V Německu se v současné době používají pro imunoterapii alergie na žito ( Secale cereale) specifické pylové extrakty. Podobně jako většina trav, patří S. cereale do podčeledi Pooideae. Při použití sér od pacientů alergických na pyly, ukazují inhibiční studie provedené metodami imunoblotování a ELISA, že alergenní extrakt z pěti trav Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis a Phleum pratense inhibuje více než 90 % vazby IgE na alergeny žita. Tento výsledek potvrzuje vysoký stupeň homologie mezi alergeny ze S. cereale a běžných druhů trav. Závěr: Smě s pylů pěti trav je vhodná pro alergenovou imunoterapii pacientů , kteří jsou alergičtí na pyly žita, bez nutnosti přidání extraktů pylů žita.
In Germany ,specific pollen extracts are currently used for immunotherapy of rye ( Secale cereale) allergy. S.cereale belongs to the Pooideae subfamily. Using sera from grass pollen-allergic patients, immunobloting and ELISA inhibition studies demonstrate that a five g rass allergenic extract from Anthoxanthum adoratum, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis and Phleum pretense inhibits over 90% of IgE binding to rye allergens. This result confirms the high degree of homology between allergens from S. cereale and common grass species. Conclusion: Five-grass pollen mixture is appropriate for specific allergen immunotherapy of patients who are allergic to rye pollen without the need for additional rye pollen extracts.
The genomes of many plants, animals, and fungi frequently comprise dispensable B chromosomes that rely upon various chromosomal drive mechanisms to counteract the tendency of non-essential genetic elements to be purged over time. The B chromosome of rye - a model system for nearly a century - undergoes targeted nondisjunction during first pollen mitosis, favouring segregation into the generative nucleus, thus increasing their numbers over generations. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Here, using a newly-assembled, ~430 Mb-long rye B chromosome pseudomolecule, we identify five candidate genes whose role as trans-acting moderators of the chromosomal drive is supported by karyotyping, chromosome drive analysis and comparative RNA-seq. Among them, we identify DCR28, coding a microtubule-associated protein related to cell division, and detect this gene also in the B chromosome of Aegilops speltoides. The DCR28 gene family is neo-functionalised and serially-duplicated with 15 B chromosome-located copies that are uniquely highly expressed in the first pollen mitosis of rye.
- MeSH
- Aegilops genetika metabolismus MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin * genetika MeSH
- karyotypizace MeSH
- mitóza * genetika MeSH
- nondisjunkce genetická MeSH
- pyl genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné geny MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- žito * genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Účel prehľadu Cieľom tohto prehľadu je preskúmať stav vedomostí a klinickú prax v súvislosti so vzťahom medzi chronickou obštrukčnou chorobou pľúc a výskytom osteoporózy a fraktúr. Nové poznatky Je potvrdené jednoznačné spojenie medzi chronickou obštrukčnou chorobou pľúc a nadmerným úbytkom kostnej hmoty alebo rizikom fraktúr. Málo sa vie o patofyziologických procesoch súvisiacich s úbytkom kostnej hmoty, ale nedávne správy poukazujú na prítomnosť súvislého systémového zápalu u pacientov s chronickou obštrukčnou chorobou pľúc. V rámci tohto zápalu sa uvoľňujú zápalové cytokíny, ako tumor-nekrotizujúci faktor a a interleukín 1. V priebehu chronickej obštrukčnej choroby pľúc dochádza ku katabolizmu proteínov, vrátane zvýšenej tvorby katalytických enzýmov (matrixových metaloproteináz atď.). Tieto procesy spolu so zápalovými cytokínmi indukujú odbúravanie kostnej hmoty. Súhrn Pacienti s chronickou obštrukčnou chorobou pľúc majú zvýšené riziko osteoporózy a fraktúr. Svoj podiel môžu mať rizikové faktory, ako fajčenie, vyšší vek, fyzická nečinnosť, malnutrícia a nízka telesná hmotnosť, ale tento proces je možné vysvetliť aj viacerými patofyziologickými dejmi, napríklad prítomnosťou chronického zápalového stavu so zvýšenými hodnotami prozápalových cytokínov a katalytických enzýmov proteínov. Významným rizikovým faktorom je tiež užívanie perorálnych glukokortikoidov. Zvýšenú pozornosť je nutné zacieliť na stanovenie diagnózy osteoporózy už v skorom štádiu; preto je potrebné, aby si odborníci boli vedomí rizika osteoporózy u tejto skupiny pacientov.
The purpose of this review is to examine the state of knowledge and clinical practice in the association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to osteoporosis and fracture incidence. RECENT FINDINGS: There is a clear association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and excessive bone loss/risk of fractures. Little is known about the pathophysiological processes involved in the bone loss, but recent reports point to a continuous systemic inflammatory state in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This inflammation involves the release of inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1. During the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a protein catabolic process takes place, including increased production of catalytic enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases etc.), which together with the inflammatory cytokines induces bone resorption. SUMMARY: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Risk factors such as smoking, advanced age, physical inactivity, malnutrition, and low weight may be responsible, but a number of pathophysiological explanations including the presence of a chronic inflammatory state with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and protein catalytic enzymes may also be involved. The use of oral glucocorticoids is also a significant risk factor. Increased awareness is highly warranted to diagnose osteoporosis at an early stage, and professionals should be aware of the risk of osteoporosis in this patient population.
Ergot alkaloids are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry in drug preparations for treating migraines and Parkinson's disease, inducing uterine contraction, and other purposes. Phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Claviceps (e.g. C. purpurea) comprise a major biological source of ergot alkaloids. Worldwide industrial production of these alkaloids derives almost equally from two biotechnological procedures: submerged culture of the fungus in fermenters and field parasitic production in dormant fungal organs known as sclerotia (also termed ergot). Ergot yields from field cultivation are greatly affected by weather and also can be much reduced by pollen contamination from imperfectly male-sterile rye, as only unfertilized ovaries can be infected by C. purpurea spores. Two substances with gametocidal effect - maleic hydrazide and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid - were tested during three consecutive seasons in small field experiments for the ability to induce or amplify the male sterility of rye as well as the impacts on germination of C. purpurea spores and general vitality of rye host plants. Maleic hydrazide was proven to be a highly effective gametocide on both a fertile rye variety and a variety with imperfectly induced cytoplasmic male sterility. It showed negligible effect on germination of C. purpurea spores. Both accurate dosaging of the active gametocidal compound and timing of the application just 2-3 weeks before onset of anthesis proved crucial to achieving high ergot yield with minimum grain impurities.
- MeSH
- hydrazid kyseliny maleinové aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- námelové alkaloidy biosyntéza izolace a purifikace MeSH
- neplodnost rostlin účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- organofosforové sloučeniny aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin farmakologie MeSH
- upregulace účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zárodečné buňky rostlin účinky léků MeSH
- žito účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Rye is a valuable food and forage crop, an important genetic resource for wheat and triticale improvement and an indispensable material for efficient comparative genomic studies in grasses. Here, we sequenced the genome of Weining rye, an elite Chinese rye variety. The assembled contigs (7.74 Gb) accounted for 98.47% of the estimated genome size (7.86 Gb), with 93.67% of the contigs (7.25 Gb) assigned to seven chromosomes. Repetitive elements constituted 90.31% of the assembled genome. Compared to previously sequenced Triticeae genomes, Daniela, Sumaya and Sumana retrotransposons showed strong expansion in rye. Further analyses of the Weining assembly shed new light on genome-wide gene duplications and their impact on starch biosynthesis genes, physical organization of complex prolamin loci, gene expression features underlying early heading trait and putative domestication-associated chromosomal regions and loci in rye. This genome sequence promises to accelerate genomic and breeding studies in rye and related cereal crops.
- MeSH
- délka genomu MeSH
- duplikace genu MeSH
- genetické lokusy MeSH
- genom rostlinný * MeSH
- kontigové mapování metody MeSH
- kvantitativní znak dědičný * MeSH
- pšenice genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- retroelementy MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- škrob biosyntéza MeSH
- šlechtění rostlin MeSH
- vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny genetika MeSH
- žito genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Rye (Secale cereale L.) is an exceptionally climate-resilient cereal crop, used extensively to produce improved wheat varieties via introgressive hybridization and possessing the entire repertoire of genes necessary to enable hybrid breeding. Rye is allogamous and only recently domesticated, thus giving cultivated ryes access to a diverse and exploitable wild gene pool. To further enhance the agronomic potential of rye, we produced a chromosome-scale annotated assembly of the 7.9-gigabase rye genome and extensively validated its quality by using a suite of molecular genetic resources. We demonstrate applications of this resource with a broad range of investigations. We present findings on cultivated rye's incomplete genetic isolation from wild relatives, mechanisms of genome structural evolution, pathogen resistance, low-temperature tolerance, fertility control systems for hybrid breeding and the yield benefits of rye-wheat introgressions.
- MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace genetika MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- genom rostlinný * MeSH
- genová introgrese MeSH
- imunita rostlin genetika MeSH
- karyotyp MeSH
- mapování chromozomů metody MeSH
- pšenice genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- šlechtění rostlin metody MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny genetika imunologie MeSH
- žito genetika imunologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
To investigate element speciation in digested rye flakes, a simulated digestion using pig?s pepsin and pancreatin was performed at 37 °C. The digest was analyzed by SEC/ICP-MS (Superdex 75, 0.02 mol l-1 Tris-HCl buffer). Most elements in flakes are solubilized by enzymatic hydrolysis. P and Mo recoveries in SEC analysis of the digest approach to 100 %, those of Fe and Cu range from 60 to 80 % and that of Zn varies from 10 to 40 %. Ionic species or labile complexes were not recovered. The proportions of elements change as a result of enzyme digestion. No Fe is recovered in SEC analysis of flake extracts. Most Fe in the digest is bonded to a mediummolecular- weight fraction. Low-molecular-weight (<2 kDa) fractions with bonded Cu and Zn partly persist in the digest.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus farmakoterapie MeSH
- gemfibrozil farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- hypolipidemika farmakologie MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci farmakoterapie MeSH
- koronární nemoc farmakoterapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipoproteiny analýza MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
- metabolický syndrom farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
During interphase, the chromosomes of eukaryotes decondense and they occupy distinct regions of the nucleus, called chromosome domains or chromosome territories (CTs). In plants, the Rabl's configuration, with telomeres at one pole of nucleus and centromeres at the other, appears to be common, at least in plants with large genomes. It is unclear whether individual chromosomes of plants adopt defined, genetically determined addresses within the nucleus, as is the case in mammals. In this study, the nuclear disposition of alien rye and barley chromosomes and chromosome arm introgressions into wheat while using 3D-FISH in various somatic tissues was analyzed. All of the introgressed chromosomes showed Rabl's orientation, but their relative positions in the nuclei were less clear. While in most cases pairs of introgressed chromosomes occupied discrete positions, their association (proximity) along their entire lengths was rare, and partial association only marginally more frequent. This arrangement is relatively stable in various tissues and during various stages of the cell cycle. On the other hand, the length of a chromosome arm appears to play a role in its positioning in a nucleus: shorter chromosomes or chromosome arms tend to be located closer to the centre of the nucleus, while longer arms are more often positioned at the nuclear periphery.
- MeSH
- buněčné jádro MeSH
- chromatin genetika MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin * MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční * metody MeSH
- interfáze * genetika MeSH
- ječmen (rod) genetika MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- pšenice genetika MeSH
- žito genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Neurology, ISSN 0028-3878 Vol. 63, no. 8, suppl. 3, October 26, 2004
38 s. : il., tab. ; 28 cm
- MeSH
- dopamin MeSH
- neurologické manifestace MeSH
- Parkinsonova nemoc komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- poruchy spánku a bdění MeSH
- Publikační typ
- sborníky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- neurologie
