařům a dalším zdravotnickým pracovníkům.

• MeSH
• databáze nukleových kyselin MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• molekulární biologie MeSH
• výpočetní biologie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
• NLK Obory
• biologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

CDK12 is a kinase associated with elongating RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and is frequently mutated in cancer. CDK12 depletion reduces the expression of homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair genes, but comprehensive insight into its target genes and cellular processes is lacking. We use a chemical genetic approach to inhibit analog-sensitive CDK12, and find that CDK12 kinase activity is required for transcription of core DNA replication genes and thus for G1/S progression. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq reveal that CDK12 inhibition triggers an RNAPII processivity defect characterized by a loss of mapped reads from 3'ends of predominantly long, poly(A)-signal-rich genes. CDK12 inhibition does not globally reduce levels of RNAPII-Ser2 phosphorylation. However, individual CDK12-dependent genes show a shift of P-Ser2 peaks into the gene body approximately to the positions where RNAPII occupancy and transcription were lost. Thus, CDK12 catalytic activity represents a novel link between regulation of transcription and cell cycle progression. We propose that DNA replication and HR DNA repair defects as a consequence of CDK12 inactivation underlie the genome instability phenotype observed in many cancers.

• MeSH
• cyklin-dependentní kinasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• HCT116 buňky MeSH
• kontrolní body fáze G1 buněčného cyklu genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oprava DNA genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• replikace DNA genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa II genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Replication-dependent histones (RDH) are required for packaging of newly synthetized DNA into nucleosomes during the S phase when their expression is highly upregulated. However, the mechanisms of this upregulation in metazoan cells remain poorly understood. Using iCLIP and ChIP-seq, we found that human cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) associates with RNA and chromatin of RDH genes primarily in the S phase. Moreover, its amino-terminal region binds FLASH, an RDH-specific 3'-end processing factor, which keeps the kinase on the chromatin. CDK11 phosphorylates serine 2 (Ser2) of the carboxy-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), which is initiated when RNAPII reaches the middle of RDH genes and is required for further RNAPII elongation and 3'-end processing. CDK11 depletion leads to decreased number of cells in S phase, likely owing to the function of CDK11 in RDH gene expression. Thus, the reliance of RDH expression on CDK11 could explain why CDK11 is essential for the growth of many cancers.

• MeSH
• chromatin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• cyklin-dependentní kinasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• genetická transkripce * MeSH
• histony genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proteiny regulující apoptózu genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny vázající vápník genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• replikace DNA MeSH
• RNA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• S fáze MeSH
• serin metabolismus   MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Haploinsufficiency of Meis homeobox 2 (MEIS2), encoding a transcriptional regulator, is associated with human cleft palate, and Meis2 inactivation leads to abnormal palate development in mice, implicating MEIS2 functions in palate development. However, its functional mechanisms remain unknown. Here we observed widespread MEIS2 expression in the developing palate in mice. Wnt1Cre -mediated Meis2 inactivation in cranial neural crest cells led to a secondary palate cleft. Importantly, about half of the Wnt1Cre ;Meis2f/f mice exhibited a submucous cleft, providing a model for studying palatal bone formation and patterning. Consistent with complete absence of palatal bones, the results from integrative analyses of MEIS2 by ChIP sequencing, RNA-Seq, and an assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing identified key osteogenic genes regulated directly by MEIS2, indicating that it plays a fundamental role in palatal osteogenesis. De novo motif analysis uncovered that the MEIS2-bound regions are highly enriched in binding motifs for several key osteogenic transcription factors, particularly short stature homeobox 2 (SHOX2). Comparative ChIP sequencing analyses revealed genome-wide co-occupancy of MEIS2 and SHOX2 in addition to their colocalization in the developing palate and physical interaction, suggesting that SHOX2 and MEIS2 functionally interact. However, although SHOX2 was required for proper palatal bone formation and was a direct downstream target of MEIS2, Shox2 overexpression failed to rescue the palatal bone defects in a Meis2-mutant background. These results, together with the fact that Meis2 expression is associated with high osteogenic potential and required for chromatin accessibility of osteogenic genes, support a vital function of MEIS2 in setting up a ground state for palatal osteogenesis.

• MeSH
• crista neuralis cytologie   MeSH
• homeodoménové proteiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nervové kmenové buňky cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• osteogeneze * MeSH
• patro embryologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Analysis of histone variants and epigenetic marks is dominated by genome-wide approaches in the form of chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) and related methods. Although uncontested in their value for single-copy genes, mapping the chromatin of DNA repeats is problematic for biochemical techniques that involve averaging of cell populations or analysis of clusters of tandem repeats in a single-cell analysis. Extending chromatin and DNA fibers allows us to study the epigenetics of individual repeats in their specific chromosomal context, and thus constitutes an important tool for gaining a complete understanding of the epigenetic organization of genomes. We report that using an optimized fiber extension protocol is essential in order to obtain more reproducible data and to minimize the clustering of fibers. We also demonstrate that the use of super-resolution microscopy is important for reliable evaluation of the distribution of histone modifications on individual fibers. Furthermore, we introduce a custom script for the analysis of methylation levels on DNA fibers and apply it to map the methylation of telomeres, ribosomal genes and centromeres.

• MeSH
• chromatin genetika   MeSH
• chromatinová imunoprecipitace MeSH
• DNA genetika   MeSH
• metylace DNA * genetika   MeSH
• mikroskopie * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH