Miniaturisation
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Oxycodone is a widely prescribed, full agonist opioid analgesic. As such, it is used clinically to treat different kinds of painful conditions, with a relatively high potential for doping practices in athletes. In this paper, different classic and innovative miniaturised matrices from blood and urine have been studied and compared, to evaluate their relative merits and drawbacks within therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and to implement new protocols for anti-doping analysis. Plasma, dried blood spots (DBS) and dried plasma spots (DPS) have been studied for TDM purposes, while urine, dried urine spots (DUS) and volumetric absorptive microsamples (VAMS) from urine for anti-doping. These sampling techniques were coupled to an original bioanalytical method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the evaluation and monitoring of the levels of oxycodone and its major metabolites (noroxycodone and oxymorphone) in patients under pain management and in athletes. The method was validated according to international guidelines, with good results in terms of precision, extraction yield and accuracy for all considered micromatrices. Thus, the proposed sampling, pre-treatment and analysis are attractive strategies for oxycodone determination in human blood and urine, with advanced options for application to derived micromatrices. Microsampling procedures have significant advantages over classic biological matrices like simplified sampling, storage and processing, but also in terms of precision (<9.0% for DBS, <7.7% for DPS, <7.1% for DUS, <5.3% for VAMS) and accuracy (>73% for DBS, >78% for DPS, >74% for DUS, >78% for VAMS). As regards extraction yield, traditional and miniaturised sampling approaches are comparable (>67% for DBS, >74% for DPS, >75% for DUS, >75% for VAMS). All dried matrices have very low volumes, leading to a significant advantage in terms of analysis feasibility. On the other hand, this also leads to a corresponding decrease in the overall sensitivity.
- MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová metody MeSH
- doping ve sportu metody MeSH
- krevní plazma chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- miniaturizace metody MeSH
- moč chemie MeSH
- monitorování léčiv metody MeSH
- morfinany krev moč MeSH
- odběr biologického vzorku metody MeSH
- odběr vzorku krve MeSH
- oxykodon krev moč MeSH
- oxymorfon krev moč MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody MeSH
- tělesné tekutiny chemie MeSH
- test suché kapky krve metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Miniaturizace je jedním z velkých témat současnosti a v chemii se také uplatňuje. Z chemických reakcí ve větších měřítkách, v baňkách, se přechází na miniaturizované systémy mikroreaktorů. Postupným vývojem byly optimalizovány materiály i techniky pro práci v mikroměřítku. Mnohé studie se zabývají rozborem dokonce jednotlivých molekul, často se jedná o makromolekuly typu DNA, nebo proteinu. Je možné vytvářet reaktory s objemem attolitrů. Některé experimenty slibují do budoucna užitečnou aplikaci v medicíně, ale i dalších oborech.
Today, miniaturization is one of the top topics and chemistry undergoes it as well. Chemical reactions were usually performed in flasks but at the present time, there are many endeavours to miniaturize them to microreactor systems. Used methods and materials are still being optimised to be able to work in this micro and nano-scale volume. There are many experiments studying even single molecules (often macromolecules like DNA or proteins). It is possible to create reactors even of attoliter volume. Therefore applications in medicine and other disciplines can be expected in the future.
Společnost Medtronic, dlouhodobý lídr v oblasti pokročilých kardiostimulačních technologií a miniaturizace zařízení, oznamuje provedení první implantace nejmenšího kardiostimulátoru na světě: MicraTM Transcatheter Pacing System (TPS). Implantace zařízení proběhla v rakouském Linci v rámci celosvětové klinické studie společnosti Medtronic. Micra TPS je schválen k výzkumným účelům po celém světě.
- MeSH
- kardiostimulátor * trendy využití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- miniaturizace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- O autorovi
- Medtronic Czechia (firma) Autorita
Cíl studie: Vyhodnotit první zkušenosti s hysteroskopem o průměru 3 mm.Typ studie: Prospektivní studie.Název a sídlo pracoviště: Gynekologicko-porodnická klinika 1. LF UK a VFN v Praze, Apolinářská18, Praha 2.Metodika: V období červen–listopad 2001 jsme provedli 105 hysteroskopických intrauterinníchvýkonů za použití minihysteroskopu o průměru 3 mm. Celkem 60 (57,1 %) výkonů bylo diagnostickýcha 45 (42,9 %) výkonů bylo operačních (stopkaté útvary do 2 cm).Použili jsme hysteroskop firmy Gynecare (divize Johnson & Johnson) s průměrem 1,9 mm a pouzdros rozpínacím pracovním kanálem 3,2 mm. Diagnostické výkony byly provedeny minimálněinvazivní technikou – zaváděním optiky vaginoskopickou cestou; většina výkonů bez jakékolivanestezie. V případě operačního výkonu jsme použili vaporizační bipolární elektrody Versapointa jako distenční médium fyziologický roztok s jeho aktivním odsáváním.Výsledky: Operatér hodnotil optické intrauterinní podmínky, pacientka posuzovala subjektivníkomfort při výkonu (komfortní, diskomfortní-snesitelný, bolestivý-nesnesitelný). Nezaznamenalijsme žádné perioperační komplikace. Jako komfortní byl výkon popsán v 83 (79 %) případech, ve22 (21 %) případech jako diskomfortní, přičemž se jednalo výlučně o operační hysteroskopie. Jakobolestivý-nesnesitelný nebyl popsán žádný výkon.Závěr: Na základě prvních zkušeností s miniaturizovaným hysteroskopem se domníváme, že tytosystémy s malým průměrem umožní v blízké budoucnosti převést podstatnou část hysteroskopickýchdiagnostických a operačních (po přiměřené selekci pacientek) výkonů do běžné praxe ambulantníhospecialisty.
Objective: To evaluate our first experience with 3mm hysteroscope.Design: Prospective study.Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1st medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague.Methods: 105 hysteroscopic procedures in normal saline as distension fluid were performed betweenJune and November 2001. We performed 60 (57.1%) diagnostic procedures and 45 (42.9%)minor surgical intrauterine interventions (mainly endometrial polyp < 2 cm ressection).We used Versascope (Gynecare, Johnson & Johnson) 1.9 mm optics with 3.2 mm expandableoperative sheath. All diagnostic procedures were done by minimal invasive way – using vaginoscopicapproach. Main part of procedures were performed without any anaesthesia. In case ofoperative intervention we used Versapoint bipolar electrodes in normal saline and active outflow.Results: The surgeon evaluated the intrauterine findings and the patient evaluated subjectivecomfort during the procedure (comfortable, uncomfortable, painful). No complications were registeredduring or post procedure. 83 (73%) women undergone diagnostic procedure described theprocedure without discomfort, 22 (21%) women described a moderate discomfort with pressure inthe lower abdomen (all undergone intrauterine surgical intervention). No patient described severediscomfort or wish to have general anesthesia.Conclusion: Miniaturized optical systems allows us to perform most cases of diagnostic and surgicalintrauterine interventions (after proper patient selection) in an outpatient or office setting.
Aims: To follow the IFNγ receptor expression on monocytes and granulocytes of cardiac surgical patients with respect to the type of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods: Expression of IFNγ receptor on monocytes and granulocytes of 26 cardiac surgical patients operated with the use of either "standard" or "miniaturised" CPB was determined by flow cytometry. Results: The significant increase in IFNγ receptor expression on monocytes on the 1(st) and on the 3(rd) postoperative days was revealed in both groups of patients (p<0.001) irrespective of the type of CPB used, being non-significantly different between groups. In contrast, the expression of IFNγ on granulocytes displayed significant differences in terms of the CPB used. Whereas, in "standard" CPB patients, granulocyte INFγ receptor expression reached its maximum immediately after surgery (p<0.01), in "miniivasive" CPB patients, the peak in INFγ receptor expression was postponed to the 1(st) postoperative day (p<0.05). Statistically significantly higher IFNγ receptor expression on granulocytes was found in "standard" CPB patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: Compared to "miniaturised" CPB patients, the significantly higher IFNγ receptor expression on granulocytes was found in "standard" CPB patients (p<0.05) on the 1(st) postoperative day.
- MeSH
- granulocyty metabolismus MeSH
- kardiochirurgické výkony MeSH
- kardiopulmonální bypass klasifikace metody MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- miniaturizace MeSH
- monocyty metabolismus MeSH
- pooperační období MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- receptory interferonů metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Autori v práci predkladajú svoje skúsenosti s minimal-flow anestéziou uskutočňovanou naprístroft Cato firmy Dräger. Vyzdvihujú jej ekonomický prínos v pporovnaní s klasickou anestéziou pri použití inhalačného anestetika izofluránu a halotánu. Túto techniku použili u 204 náhodne vybraných chorých (90 mužov a 114 žien) ASA 2-4 s telesnou hmotnosťou 50-110 kg a vekom 20-78 rokov. Pri použití minimal-flow anestézie zistili, že spotreba inhalačného anestetika sa zníži o 2,8 kyslíka 6,6krát a oxidu dusného 20 krát.
The authors present their experience with minimal-flow anesthesia using anesthesia machine Cato (Drdger). They stress its economic benefit compared to classic anesthesia using volatile anesthetic agents isoflurane and halothane. This technique was used in 204 randomly chosen patients (90 men, 114 women) ASA status U-TVwith body weight 50-11(110 kg, age 20-78 years. During minimal-flow anesthesia, the consumption of inhalational anesthetic was dectcreased by 2,8 oxygen 6,6 and nitrous oxide 20 times.
- MeSH
- anestetika inhalační aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- inhalační anestezie ekonomika metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- miniaturizace ekonomika přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- srdeční pumpa Impella CP,
- MeSH
- miniaturizace MeSH
- podpůrné srdeční systémy * MeSH
- srdeční katetrizace MeSH
- Publikační typ
- zprávy MeSH
With the current transformation of the pharmaceutical industry towards continuous manufacturing, there is an inherent need to embrace this concept already during the early stages of drug formulation. Therefore, this research paper investigated the feasibility of using miniaturized forced feeders on a high-speed rotary tablet press with the intention of downscaling the tableting process. Forced feeders with a reduced volume (up to 46% compared to the conventional two-compartment forced feeder) were designed by either sealing one compartment (i.e. R&D1) or lowering of the compartment height (i.e. R&D2). These feed frame designs were thoroughly analysed in combination with two paddle types over a wide range of process-settings (i.e. tableting speed, paddle speed, direction of paddle rotation, overfill-level). A poorly flowing model powder (i.e. MCC 101) was deliberately selected as challenging formulation. Empirical modelling of feed frame R&D1 revealed a positive impact on the die-filling variability when the radial curved cuboid paddles rotated in counterclockwise direction at high paddle speed. Moreover, a strong resemblance between the R&D2 feed frame and the conventional forced feeder was observed during multivariate data analysis, indicating that this miniaturized type could be used during downscaling studies of the conventional tableting process. The potential of this forced feeder was acknowledged by the similar trends in die-filling variability with respect to varying process settings, when a design-of-experiments (DOE) was performing including feed frame type as a qualitative factor. Overall, it was concluded that both types of miniaturized forced feeders can be used on a high-speed rotary tablet press when lower material consumption rates are desired while the R&D2 feed frame bears the highest predictability regarding the die-filling uniformity in the conventional larger two-compartment forced feeder.
- MeSH
- celulosa MeSH
- farmaceutická technologie metody MeSH
- miniaturizace MeSH
- pomocné látky MeSH
- tablety * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Currently, robots are mostly used in industry (production lines and machining centers), where allow high productivity and accuracy of work that human is not able to achieve. One of the many areas of operation of remote robotic systems are places for human risky or inaccessible. For this reason, there is a robotic device capable of analyzing samples in the location of their occurrence, and sending the obtanined data. Thanks to the development of these technologies environmental problems without risk to humans may be solved. The knowledge acquired from the application of these technologies can be further used in space research. In this review, we deal with microflow systems that are used for a wide range of applications, which are summarized in this work.
