• MeSH
• DNA genetika   MeSH
• genetické jevy MeSH
• genom MeSH
• geny fyziologie   MeSH
• proteiny genetika   MeSH
• RNA genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Obecná genetika. Obecná cytogenetika. Evoluce
• NLK Obory
• genetika, lékařská genetika

Although the Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum) is an ectomycorrhizal fungus of important economic value, its subterranean life cycle and population biology are still poorly understood. Here, we determine mating type and simple sequence repeat (SSR) maternal genotypes of mapped fruiting bodies to assess their genetic structure within two naturally colonized forest sites in southern Germany. Forty-one genotypes were identified from 112 fruiting bodies. According to their mating types, the maternal genotypes were aggregated only in one population. Genotypic diversity of individuals that mostly were small and occurred in 1 out of 2 years of sampling was high. Although these results suggested a ruderal colonization strategy, some genets spread several hundred meters. This result indicates that, besides sexual spore dispersal, vegetative growth or spreading by mycelial propagules contributes to dissemination. In one site, fewer individuals with a tendency to expand genets belonging to only one genetic group were observed. In the second site, numerous small individuals were found and were grouped into two clearly differentiated genetic groups that were spatially intermingled. Forest characteristics and disturbances are possible reasons for the observed genetic patterns. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the biology of one of the most widespread and commercially important truffle species. This knowledge is critical for establishing and maintaining sustainable long-term truffle cultivations.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota genetika   MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• fungální geny pro párovací typ genetika   MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• mykorhiza genetika   MeSH
• plodnice hub MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Německo MeSH

Sexual reproduction is ubiquitous among eukaryotes, and fully asexual lineages are extremely rare. Prominent among ancient asexual lineages are the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a group of plant symbionts with a multinucleate cytoplasm. Genomic divergence among co-existing nuclei was proposed to drive the evolutionary success of AMF in the absence of sex(1), but this hypothesis has been contradicted by recent genome analyses that failed to find significant genetic diversity within an AMF isolate(2,3). Here, we set out to resolve issues surrounding the genome organization and sexual potential of AMF by exploring the genomes of five isolates of Rhizophagus irregularis, a model AMF. We find that genetic diversity in this species varies among isolates and is structured in a homo-dikaryon-like manner usually linked with the existence of a sexual life cycle. We also identify a putative AMF mating-type locus, containing two genes with structural and evolutionary similarities with the mating-type locus of some Dikarya. Our analyses suggest that this locus may be multi-allelic and that AMF could be heterothallic and bipolar. These findings reconcile opposing views on the genome organization of these ubiquitous plant symbionts and open avenues for strain improvement and environmental application of these organisms.

• MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• fungální geny pro párovací typ * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genom fungální * MeSH
• genomika MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• mykorhiza genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• rekombinace genetická MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

• MeSH
• genom MeSH
• geny MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Obecná genetika. Obecná cytogenetika. Evoluce
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• NLK Obory
• genetika, lékařská genetika
• biologie

• MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• genetika MeSH
• geny MeSH
• molekulární biologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Obecná genetika. Obecná cytogenetika. Evoluce
• NLK Obory
• genetika, lékařská genetika
• biologie

Trichophyton onychocola is a recently described geophilic dermatophyte that has been isolated from a toenail of Czech patient with a history of onychomycosis due to T. rubrum and clinical suspicion of relapse. In this study, we report a similar case from Denmark in an otherwise healthy 56-year-old man. The patient had a history of great toenail infection caused by T. rubrum in 2004 and presented with suspected relapse in 2011 and 2013. Trichophyton onychocola was the only microbial agent isolated at the second visit in 2013 and the identification was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Direct microscopic nail examination was positive for hyphae, however the etiological significance of T. onychocola was not supported by repeated isolation of the fungus. This new species may be an overlooked geophilic species due to the resemblance to some common species, for example, zoophilic T. interdigitale or some species of geophilic dermatophytes. We included differential diagnosis with phenotypically similar species; however, it is recommended that molecular methods are used for correct identification. The MAT locus of Danish strain was of opposite mating type than in the previously isolated Czech strain and the two isolates were successfully mated. The mating experiments with related heterothallic species T. thuringiense and Arthroderma melis were negative. The sexual state showed all typical signs of arthroderma-morph and is described by using optical as well as scanning electron microscopy. The sexual state was induced on a set of agar media, however low cultivation temperature and the presence of keratin source were crucial for the success rather than formulation of medium.

• MeSH
• buněčné dělení * MeSH
• crossing over (genetika) * MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   MeSH
• fungální geny pro párovací typ MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• nehty mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• onychomykóza diagnóza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Trichophyton genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Dánsko MeSH

Lecanosticta acicola is a heterothallic ascomycete that causes brown spot needle blight on native and nonnative Pinus spp. in many regions of the world. In this study we investigated the origin of European L. acicola populations and estimated the level of random mating of the pathogen in affected areas. Part of the elongation factor 1-α gene was sequenced, 11 microsatellite regions were screened, and the mating type idiomorphs were determined for 201 isolates of L. acicola collected from three continents and 17 host species. The isolates from Mexico and Guatemala were unique, highly diverse and could represent cryptic species of Lecanosticta. The isolates from East Asia formed a uniform and discrete group. Two distinct populations were identified in both North America and Europe. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses strongly suggest independent introductions of two populations from North America into Europe. Microsatellite data and mating type distributions indicated random recombination in the populations of North America and Europe. Its intercontinental introduction can most likely be explained as a consequence of the movement of infected plant material. In contrast, the spread of L. acicola within Europe appears to be primarily due to conidial dispersion and probably also ascospore dissemination.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• borovice mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fungální geny pro párovací typ genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• listy rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice genetika   MeSH
• nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• populační genetika MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Guatemala MeSH
• Mexiko MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH

Ceriporiopsis latemarginata and Antrodiella angulatopora are two Neotropical polypores that are very similar morphologically and are characterized by effused-reflexed basidiomes, large angular pores, small ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores and a monomitic hyphal system with presence of thick-walled hyphae with infrequent clamps. In order to verify the evolutionary relations of C. latemarginata and to find its taxonomic placement, morphological, biological, and phylogenetic studies were carried out, as well as comparisons with Antrodiella s.s. and Ceriporiopsis s.s. Mono- and poly-sporic cultures were obtained and used for mating system and nuclear behaviour studies, as well as for DNA sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit of ribosomal RNA gene, translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit-like gene. Type specimens of C. latemarginata and A. angulatopora were morphologically examined and their synonymy was confirmed. The results obtained support the description of a new polypore genus Rickiopora in the residual polyporoid clade characterized by a bipolar mating system, an astatocoenocytic nuclear behaviour, and a monomitic hyphal system that display a metachromatic reaction in cresyl blue.

• MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   MeSH
• elongační faktor 1 genetika   MeSH
• fungální geny pro párovací typ MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• Polyporales klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• RNA-polymerasa II genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Natural Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates from vineyards in the Western Cape, South Africa were evaluated for ethanol production in industrial conditions associated with the production of second-generation biofuels. The strains displayed high phenotypic diversity including the ability to grow at 45 °C and in the presence of 20% (v/v) ethanol, strain YI13. Strains HR4 and YI30 were inhibitor-tolerant under aerobic and oxygen-limited conditions, respectively. Spore-to-spore hybridization generated progeny that displayed heterosis, including increased ethanol productivity and improved growth in the presence of a synthetic inhibitor cocktail. Hybrid strains HR4/YI30#6 and V3/YI30#6 were able to grow at a high salt concentration (2 mol/L NaCl) with V3/YI30#6 also able to grow at a high temperature (45 °C). Strains HR4/YI30#1 and #3 were inhibitor-tolerant, with strain HR4/YI30#3 having similar productivity (0.36 ± 0.0036 g/L per h) as the superior parental strain, YI30 (0.35 ± 0.0058 g/L per h). This study indicates that natural S. cerevisiae strains display phenotypic variation and heterosis can be achieved through spore-to-spore hybridization. Several of the phenotypes (temperature-, osmo-, and inhibitor tolerance) displayed by both the natural strains and the generated progeny were at the maximum conditions reported for S. cerevisiae strains.

• MeSH
• ethanol metabolismus   MeSH
• fermentace MeSH
• fungální geny pro párovací typ MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• lignin metabolismus   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Jihoafrická republika MeSH

Článek informuje o možnostech současné medicíny a životního stylu jedince, jak ovlivnit délku i kvalitu života.

The paper informs about possibilities of present medicine, but also individual life style, to influence the length and quality of our life.

• MeSH
• buněčný cyklus fyziologie   genetika   MeSH
• epidemiologické studie MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• genetické jevy fyziologie   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• kalorická restrikce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• medicína založená na důkazech trendy   MeSH
• metformin metabolismus   MeSH
• mezioborová komunikace MeSH
• obezita genetika   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• proteinkinasy fyziologie   genetika   MeSH
• sirtuiny fyziologie   genetika   MeSH
• stárnutí fyziologie   genetika   MeSH
• stilbeny metabolismus   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• životní styl MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH