Cognitive coordination
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Vývojová porucha koordinace (VPK) a její dlouhodobé důsledky jsou odborníky stále často opomíjeny. Projevuje se neobratností, poruchami rovnováhy, hrubé i jemné motoriky s často přidruženými obtížemi v jazyce, percepci a myšlení. Prevalence se v posledních dvou desetiletích stabilně odhaduje okolo 5–6 %, přičemž je známo, že v polovině případů přetrvávají motorické obtíže do dospělosti. Nízká porodní hmotnost či prematurita několikanásobně zvyšují riziko vzniku VPK. Pro screening mohou posloužit krátké testy hodnotící kvalitu pohybové koordinace, zatímco při stanovování diagnózy je vhodné využít standardizovanou testovací baterii s možností posouzení výsledků terapie opakovaným testováním. Byly zjištěny strukturální i funkční změny centrálního nervového systému, které podmiňují klinické projevy. Nejefektivnější terapeutické přístupy se zaměřují na nácvik provádění konkrétní deficitní činnosti. V rámci terapie jsou diskutovány konkrétní přístupy využívající poznatky o motorickém učení sloužící k zefektivnění terapeutického procesu, mezi něž paří nácvik pohybu v představě a externí orientace pozornosti.
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and its long term consequences are still often marginalised by professionals. The symptoms include poor coordination, balance issues, issues with gross and fine motor functions with often co-occurring impairment of speech, perception and cognitive functions. In the last two decades, the prevalence has been steadily estimated around 5–6%, although it is known that in approximately half of the cases, motor difficulties persist into adulthood. Prematurity and low birth weight causes a severalfold increase in the occurrence risk of DCD. Short tests assessing the quality of motor coordination can serve as a screening tool, whereas standardised test batteries are used for diagnosing with the possibility of re-testing during the therapeutic process. Structural and functional abnormalities of the central nervous system underlining the clinical symptoms have been described. The most effective therapeutic approaches target specific activities which are known to be deficient. Specific methods that use motor learning findings which lead to more efficient therapeutic process have been discussed, including motor imagery training and external focus of attention.
- Klíčová slova
- motorické učení, externí orientace pozornosti, pohyb v představě,
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- orientace MeSH
- poruchy motorických dovedností * diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Neurokognitivní postižení je považováno za jádrovou komponentu schizofrenie. U většiny pacientů se schizofrenií je přítomen pokles kognitivního výkonu v porovnání s jeho očekávanou úrovní. Kognitivní postižení je relativně nezávislé na klinických příznacích a na průběhu nemoci. Kognitivní deficit není ani charakteristický ani specifický pro schizofrenii. Schizofrenie je jedno z mnoha neuropsy- chiatrických onemocnění s kognitivním deficitem. Kognitivní postižení u schizofrenie zahrnuje především poruchy pozornosti, pracovní paměti, verbálního učení a exekutivních funkcí. Tyto poruchy jsou spojeny s narušením funkčního stavu nemocných (sociální chování, pracovní schopnosti, každodenní životní aktivity). Hodnocení kognice u schizofrenie by mělo být součástí klinické praxe.
Neurocognitive impairment is considered a core component of schizophrenia. Majority of patients with schizophrenia demonstrate cognitive decrements compared with their expected level. Cognitive impairment tends to be relatively independent of clinical symptoms and course of illness. This cognitive deficit is neither characteristic nor unique for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is one of a large number of neuropsychiatric disorders with cognitive deficit. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia includes deficits mainly in attention, working memory, verbal learning, and executive functions. These deficits have been shown to be linked to impairment in functional status (eg, social behavior, work performance, and activities of daily living). The evaluation of cognition in schizophrenia should be a component of a clinical practice.
- MeSH
- deformace percepce klasifikace MeSH
- empatie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kognitivní poruchy diagnóza etiologie komplikace MeSH
- medicína založená na důkazech MeSH
- poruchy motorických dovedností diagnóza komplikace MeSH
- poruchy paměti diagnóza komplikace MeSH
- pozornost klasifikace MeSH
- psychopatologie metody MeSH
- schizofrenie diagnóza etiologie komplikace MeSH
Neurotransmitter substrate of spatial cognition belongs to current topics in behavioral neuroscience. The present study examined the effects of serotonin depletion with p-chlorophenylalanine on learning of rats in active place avoidance, a spatial task requiring allothetic mapping and cognitive coordination and highly dependent upon hippocampus. Serotonin depletion transiently increased locomotor activity in response to footshocks, but it did not change the avoidance efficiency measured by three spatial parameters. These results suggest that serotonin neurotransmission is not crucial for cognitive coordination and allothetic learning, i.e. the processes, which are crucial for active place avoidance performance.
- MeSH
- antagonisté serotoninu farmakologie MeSH
- fenklonin MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kognice fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- pohybová aktivita fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Long-Evans MeSH
- serotonin metabolismus MeSH
- učení vyhýbat se fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- vnímání prostoru fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Cognitive disorders and dementia occur in 19 to 42% of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Neuropsychological tests can reveal executive dysfunction, impaired visual and verbal memory, tongue and speech impairment, attention disorders and impaired verbal fluency. METHODS: We performed psychiatric and neuropsychological examinations in 12 patients diagnosed with genetically confirmed SCA2 and 12 healthy volunteers matching the patients in age, gender, and length of education. The level of motor impairment was determined using the brief ataxia rating scale (BARS). The neuropsychological examination focused on testing executive functions, short-term visual and verbal memory, attention, psychomotor tempo, visual motor coordination, learning ability and comprehension ability. The tests were divided into two subgroups according to the difficulty of motor tasks. The cognitive abilities composite score (CACS) was determined by calculating the arithmetic mean of T scores of the respective tests. RESULTS: Patients with SCA2 had significantly lower CACSs (p=0.00005) compared to the healthy volunteers. Patients exhibited impaired performance in both difficult and simple motor tests. The severity of cognitive impairment was related to the age at the onset of the disease (p=0.002) but not to the duration or to the overall BARS score. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to healthy volunteers, patients with SCA2 exhibited significantly worse cognitive performance in all areas tested, including the tests of simple motor tasks. Moreover, the cognitive performance of patients worsened as the difficulty of the motor tasks increased.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- exekutivní funkce MeSH
- kognice fyziologie MeSH
- kognitivní poruchy etiologie psychologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- paměť fyziologie MeSH
- pozornost fyziologie MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie MeSH
- spinocerebelární ataxie komplikace genetika psychologie MeSH
- učení fyziologie MeSH
- věk při počátku nemoci MeSH
- zraková percepce fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sleep disorders often predict or co-occur with cognitive decline. Yet, little is known about how the relationship unfolds among older adults at risk for cognitive decline. To examine the associations of sleep disorders with cognitive decline in older adults with unimpaired cognition or impaired cognition (mild cognitive impairment and dementia). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 5,822 participants (Mage = 70) of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database with unimpaired or impaired cognition were followed for 3 subsequent waves. Four types of clinician-diagnosed sleep disorders were reported: sleep apnea, hyposomnia/insomnia, REM sleep behavior disorder, or "other." Cognition over time was measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) or an estimate of general cognitive ability (GCA) derived from scores based on 12 neuropsychological tests. Growth curve models were estimated adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: In participants with impaired cognition, baseline sleep apnea was related to better baseline MoCA performance (b = 0.65, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = [0.07, 1.23]) and less decline in GCA over time (b = 0.06, 95% CI = [0.001, 0.12]). Baseline insomnia was related to better baseline MoCA (b = 1.54, 95% CI = [0.88, 2.21]) and less decline in MoCA over time (b = 0.56, 95% CI = [0.20, 0.92]). Furthermore, having more sleep disorders (across the 4 types) at baseline predicted better baseline MoCA and GCA, and less decline in MoCA and GCA over time. These results were only found in those with impaired cognition and generally consistent when using self-reported symptoms of sleep apnea or insomnia. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Participants with sleep disorder diagnoses may have better access to healthcare, which may help maintain cognition through improved sleep.
- MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce * psychologie MeSH
- kognitivní stárnutí * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- poruchy iniciace a udržování spánku * epidemiologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- syndromy spánkové apnoe * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Enhancing cognitive functions through noninvasive brain stimulation is of enormous public interest, particularly for the aging population in whom processes such as working memory are known to decline. In a randomized double-blind crossover study, we investigated the acute behavioral and neural aftereffects of bifrontal and frontoparietal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with visual working memory (VWM) training on 25 highly educated older adults. Resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) analysis was performed prior to and after each stimulation session with a focus on the frontoparietal control network (FPCN). The bifrontal montage with anode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhanced VWM accuracy as compared to the sham stimulation. With the rs-FC within the FPCN, we observed significant stimulation × time interaction using bifrontal tDCS. We found no cognitive aftereffects of the frontoparietal tDCS compared to sham stimulation. Our study shows that a single bifrontal tDCS combined with cognitive training may enhance VWM performance and rs-FC within the relevant brain network even in highly educated older adults.
- MeSH
- čelní lalok MeSH
- dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
- klinické křížové studie MeSH
- kognice * MeSH
- kognitivně behaviorální terapie metody MeSH
- krátkodobá paměť MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra MeSH
- přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku metody MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stupeň vzdělání MeSH
- temenní lalok MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
The active place avoidance task is a cognitive task requiring spatial learning and cognitive coordination. In this task, animals are trained to move over a continuously rotating arena, on which an imperceptible to-be-avoided sector is defined, remaining stable with respect to the experimental room. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of GABA-B receptor agonist baclofen on locomotion and spatial behavior in active place avoidance task. Baclofen (at doses 2, 3, 3.5, 4 and 6 mg/kg) was applied 30 min prior to testing in the task. Doses 2 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg were found not to interfere with either locomotion or spatial avoidance; a dose 3.5 mg/kg disrupted selectively spatial behavior, and doses 4 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg proved to decrease both avoidance efficiency and locomotor activity. It is concluded that GABA-B receptor agonist baclofen dose-dependently disrupts spatial learning and locomotion in the place avoidance task.
- MeSH
- analýza rozptylu MeSH
- baklofen farmakologie MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- GABA agonisté farmakologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lokomoce účinky léků MeSH
- poruchy učení chemicky indukované MeSH
- potkani Long-Evans MeSH
- prostorové chování MeSH
- reakční čas účinky léků MeSH
- učení vyhýbat se účinky léků MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Úvod: O mozečku je známo, že se podílí na regulaci motorických funkcí, jako jsou svalový tonus či koordinace pohybů. Poznatky z poslední doby ukazují, že má vliv i na kognitivní a emoční procesy. Cílem naší studie bylo přispět k přesnější definici neuropsychologických deficitů u pacientů s poškozením mozečku. Soubor a metodika: Výzkumnou skupinu tvořilo 16 nemocných s lézí omezenou na mozeček, pět žen a 11 mužů, s průměrným věkem 51,4 roku (rozpětí 22–79 let). Mozečková léze byla v osmi případech ischemie, u osmi nemocných operovaný tumor. Kontrolní skupinu tvořilo 16 zdravých osob, pět žen a 11 mužů, s průměrným věkem 57,7 roku (rozpětí 29–79 let). Všichni absolvovali semistrukturovaný rozhovor, neurologické vyšetření ataxie, vyšetření rozsáhlou neuropsychologickou baterií pokrývající kognitivní a exekutivní funkce i prožívaní emocí a dále vyšetření jednofotonovou emisní počítačovou tomografií (SPECT). Výsledky: Skupina s poškozením mozečku dosahovala ve srovnání s kontrolní skupinou statisticky významně horších výsledků v neuropsychologických metodách měřících exekutivní funkce (plánování, strategie, abstrakce, mentální flexibilita, inhibice) i v oblasti paměti, zrakově-prostorových funkcí a pozornosti. Emoční změny nebyly přesvědčivě potvrzeny, i když pozorování ukázalo vyšší emoční labilitu. SPECT nalezl v poškozené hemisféře nižší distribuci radiofarmaka a funkční propojení mezi poškozenou hemisférou mozečku a kontralaterálním frontálním lalokem. Závěr: Naše kvantitativní studie zabývající se neuropsychologickými deficity při mozečkovém postižení nachází výraznou alteraci exekutivy, dále jsou narušeny i zrakově-prostorové a konstrukční schopnosti, v menší míře pak pozornost, učení a paměť.
Introduction: The cerebellum is considered to be mainly involved in motor circuits, particularly movement coordination and muscle tone regulation. However, recent findings show that its functions also include cognition and emotions. The aim of our study was to contribute to this discussion by investigating neuropsychological deficits in patients with cerebellar lesions. Methods: We included 16 subjects with a structural lesion limited to the cerebellum, five women and eight men, with mean age of 51.4 years (range 22–79 years). Etiology involved ischemia in eight patients and tumour surgery in the other eight. The control group was composed of 16 subjects, five women and eight men, mean age 57.7 (range 29–79 years). All subjects underwent a semistructured interview, neurological assessment of ataxia, comprehensive neuropsychological assessment of cognitive, executive and affective functions and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Results: Patients with cerebellar damage scored significantly lower on neuropsychological measurement of executive functions (planning, strategy, abstraction, flexibility, inhibition) and also on memory, visuospatial and attention measures. Affective changes, although clearly present in the clinical picture of the research sample, were not confirmed. SPECT revealed hypoperfusion in the affected cerebellar hemisphere associated with hypoperfusion in the contralateral frontal lobe, suggesting mutual functional relationship between these regions. Conclusion: Our quantitative study of neuropsychological deficits in patients with cerebellar lesions provides a comprehensive account of deficits associated with this type of insult: executive alteration is the most pronounced followed by visuospatial and construction impairment, whereas attention, learning and memory are less impaired.
- MeSH
- ataxie MeSH
- čas MeSH
- čelní lalok patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emoce MeSH
- jednofotonová emisní výpočetní tomografie MeSH
- kognitivní poruchy * MeSH
- kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozeček * patofyziologie MeSH
- nádory mozečku MeSH
- nemoci mozečku MeSH
- neurologie MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- neuropsychologie * MeSH
- perfuze MeSH
- sběr dat MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Supervision is a basic part of training and ongoing education in cognitive behavioural therapy. Self-reflection is an important part of supervision. The conscious understanding of one's own emotions, feelings, thoughts, and attitudes at the time of their occurrence, and the ability to continuously follow and recognize them are among the most important abilities of both therapists and supervisors. The objective of this article is to review aspects related to supervision in cognitive behavioural therapy and self-reflection in the literature. METHODS: This is a narrative review. A literature review was performed using the PubMed, SciVerse Scopus, and Web of Science databases; additional references were found through bibliography reviews of relevant articles published prior to July 2011. The databases were searched for articles containing the following keywords: cognitive behavioural therapy, self-reflection, therapeutic relationship, training, supervision, transference, and countertransference. The review also includes information from monographs referred to by other reviews. RESULTS: We discuss conceptual aspects related to supervision and the role of self-reflection. Self-reflection in therapy is a continuous process which is essential for the establishment of a therapeutic relationship, the professional growth of the therapist, and the ongoing development of therapeutic skills. Recognizing one's own emotions is a basic skill from which other skills necessary for both therapy and emotional self-control stem. Therapists who are skilled in understanding their inner emotions during their encounters with clients are better at making decisions, distinguishing their needs from their clients' needs, understanding transference and countertransference, and considering an optimal response at any time during a session. They know how to handle their feelings so that these correspond with the situation and their response is in the client's best interest. The ability to self-reflect increases the ability to perceive other people's inner emotions, kindles altruism, and increases attunement to subtle signals indicating what others need or want. Self-reflection may be practised by the therapists themselves using traditional cognitive behavioural therapy techniques, or it may be learned in the course of supervision. If therapists are unable to recognize their own thoughts and feelings, or the effects of their attitudes in a therapeutic situation, then they are helpless against these thoughts and feelings, which may control the therapist's behaviour to the disadvantage of the client and therapist alike. CONCLUSION: Training and supervision focused on self-reflection are beneficial to both supervisees and their clients. The more experienced the supervisor is, the more self-reflection used in therapy and supervision.
- MeSH
- kognitivně behaviorální terapie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- organizace a řízení MeSH
- přenos (psychologie) MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) show deficits in motor-cognitive coupling. However, it remains unclear whether such deficits depend on the severity of DCD. The aim of this study was to examine cognitive-motor coupling under different levels of inhibitory control in children with severe (s-DCD) or moderate DCD (m-DCD), compared with typically-developing children (TDC). The performance of 29 primary-school children aged 6-12 years with s-DCD (Mage = 9.12 ± 1.56 years), 53 m-DCD (Mage = 8.78 ± 1.67 years), and 201 TDC (Mage = 9.20 ± 1.50 years) was compared on a double jump reaching task (DJRT) paradigm, presented on a large 42-inch touchscreen. The task display had a circular home-base, centred at the bottom of the display, and three target locations at radials of -20°, 0°, and 20°, 40 cm above the home-base circle. For the standard double-jump reaching task (DJRT), children moved their index finger from home-base circle to touch the target stimulus as fast as possible; 20% were jump trials where the target shifted left or right at lift-off. For the anti-jump reaching task (AJRT), 20% of trials required an anti-jump movement, touching the contralateral target location. While no group differences were shown on the DJRT, the DCD group were slower to complete reaching movements than the TDC group on AJRT; on the latter, the two DCD sub-groups were not shown to differ. Results confirm the presence of motor inhibition deficits in DCD which may not be dependent on the motor severity of the disorder.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH