Life expectancy
Dotaz
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- MeSH
- celosvětové zdraví MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- naděje dožití MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- ukazatele zdravotního stavu MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- východní Evropa MeSH
Několik sdělení ve světové literatuře přineslo poznatky o vlivu výše důchodů na střední délku života. Prezentovaná studie se pokusila ověřit tento vztah u české populace ve věku 65 let. Byla však nalezena nízká a statisticky nevýznamná korelace mezi krajskými průměry starobních důchodů a krajskými průměry střední délky života u mužů a střední, rovněž nesignifikantní korelace u žen. Naproti tomu podíl vysokoškolsky vzdělaných měl vysokou a statisticky významnou korelaci se střední délkou života 65letých a determinoval ji zhruba čtyřiceti procenty, více u mužů, méně u žen. Autor v diskusi upozorňuje na možný vliv použité metodologie na statisticky nesignifikantní korelace mezi důchody a střední délkou života.
Influence of income from pensions on life expectancy was described in several articles in medical journals and research reports. Present study tried to verify this association in the Czech population of 65 years of age. However, only a very low correlation was found in men and medium correlation in women between regional averages of pension income and life expectancy with limited statistical significance. On the contrary, the percentage of higher educated significantly correlated with life expectancy in both men and women and determined life expectancy by about 40%. The author discusses the low effect of pensions income on life expectancy of elderly people in this study and points out the possible influence of the methodology used.
- MeSH
- demografie MeSH
- etnicita MeSH
- kojenecká mortalita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- naděje dožití MeSH
- výchova a vzdělávání MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Střední délka života mužů ve věku 0 se zvýšila v období let 1995-2003 o 2,3 roku, žen o 2,1 roku. SDŽ se zvýšila ve všech věkových skupinách, i když v nestejné míře. Diferenční náklady z fondů veřejného zdravotního pojištění na 1 přidaný rok života činily u populace nově narozených 2599 Kč, u populace patnáctiletých 1379 Kč, 451etých 3783 Kč a 651etých 12 503 Kč. Zejmé¬na mezi diferenčními náklady populací 451etých a 651etých byly značné rozdíly v nákladech mezi muži a ženami. Byla rovněž provedena analýza citlivosti za předpokladu, že SDŽ je ovlivněna zdravotnickými intervencemi 10 %, 15 % a 20 %. Za předpokladu, že SDŽ je ovlivněna zdravotnickými intervencemi hra¬zenými z veřejných zdrojů 15 %, činí náklady na přidaný rok života populace narozených mužů 18 780 Kč, populace narozených žen 15 867 Kč, náklady najeden přidaný rok života jsou ve věkové skupině 651etých v průměru devětkrát vyšší. Tyto náklady jsou však nižší v porovnání s náklady vynaloženými ve většině západoevropských zemích. Marginální náklady na přidaný rok života činily v ČR u populace nově naroze¬ných 1238 amerických dolarů vyjádřených v paritě kupní síly.
Life expectancy (LE) of Czech males was extension on 2.3 years at age one between period 1995-2003, in females population it was 2.1 years. LE was growing at all age groups in this period. The differences costs of the public insured funds on one added yer of life was 2599 CZK at age one, 1379 CZK at age 15, 3783 CZK at age 45 and 12503 CZK at age 65. The sensitivity analysis was providing for some hypotheses about the influence medical care on LE. At the hypothesis that medical care influences LE 15%, marginal costs on one added year of life the males at age 0 was 18 780 CZK (1385 international dollars), for females population it was 15 786 CZK (1176 internatio-nal dollars). For the persons at age 65 years was costs on added year of life ninefold higher. The marginal costs on one year added life there are higher in the most countries west Europe in comparison with Czech Republic.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the interdependence between life expectancy and numerous social indicators, i.e., to determine the factors that encourage an increase or decrease in life expectancy. METHODS: Pearson coefficients as well as linear and logarithmic trends and correlations between the dependent variable of life expectancy and numerous independent variables were calculated and analysed. The calculations were carried out for all countries in the world for which data is available. Based on the strength of the correlations between life expectancy and numerous indicators, we have tried to determine the reasons for the different values of life expectancy in the various countries. RESULTS: Important factors for achieving high life expectancy values are economic development and healthcare spending but the spread of "diseases of the modern era", such as obesity or diabetes, have a significant negative impact on life expectancy. Other important limiting factors for life expectancy are large income inequalities, a higher share of private healthcare expenditure in total healthcare expenditure and lower total healthcare expenditure. Less developed societies can significantly increase their life expectancy by providing clean water and safe sanitation and by combating various infectious diseases (especially HIV). CONCLUSIONS: Life expectancy is a meaningful indicator of the state of social development and accurately reflects the general state of a particular society. It has been shown that GDP per capita (PPP) is a key determinant of life expectancy, while other important factors play the role of a further modifier.
With the exception of Denmark, life expectancy in Western Europe has shown a significant increase over the last decades. During that period of time overall taxation has increased in most of the countries, especially in Denmark. We, therefore, examined whether taxation could influence life expectancy in Western Europe. We used information on the sum of income tax and employees' social contribution in percentage of gross wage earnings from the OECD database and data on disability adjusted life expectancy at birth from the World Health Organization database. We arbitrarily only included countries with populations in excess of 4 millions and thereby excluded smaller countries where tax exemption is part of the national monetary policy. We found that disability adjusted life expectancy at birth was inversely correlated to the total tax burden in Western Europe. We speculate whether a threshold exists where high taxes exert a negative influence on life expectancy despite increased welfare spending. The study suggests that tax burden should be considered among the multiple factors influencing life expectancy.
OBJECTIVES: To quantify the magnitude of differences between observed overall survival and respective, age-adjusted Social Security Administration life tables-derived life expectancy in Caucasian, African American, Hispanic/Latino and Asian metastatic prostate cancer patients. Furthermore, to test for differences in cancer-specific mortality and other-cause mortality according to race/ethnicity. METHODS: We relied on the 2004-2006 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database to identify Caucasian, African American, Hispanic/Latino and Asian metastatic prostate cancer patients. Social Security Administration life tables were used to compute 10-year life expectancy for comparisons with observed overall survival. Poisson regression plots showed cancer-specific mortality relative to other-cause mortality for each race/ethnicity. RESULTS: A total of 2574 (64.2%) patients were Caucasian, 753 (18.8%) were African American, 453 (11.3%) were Hispanic/Latino and 227 (5.7%) were Asian, respectively. The median age at diagnosis was 72 years in Caucasian patients, 68 years in African American patients, 70 years in Hispanic/Latino patients and 72 years in Asian patients. Observed overall survival rates were always lower compared with respective predicted life expectancy. The magnitude of the difference between observed overall survival and predicted life expectancy at 10 years was highest in African American patients (-52.2%), followed by Caucasian patients (-48.3%), Hispanic/Latino patients (-46.1%) and Asian patients (-37.4%). African American patients showed the highest cancer-specific mortality rates (71.1%) and second-highest other-cause mortality rates (17.4% vs highest 18.4% in Caucasian patients), despite having the youngest age at diagnosis. Asian patients showed the lowest cancer-specific mortality rates (65.5%, P < 0.0001) and lowest other-cause mortality rates (13.3%, P = 0.04), despite having the oldest age at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Despite having the youngest age at diagnosis, African American patients show the least favorable survival profile in metastatic prostate cancer. Conversely, Asian patients show the most favorable survival profile in metastatic prostate cancer, despite having the oldest age at diagnosis.
- MeSH
- běloši MeSH
- černoši nebo Afroameričané MeSH
- etnicita * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- naděje dožití MeSH
- nádory prostaty * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- naděje dožití trendy MeSH
- náklady na zdravotní péči statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zdravotnické zdroje ekonomika statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
