Inverted indices Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Porovnání výskytu recidiv po zevních a endoskopických výkonech pro invertovaný papilom nosu a vedlejších nosních dutin Typ studie: Retrospektivní studie. Materiál a metoda: Retrospektivně byl hodnocen soubor pacientů léčených pro invertovaný papilom nosu a vedlejších nosních dutin. V letech 1994 – 2004 bylo chirurgicky bylo léčeno dvanáct pacientů. Převažovali muži (n=8) nad ženami (n=4). Nejmladší pacientkou byla třicetiletá žena, nejstarším 69letý muž. Nebyla pozorována stranová predilekce (5krát vpravo, 5krát vlevo), dvakrát byl pozorován oboustranný výskyt. Celkem bylo operováno 14 stran. Devětkrát byl zvolen endoskopický přístup, 5krát zevní - převažovala mediální maxilektomie přístupem přes laterální rinotomii (4krát), jedenkrát byl proveden midfacial degloving. Výsledky: Pooperační sledování bylo průměrně 57 měsíců (medián 58 měsíců), nejkratší doba sledování byla sedm měsíců, nejdelší sledování bylo 120 měsíců. Recidivy byly pozorovány ve 4 případech po endoskopickém výkonu (4/9, tj. 44 %), v jednom případě po výkonu zevním (1/5, tj. 20 %). Celkově byly recidivy pozorovány v 35 %, nejdříve po jednom měsíci, nejdéle po 33 měsících, průměrně po 16,5 měsících. Závěr: Poměrně vysoký počet recidiv nás nutí k zamyšlení o vhodnosti endoskopického přístupu v řešení IP. Z retrospektivního rozboru sestavy pacientů operovaných na našem oddělení vyplývá, že nebyly plně dodržovány některé principy zdůrazňované autory obhajujícími endoskopický endonazální přístup (radikalita, užití frézy). Je zřejmé, že v případě užití endoskopického endonazálního přístupu je nutná větší radikalita, jejímž základním předpokladem je dostatečný přehled v operované oblasti. Vysoký počet recidiv po endoskopickém řešení IP v našem souboru není dle našeho názoru důvodem ke změně indikačních schémat při volbě zevních a endoskopických přístupů, ale je důvodem ke zvýšení radikality endoskopického přístupu.
A comparison of the incidence of relapses after external and endoscopic interventions for inverted papilloma of the nose and paranasal sinuses Type of study: A retrospective study. Materials and Methods: The authors made a retrospective analysis of the group of patients having been treated for inverted papilloma of the nose and paranasal sinuses. In 1994 – 2004 twelve patients were treated by surgery. Men (n=8) were more frequent than women (n=4).A thirty years old woman was the youngest patient, whereas a 69-year man was the oldest one. No side predilection was noticed (5 cases on the left and 5 cases on the right), and bilateral localization was observed in two cases. Fourteen sides were surgically treated on the whole. The endoscopic approach was selected nine times, the external one five times – medial maxillectomy prevailed with the access via lateral rhinotomy (4 times), the midfacial degloving was performed once. Results: The postoperative observation was 57 months on the average (median 58 months) and the shortest period of observation was seven months, the longest one for 120 months. The relapses were observed in four cases after endoscopic intervention (4/9, i.e. 44%), in one case after the external intervention (1/5, i.e. 20%). The relapses were encountered in 35%, the longest one being after 33 months, 16.5 months on the average. Conclusion: The relatively high number of relapses clearly indicates that we should think about the suitability of endoscopic approach in solving IP. The retrospective analysis of the group of patients operated on at our ward make it clear that some principles to which the authors defending the endoscopic endonasal approach had drawn particular attention (radicality, the use of milling machine) were not observed. It has become apparent that when the endoscopic endonasal approach is used a greter radicality becomes necessary and the basic prerequisite is a sufficient view of the operation field. The high frequency of relapses after endoscopic solution of IP in our group does not necessarily mean that the indication schemes should be changed when the selection of external and endoscopic approaches are considered, but is an argument in favor of increased radicality of endoscopic approach.
- MeSH
- endoskopie klasifikace metody trendy MeSH
- invertovaný papilom chirurgie komplikace terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lokální recidiva nádoru diagnóza chirurgie terapie MeSH
- nosní dutina MeSH
- nosní polypy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Invertovaný papilom středouší je vzácným nálezem. Jedná se o benigní, avšak lokálně agresivně rostoucí tumor s tendencí k malignímu zvratu. Diagnóza je obvykle stanovena až pooperačně podle definitivního histologického vyšetření, protože před- ani peroperační nález není patognomický a imponuje jako zánětlivé změny při chronickém středoušním zánětu. Léčbou volby je chirurgická terapie, radioterapie jako léčebná modalita je vyhrazena pro inoperabilní tumory, popřípadě recidivy. V naší kazuistice uvádíme případ 62letého muže, který podstoupil sanační operaci před mnoha lety ve spádové nemocnici z indikace chronického středoušního zánětu. Na naší klinice byl vyšetřován pro pulzatilní tinitus a zhoršení sluchu. Během provedené tympanoplastiky z kombinovaného přístupu nebyl očekávaný tumor (pouze tuhé jizvy) nalezen, a proto byla provedena sanace středoušní dutiny. Až definitivní histologické vyšetření ukázalo invertovaný papilom. Po operaci indikované CT s kontrastní látkou prokázalo perzistenci tumoru. Byla indikována radikální mastoidektomie, která proběhla bez komplikací. Pacient je nyní 32 měsíců v kompletní remisi, bez chronických zánětlivých změn.
Inverted papilloma is a very rare finding in the middle ear. It is a benign, though locally aggressive tumour with a tendency towards malignant transformation. The diagnosis is usually established postoperatively, based on the histological examination, because the local finding is not specific and resembles chronically inflamed tissue in chronic otitis media. Surgery is the treatment of choice. Radiotherapy is reserved for inoperable tumours or a recurrent disease. In this case report, we present a case of a 62-year-old man, who underwent canal wall down tympanoplasty for chronic otitis media in a district hospital many years ago. A few years ago he was examined for pulsatile tinnitus and hearing impairment at our clinic. A combined-approach tympanoplasty did not reveal the expected tumour (only stiff scars) and a clearance of the middle ear cavity was performed. Histological examination revealed an inverted papilloma. A CT scan performed postoperatively proved a tumour persistence. Therefore, a radical mastoidectomy was indicated. The patient is disease-free with no signs of recurrence during 32-month follow-up.
- MeSH
- histologické techniky MeSH
- invertovaný papilom chirurgie diagnóza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mastoidektomie MeSH
- nádory ucha chirurgie diagnóza MeSH
- nedoslýchavost etiologie MeSH
- střední ucho chirurgie patologie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Cíl: Porovnat funkční a anatomické výsledky mezi technikou invertovaného laloku a konvenčním odstraněním interní limitující membrány (ILM) při operačním řešení idiopatických makulárních děr (IMD). Metodika: Retrospektivně jsme hodnotili anatomické a funkční výsledky u 67 očí 65 pacientů operovaných pro IMD. Pacienti byli operováni buď technikou konvenčního peelingu ILM (první skupina), nebo technikou invertovaného laloku ILM (druhá skupina). Do první skupiny bylo zařazeno 43 očí 41 pacientů, do druhé skupiny 24 očí 24 pacientů. K operaci jsme indikovali pouze pacienty s IMD stádia 2–4 dle Gasseho klasifikace. Před a dva měsíce po operaci byla vždy stanovená nejlépe korigovaná zraková ostrost (ZO). Dále bylo provedené srovnání obou technik podle průměrného zisku písmen po operaci a efekt operace byl zhodnocen pomocí OCT, zda došlo k uzavření IMD. U obou technik byla provedena 25G PPV s tamponádou SF6. Výsledky: U konvenčního odstranění ILM došlo k uzavření díry u 41 očí. U jednoho oka nedošlo k uzavření díry ani po reoperaci stejnou technikou. Medián zisku písmen ETDRS byl 7,0. ZO zůstala stejná u 2 očí (4,7 %), v 7 případech (16,2 %) se ZO zhoršila a ve všech ostatních případech došlo k jejímu zlepšení (79,0 %). U 16 očí (37,2 %) se ZO zlepšila o 2 a více řádků ETDRS optotypů. U invertovaného flapu došlo k uzavření díry u všech 24 sledovaných očí. Medián zisku písmen ETDRS byl 9,5. ZO zůstala stejná u 2 očí (8,3 %), ve 2 případech (8,3 %) se ZO zhoršila a ve všech ostatních případech došlo k jejímu zlepšení (83,3 %). U 12 očí (50,0 %) se ZO zlepšila o 2 a více řádků ETDRS optotypů. Peroperačně a pooperačně nebyly žádné závažné komplikace. Závěr: Naše studie prokázala bezpečnost a účinnost obou metod. Přestože výsledky nebyly statisticky signifikantní, technika invertovaného laloku měla oproti konvenční technice peelingu ILM v našem souboru očí větší zisk písmen ETDRS (9,5 vs. 7,0) a počet uzavřených děr (100 % vs. 95,3 %).
Aim: To compare functional and anatomical outcomes between the inverted flap technique and conventional removal of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) in the surgical management of idiopathic macular hole (IMH). Material and methods: We retrospectively evaluated the anatomical and functional results in 67 eyes of 65 patients operated on for IMH. The patients were operated on either using the conventional ILM peeling technique (first group) or with the inverted ILM flap technique (second group). 43 eyes of 41 patients were included in the first group, 24 eyes of 24 patients in the second group. We indicated for surgery only patients with IMH stage 2–4 according to the Gasse classification. Best corrected visual acuity (VA) was always determined before and two months after surgery. Furthermore, a comparison of both techniques was made according to the average letter gain after surgery, and the effect of surgery was evaluated using OCT with regard to whether IMH closure succeeded. For both techniques, 25G PPV with SF6 tamponade was performed. Results: Hole closure took place in 41 eyes with conventional ILM removal. In one eye, the hole did not close even after reoperation with the same technique. Median ETDRS letter gain was 7.0. VA remained the same in 2 eyes (4.7%), worsened in 7 cases (16.2%), and improved in all other cases (79.0%). In 16 eyes (37.2%), VA improved by 2 or more lines of ETDRS charts. Using the inverted flap technique, the hole was closed in all 24 monitored eyes. Median ETDRS letter gain was 9.5. VA remained the same in 2 eyes (8.3%), worsened in 2 cases (8.3%), and improved in all other cases (83.3%). In 12 eyes (50.0%), VA improved by 2 or more lines of ETDRS charts. There were no serious complications intraoperatively or postoperatively. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of both methods. Although the results were not statistically significant, the inverted flap technique recorded a greater ETDRS letter gain (9.5 vs. 7.0) and proportion of closed holes (100% vs. 95.3%) compared to the conventional ILM peeling technique in our set of eyes.
- Klíčová slova
- invertovaný lalok, peeling MLI,
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oftalmologické chirurgické výkony * klasifikace metody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- perforace sítnice * chirurgie klasifikace terapie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- trypanová modř terapeutické užití MeSH
- vitrektomie klasifikace metody MeSH
- vnitřní tamponáda klasifikace metody MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zraková ostrost MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Strukturální patologie postihující zadní jámu lební jsou méně častým cílem stereotaktických biopsií pro koncentraci vitálních struktur v omezeném prostoru a komplikovanější přístup. K provedení stereotaktické biopsie se používá přístup transfrontální (kanyla zavedena z frontální trepanace), transtentoriální (temporoparietální trepanace přes střed tentoria) a transcerebelární (ze subokcipitální trepanace). Volba přístupu závisí především na vztahu léze k jednotlivým částem mozkového kmene. Použití transcerebelárního přístupu je omezeno stereotaktickým rámem nad subokcipitální oblastí, limitujícím zavedení kanyly. Možným řešením je využití obrácené montáže stereotaktického rámu a operačního systému se zavedením kanyly pod rámem. Ve sdělení je analyzováno využití modifikovaného transcerebelárního přístupu u čtyř rizikových nemocných s diagnosticky nejasnými patologickými procesy postihujícími struktury zadní jámy lební. U všech nemocných stereotaktická biopsie modifikovaným transcerebelárním přístupem umožnila bezpečný odběr vzorku, jehož histologické vyšetření zásadním způsobem ovlivnilo léčebný postup.
Structural lesions affecting posterior fossa region represent a less frequent indication for stereotactic biopsy since vital structures are concentrated in a confined space of posterior fossa and an approach is more demanding. Transfrontal (bioptic cannula inserted from frontal trephination), transtentorial (temporoparietal trephination, cannula passing through tentorial center) and direct transcerebellar approaches may all be used for biopsy sampling. The choice of the surgical approach depends on the location of the lesion with respect to the brainstem. The main limitation of the direct transcerebellar biopsy is the location of the frame directly over the suboccipital region that restricts the options for insertion of a cannula. Inverted stereotactic frame fixation can be used to overcome this technical limitation with subsequent cannula insertion below the frame. The paper analyses the use of the modified transcerebellar approach in four patients with lesions of unclear etiology affecting the posterior fossa structures. The modified transcerebellar stereotactic approach enabled safe bioptic sampling in all patients with decisive impact on further treatment. Key words: frame-based stereotaxy – biopsy – infratentorial tumor Acceted for review: 21. 5. 2012 Accepted for print: 25. 7. 2012
- MeSH
- astrocytom MeSH
- biopsie * MeSH
- diagnostické techniky a postupy MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- nádory mozkového kmene MeSH
- nemoci mozečku MeSH
- nemoci mozku MeSH
- neurologické manifestace MeSH
- neurologie MeSH
- postura těla MeSH
- příznaky a symptomy MeSH
- radioterapie MeSH
- stereotaktické techniky * MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zadní jáma lební * patologie MeSH
- zdravotnické prostředky MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
The current monkeypox virus (MPXV) strain differs from the strain arising in 2018 by 50+ single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and is mutating much faster than expected. The cytidine deaminase apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing enzyme, catalytic subunit B (APOBEC3) was hypothesized to be driving this increased mutation. APOBEC has recently been identified to preferentially mutate cruciform DNA secondary structures formed by inverted repeats (IRs). IRs were recently identified as hot spots for mutation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and we aimed to identify whether IRs were also hot spots for mutation within MPXV genomes. We found that MPXV genomes were replete with IR sequences. Of the 50+ SNPs identified in the 2022 outbreak strain, 63.9% of these were found to have arisen within IR regions in the 2018 reference strain (MT903344.1). Notably, IR sequences found in the 2018 reference strain were significantly lost over time, with an average of 32.5% of these sequences being conserved in the 2022 MPXV genomes. This evidence was highly indicative that mutations were arising within IRs. This data provides further support to the hypothesis that APOBEC may be driving MPXV mutation and highlights the necessity for greater surveillance of IRs of MPXV genomes to detect new mutations.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
- virus opičích neštovic * genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Since it is not yet clear whether it is possible to satisfactorily avoid sampling-induced stress interference in poultry, more studies on the pattern of physiological response and detailed quantification of stress connected with the first few minutes of capture and pre-sampling handling in poultry are required. This study focused on detection of changes in the corticosterone level and concentrations of other selected biochemical parameters in broilers handled in two different manners during blood sampling (involving catching, carrying, restraint, and blood collection itself) that lasted for various time periods within the interval 30-180 seconds. METHODS: Stress effects of pre-sampling handling were studied in a group (n = 144) of unsexed ROSS 308 broiler chickens aged 42 d. Handling (catching, carrying, restraint, and blood sampling itself) was carried out in a gentle (caught, held and carried carefully in an upright position) or rough (caught by the leg, held and carried with lack of care in inverted position) manner and lasted for 30 s, 60 s, 90 s, 120 s, 150 s, and 180 s. Plasma corticosterone, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, lactate, triglycerides and total protein were measured in order to assess the stress-induced changes to these biochemical indices following handling in the first few minutes of capture. RESULTS: Pre-sampling handling in a rough manner resulted in considerably higher plasma concentrations of all biochemical indices monitored when compared with gentle handling. Concentrations of plasma corticosterone after 150 and 180 s of handling were considerably higher (P < 0.01) than concentrations after 30-120 s of handling regardless of handling technique. Concentrations of plasma lactate were also increased by prolonged handling duration. Handling for 90-180 seconds resulted in a highly significant elevation of lactate concentration in comparison with 30 s handling regardless of handling technique. Similarly to corticosterone concentrations, a strong positive correlation was found between plasma lactate and duration of pre-sampling handling. Other biochemical indices monitored did not show any correlation pattern in connection with duration of pre-sampling handling. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the pre-sampling procedure may be a considerably stressful procedure for broilers, particularly when carried out with lack of care and exceeding 120 seconds.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- chov zvířat metody MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- kortikosteron krev MeSH
- kur domácí krev fyziologie MeSH
- kyselina mléčná krev MeSH
- odběr vzorku krve metody veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Plant transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens is characterized by integration of commonly low number of T-DNAs at random positions in the genome. When integrated into an active gene region, promoterless reporter genes placed near the T-DNA border sequence are frequently transcribed and even translated to reporter proteins, which is the principle of promoter- and gene-trap lines. RESULTS: Here we show that even internal promotorless regions of T-DNAs are often transcribed. Such spontaneous transcription was observed in the majority of independently transformed tobacco BY-2 lines (over 65%) and it could effectively induce silencing if an inverted repeat was present within the T-DNA. We documented that the transcription often occurred in both directions. It was not directly connected with any regulatory elements present within the T-DNAs and at least some of the transcripts were initiated outside of the T-DNA. The likeliness of this read-through transcription seemed to increase in lines with higher T-DNA copy number. Splicing and presence of a polyA tail in the transcripts indicated involvement of Pol II, but surprisingly, the transcription was able to run across two transcription terminators present within the T-DNA. Such pervasive transcription was observed with three different T-DNAs in BY-2 cells and with lower frequency was also detected in Arabidopsis thaliana. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate unexpected pervasive read-through transcription of T-DNAs. We hypothesize that it was connected with a specific chromatin state of newly integrated DNA, possibly affected by the adjacent genomic region. Although this phenomenon can be easily overlooked, it can have significant consequences when working with highly sensitive systems like RNAi induction using an inverted repeat construct, so it should be generally considered when interpreting results obtained with the transgenic technology.
- MeSH
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens genetika MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- DNA bakterií genetika MeSH
- genetická transkripce * MeSH
- geneticky modifikované rostliny MeSH
- messenger RNA genetika MeSH
- obrácené repetice genetika MeSH
- promotorové oblasti (genetika) genetika MeSH
- reportérové geny MeSH
- tabák genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Repetitive extragenic palindromic elements (REPs) constitute a group of bacterial genomic repeats known for their high abundance and several roles in host cells´ physiology. We analyzed the phylogenetic distribution of particular REP classes in genomic sequences of sixty-three bacterial strains belonging to the Pseudomonas fluorescens species complex and ten strains of Stenotrophomonas sp., in order to assess intraspecific REP diversity and to gain insight into long-term REP evolution. RESULTS: Based on proximity to RAYT (REP-associated tyrosine transposase) genes, twenty-two and thirteen unique REP classes were determined in fluorescent pseudomonads and stenotrophomonads, respectively. In stenotrophomonads, REP elements were typically found in tens or a few hundred copies per genome. REPs of fluorescent pseudomonads were generally more numerous, occurring in hundreds or even over a thousand perfect copies of particular REP class per genome. REP sequences showed highly heterogeneous distribution. The abundances of REP classes roughly followed host strains´ phylogeny, differing markedly among individual clades. High abundances of particular REP classes appeared to depend on the presence of the cognate RAYT gene, and deviations from this state could be attributed to recent or ancient mutations of rayt-flanking REPs, or RAYT loss. RAYTs of both studied bacterial groups are monophyletic, and their cognate REPs show species-specific characteristics, suggesting shared evolutionary history of REPs, RAYTs and their hosts. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our large-scale analysis show that REP elements constitute intriguingly dynamic components of genomes of fluorescent pseudomonads and stenotrophomonads, and indicate that REP diversification and proliferation are ongoing processes. High numbers of REPs have apparently been retained during the entire evolutionary time since the establishment of these two bacterial lineages, probably because of their beneficial effect on host long-term fitness. REP elements in these bacteria represent a suitable platform to study the interplay between repeated elements, their mobilizers and host bacterial cells.
Apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) is a tentative member of the genus Apscaviroid, family Pospiviroidae. AFCVd has a narrow host range and is known to infect apple, hop and persimmon as natural hosts. In this study, tomato, cucumber and wild hop have been identified as new experimental herbaceous hosts. Foliar symptoms were very mild or virtually undetectable, but fruits of infected tomato were small, cracked and distorted. These symptoms resemble those observed on some AFCVd-sensitive apple cultivars. After transfer to tomato, cucumber and wild hop, sequence changes were detected in a natural AFCVd isolate from hop, and major variants in tomato, cucumber and wild hop differed in 10, 8 or 2 nucleotides, respectively, from the predominant one in the inoculum. The major variants in tomato and cucumber were almost identical, and the one in wild hop was very similar to the one in cultivated hop. Detailed analyses of the host-dependent sequence changes that appear in a naturally occurring AFCVd isolate from hop after transfer to tomato using small RNA deep sequence data and infectivity studies with dimeric RNA transcripts followed by progeny analysis indicate that the major AFCVd variant in tomato emerged by selection of a minor variant present in the inoculum (i.e. hop) followed by one to two host-dependent de novo mutations. Comparison of the secondary structures of major variants in hop, tomato and persimmon after transfer to tomato suggested that maintenance of stem-loop structures in the left-hand half of the molecule is critical for infection.
- MeSH
- Cucumis sativus virologie MeSH
- Diospyros virologie MeSH
- Humulus virologie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- konformace nukleové kyseliny MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- nemoci rostlin virologie MeSH
- obrácené repetice MeSH
- replikace viru * MeSH
- RNA virová chemie genetika MeSH
- rostlinné viry genetika izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- Solanum lycopersicum virologie MeSH
- viroidy genetika izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Methods of artificial evolution such as SELEX and in vitro selection have made it possible to isolate RNA and DNA motifs with a wide range of functions from large random sequence libraries. Once the primary sequence of a functional motif is known, the sequence space around it can be comprehensively explored using a combination of random mutagenesis and selection. However, methods to explore the sequence space of a secondary structure are not as well characterized. Here we address this question by describing a method to construct libraries in a single synthesis which are enriched for sequences with the potential to form a specific secondary structure, such as that of an aptamer, ribozyme, or deoxyribozyme. Although interactions such as base pairs cannot be encoded in a library using conventional DNA synthesizers, it is possible to modulate the probability that two positions will have the potential to pair by biasing the nucleotide composition at these positions. Here we show how to maximize this probability for each of the possible ways to encode a pair (in this study defined as A-U or U-A or C-G or G-C or G.U or U.G). We then use these optimized coding schemes to calculate the number of different variants of model stems and secondary structures expected to occur in a library for a series of structures in which the number of pairs and the extent of conservation of unpaired positions is systematically varied. Our calculations reveal a tradeoff between maximizing the probability of forming a pair and maximizing the number of possible variants of a desired secondary structure that can occur in the library. They also indicate that the optimal coding strategy for a library depends on the complexity of the motif being characterized. Because this approach provides a simple way to generate libraries enriched for sequences with the potential to form a specific secondary structure, we anticipate that it should be useful for the optimization and structural characterization of functional nucleic acid motifs.
- MeSH
- aptamery nukleotidové genetika MeSH
- DNA katalytická genetika MeSH
- genová knihovna * MeSH
- konformace nukleové kyseliny MeSH
- mutageneze MeSH
- nukleotidové motivy genetika MeSH
- obrácené repetice genetika MeSH
- párování bází MeSH
- pravděpodobnost MeSH
- řízená evoluce molekul metody MeSH
- RNA katalytická genetika MeSH
- syntetická biologie metody MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH