Signalling pathways
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Endocrine-related cancer, ISSN 1351-0088 vol. 13, suppl. 1, 2006
135 s. : il. ; 26 cm
- MeSH
- nádory závislé na hormonech MeSH
- testy karcinogenity MeSH
- transformující růstové faktory genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- sborníky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- onkologie
- biologie
- endokrinologie
Similarly to animals, nitrous oxide (NO) has emerged recently as a key signalling molecule in many physiological and pathological processes in plants. This review summarizes the current knowledge and understanding of the molecular mechanisms of NO synthesis and signalling in plant cells.
Modern genetics ; vol. 5
xiii, 317 s. : il.
From tumorigenesis to the establishment of local or metastatic high-grade tumours, an integral part of the cellular lifespan relies on various signalling pathways. Particular pathways that allow cells to proliferate by creating a network of new blood vessels have been documented, whereas other pathways are primarily involved with a migration to distant body parts, partially through the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This review will discuss the different signalling pathways, such as TGF-β, Cripto-1, Wnt pathways, Hedgehog, Notch and NF-κB pathways, and how they promote tumour initiation and progression by influencing diverse cellular processes and EMT in general and in benign and malignant prostate tumours. This review will discuss only the critical pathways. Therefore, many other types of signalling pathways which are related to prostate cancer will not be discussed. Possibilities for further investigation will be mentioned, as many underlying mechanisms involved in these pathways have potential as targets in future tumour therapy. This review will also introduce some novel clinical trials relating to the inhibition of signalling pathways and their clinical outcomes.
- MeSH
- epitelo-mezenchymální tranzice fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory prostaty * patologie metabolismus terapie farmakoterapie MeSH
- NF-kappa B metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny hedgehog metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce * fyziologie MeSH
- transformující růstový faktor beta metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Findings are summarized about basic intracellular signalling pathways influencing neurotransmission and involved in neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric disorders. Psychotropic drugs used in the therapy of a series of mental disorders, mood disorders especially, show neurotrophic or neuroprotective effects after long-term treatment. Thus, beyond adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase and calcium system, attention has been paid to the tyrosine kinase pathway and Wnt pathway. New neurochemical hypotheses of mood disorders are disclosed; they were formulated on the basis of known effects of antidepressants or mood stabilizers on intracellular signal transduction, i.e. on the function, plasticity and survival of neurons. These hypotheses focus on the constituents of intracellular signalling pathways that could be studied as biological markers of mood disorders: transcription factor CREB, neurotrophin BDNF and its trkB receptor, anti-apoptotic factor Bcl2, pro-apoptotic enzyme GSK3, caspases, calcium, and a number of mitochondrial functions related to brain energy metabolism.
- MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- nervový přenos účinky léků MeSH
- neurony metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- poruchy nálady farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- psychotropní léky farmakologie metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
elektronický časopis
- Konspekt
- Buněčná biologie. Cytologie
- NLK Obory
- biologie
- cytologie, klinická cytologie
- NLK Publikační typ
- elektronické časopisy
Multistep phosphorelay (MSP) pathways mediate a wide spectrum of adaptive responses in plants, including hormonal and abiotic stress regulations. Recent genetic evidence suggests both partial redundancy and possible functional cross-talk on the one hand and a certain level of specificity on the other. Here, we discuss recent achievements improving our understanding of possible molecular mechanisms of specificity in MSP. We consider a certain evolutionary conservation of ancestral two-component signalling systems from bacteria in a process of molecular recognition that, as we have recently shown, could be applied also to a certain extent in the case of plant MSP. Furthermore, we discuss possible roles of kinase and phosphatase activities, kinetics of both these enzymatic reactions, and phosphorylation lifetime. We include also recent findings on the expression specificity of individual members of MSP pathways and, finally, based on our recent findings, we speculate about a possible role of magnesium in regulation of MSP pathways in plants. All these mechanisms could significantly influence specificity and signalling output of the MSP pathways.
Cytokinin is a multifaceted plant hormone that plays major roles not only in diverse plant growth and development processes, but also stress responses. We summarize knowledge of the roles of its metabolism, transport, and signalling in responses to changes in levels of both macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur) and micronutrients (boron, iron, silicon, selenium). We comment on cytokinin's effects on plants' xenobiotic resistance, and its interactions with light, temperature, drought, and salinity signals. Further, we have compiled a list of abiotic stress-related genes and demonstrate that their expression patterns overlap with those of cytokinin metabolism and signalling genes.
- MeSH
- aklimatizace MeSH
- cirkadiánní hodiny MeSH
- cytokininy metabolismus MeSH
- fyziologický stres * MeSH
- fyziologie rostlin * MeSH
- období sucha MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostliny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- salinita MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- světlo MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- vývoj rostlin MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Dishevelled (DVL) proteins are key mediators of most Wnt pathways. In all vertebrates, three DVL paralogs are present (DVL1, DVL2 and DVL3) but it is poorly defined to what extent they are functionally redundant. Here, we generated T-REx HEK 293 cells with only one DVL paralog (i.e., DVL1-only, DVL2-only, and DVL3-only) and compared their response to Wnt-3a and Wnt-5a ligands with wild type and DVL triple knockout cells. We show that DVL is essential, in addition to the previously shown Wnt-3a-induced phosphorylation of LRP6 and transcriptional activation of TCF/LEF-dependent reporter, also for Wnt-3a-induced degradation of AXIN1 and Wnt-5a-induced phosphorylation of ROR1. We have quantified the molar ratios of DVL1:DVL2:DVL3 in our model to be approximately 4:80:16. Interestingly, DVL-only cells do not compensate for the lack of other paralogs and are still fully functional in all analyzed readouts with the exception of Wnt-3a-induced transcription assessed by TopFlash assay. In this assay, the DVL1-only cell line was the most potent; on the contrary, the DVL3-only cell line exhibited only the negligible capacity to mediate Wnt signals. Using a novel model system - complementation assays in T-REx HEK 293 with amplified Wnt signal response (RNF43/ZNRF3/DVL1/DVL2/DVL3 penta KO cells) we demonstrate that it is not the total amount of DVL but ratio of individual paralogs what decides the signal strength. In sum, this study contributes to our better understanding of the role of individual human DVL paralogs in the Wnt pathway.
