Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease characterised by excessive accumulation of surfactant components in alveolar macrophages, alveoli, and peripheral airways. The accumulation of surfactant is associated with only a minimal inflammatory response but can lead to the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Three clinical forms of PAP are distinguished - primary, secondary and congenital. In recent years, significant findings have helped to clarify the ethiology and pathogenesis of the disease. Apart from impaired surfactant protein function, a key role in the development of PAP is played by signal pathway of granulocyte and macrophage colonies stimulating growth factor (GM-CSF) which is necessary for the functioning of alveolar macrophages and for surfactant homeostasis. Surfactant is partially degraded by alveolar macrophages that are stimulated by GM-CSF. The role of GM-CSF has been shown especially in primary PAP, which is currently considered an autoimmune disease involving the development of GM-CSF neutralising autoantibodies. Clinically, the disease may be silent or manifest with dyspnoeic symptoms triggered by exertion and cough. However, there is a 10 to 15% rate of patients who develop respiratory failure. Total pulmonary lavage is regarded as the standard method of treatment. In addition, recombinant human GM-CSF has been studied as a prospective therapy for the treatment of PAP.

• MeSH
• Macrophages, Alveolar * immunology   pathology   MeSH
• Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor * metabolism   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis * pathology   MeSH
• Rare Diseases * pathology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Perflorochemicals (PFCs), among which are the most commonly detected perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are persistent emergent contaminants of concern in recent times. These compounds have been reported for their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicities. Meanwhile, they have been detected in diverse matrices such as soil, sediment, and, surprisingly, in serum and even breastmilk. Worrisomely, these compounds are detected in drinking water across the globe, aquaculture water, and other surface waters. Thus, it was important to appraise the studies conducted on PFOS and PFOA to provide an overview of the environmental status of contamination regarding them. The present review article sought to provide insights into the occurrence patterns and ecotoxic effects of both pollutants in the water ecosystems within five continents of the world. Based on the information gathered in this article, the ∑PFOS concentration (ng/L) within the five continents is in the order Europe > Asia > Africa > North America > South America, while the ∑PFOA level (ng/L) is in the order Europe > Asia > South America > Africa > North America. The study also investigated the previous works that have been conducted regarding the diverse elimination technologies employed for the removal of these pollutants from the aqueous environments, with plasma combined with surfactant process being the most efficient. Generally, studies on PFOS/PFOA are still scanty when compared to those on pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), especially in North America. The information gathered in this study could be useful in establishing thresholds of PFOA and PFOS environmental levels and be adopted by appropriate authorities as safety guidelines.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

BACKGROUND: Interstitial lung disease is rarer in children than adults, but, with increasing diagnostic awareness, more cases are being discovered. The prognosis of childhood interstitial lung disease is often poor, but increasing numbers are now surviving into adulthood. AIM: To characterise childhood interstitial lung disease survivors and identify their impact on adult interstitial lung disease centres. METHODS: This was a European study (34 adult and childhood interstitial lung disease centres) reporting incident/prevalent cases of childhood interstitial lung disease survivors from January to July 2023. Epidemiological, clinical, physiological and genetic data were collected. RESULTS: 244 patients were identified with a median (interquartile range) age at diagnosis of 12.5 years (6-16 years) and age at study inclusion of 25 years (22-33 years), with 51% male, 86% nonsmokers and a median (interquartile range) % predicted forced vital capacity of 70% (47-89%) and diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide of 48% (32-75%). 32% were prescribed long-term oxygen and 227 (93%) were followed up in adult centres whereas 17 (7%) never transitioned. The commonest diagnoses (82%) were childhood interstitial lung disease category B1 (sarcoidosis, hemosiderosis, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis) at 35%, A4 (surfactant-related) at 21%, B2 (bronchiolitis obliterans, hypersensitivity pneumonitis) at 14% and Bz (unclassified interstitial lung disease) at 13%. Bz patients had the worst functional status. 60% of all patients were still being prescribed corticosteroids. Re-specification of diagnosis and treatment were made after transition for 9.8% and 16% of patients, respectively. Not all childhood interstitial lung disease diagnoses were recognised in adult interstitial lung disease classifications. CONCLUSION: Childhood interstitial lung disease survivors are seen in most adult interstitial lung disease centres and only a minority continue follow-up in paediatric centres. Survivors have a significant loss of lung function. The heterogeneity of their aetiologies and therapeutic requirements has a real impact on adult interstitial lung disease centres. Re-specification of diagnosis and treatment may contribute to precision and personalisation of management.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Lung Diseases, Interstitial * diagnosis   physiopathology   epidemiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Survivors * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Prognosis MeSH
• Vital Capacity MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Multicenter Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

• MeSH
• Laryngeal Masks classification   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Pulmonary Surfactants * administration & dosage   pharmacology   classification   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Pulmonary Ventilation MeSH
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome diagnosis   drug therapy   nursing   MeSH
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn * diagnosis   drug therapy   nursing   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

This study investigates the interaction of two approved and one newly developed latanoprost formulation with in vitro and in silico models of the tear film and tear film lipid layer (TFLL). Latanoprost, a prostaglandin analogue used for intraocular elevated pressure treatment, is topically delivered by nanocarriers within aqueous solutions or emulsions. The study focuses on the impact of these carriers on drug interactions with the tear film and their effect on the TFLL. Three different types of latanoprost carriers, micellar, nanoemulsion, and polymer-based, were compared, and each revealed distinct interaction patterns with the TFLL. Surface pressure kinetics demonstrated a rapid increase for the benzalkonium chloride formulation and a slow rise for the preservative-free variants. Visualization of the acellular in vitro TFLL model revealed different patterns of incorporation for each formulation, indicating unique interaction mechanisms. Molecular dynamics simulations further revealed different mechanisms of drug release in the TFLL between micellar and nanoemulsion formulations. In-depth examination highlighted the role of triglyceride molecules in replenishing the nonpolar layer of the TFLL, which suggests potential improvements in ocular surface compatibility by adjusting the quality and concentration of the oily phase. These findings suggest the potential for optimizing latanoprost formulations by tuning the oily phase-to-surfactant ratio and selecting suitable surfactants.

• MeSH
• Antihypertensive Agents therapeutic use   MeSH
• Glaucoma * drug therapy   MeSH
• Latanoprost therapeutic use   MeSH
• Drug Delivery Systems MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Intraocular Pressure MeSH
• Eye * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Regarding the use of lung ultrasound (LU) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) across Europe, to assess how widely it is used, for what indications and how its implementation might be improved. DESIGN AND INTERVENTION: International online survey. RESULTS: Replies were received from 560 NICUs in 24 countries between January and May 2023. LU uptake varied considerably (20%-98% of NICUs) between countries. In 428 units (76%), LU was used for clinical indications, while 34 units (6%) only used it for research purposes. One-third of units had <2 years of experience, and only 71 units (13%) had >5 years of experience. LU was mainly performed by neonatologists. LU was most frequently used to diagnose respiratory diseases (68%), to evaluate an infant experiencing acute clinical deterioration (53%) and to guide surfactant treatment (39%). The main pathologies diagnosed by LU were pleural effusion, pneumothorax, transient tachypnoea of the newborn and respiratory distress syndrome. The main barriers for implementation were lack of experience with technical aspects and/or image interpretation. Most units indicated that specific courses and an international guideline on neonatal LU could promote uptake of this technique. CONCLUSIONS: Although LU has been adopted in neonatal care in most European countries, the uptake is highly variable. The main indications are diagnosis of lung disease, evaluation of acute clinical deterioration and guidance of surfactant. Implementation may be improved by developing courses and publishing an international guideline.

• MeSH
• Intensive Care Units, Neonatal * MeSH
• Practice Patterns, Physicians' statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Lung * diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn diagnostic imaging   therapy   MeSH
• Ultrasonography * methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

Publikace se zaměřuje na terapii různých akutních stavů v neonatologii, zejména na resuscitaci a na aplikaci surfaktantu při syndromu dechové tísně. Určeno odborné veřejnosti.; Odborná monografie je věnována problematice oblasti péče o novorozence. Určena je převážně pro postgraduální studium v oborech pediatrie, neonatologie, praktické lékařství pro děti a dorost, intenzivní medicína, ošetřovatelství a porodní asistence.

• MeSH
• Pediatric Emergency Medicine MeSH
• Emergencies MeSH
• Neonatology MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Surface-Active Agents MeSH
• Resuscitation MeSH
• Practice Guidelines as Topic MeSH
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome MeSH
• Emergency Treatment MeSH
• Check Tag
• Infant, Newborn MeSH

• Conspectus
• Pediatrie
• NML Fields
• perinatologie a neonatologie
• urgentní lékařství
• NML Publication type
• kolektivní monografie

This systematic review aimed to summarize the available data on the treatment of pulmonary contusions with exogenous surfactants, determine whether this treatment benefits patients with severe pulmonary contusions, and evaluate the optimal type of surfactant, method of administration, and drug concentration. Three databases (MEDline, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched using the following keywords: pulmonary surfactant, surface-active agents, exogenous surfactant, pulmonary contusion, and lung contusion for articles published between 1945 and February 2023, with no language restrictions. Four reviewers independently rated the studies for inclusion, and the other four reviewers resolved conflicts. Of the 100 articles screened, six articles were included in the review. Owing to the limited number of papers on this topic, various types of studies were included (two clinical studies, two experiments, and two case reports). In all the studies, surfactant administration improved the selected ventilation parameters. The most frequently used type of surfactant was Curosurf® in the concentration of 25 mg/kg of ideal body weight. In most studies, the administration of a surfactant by bronchoscopy into the segmental bronchi was the preferable way of administration. In both clinical studies, patients who received surfactants required shorter ventilation times. The administration of exogenous surfactants improved ventilatory parameters and, thus, reduced the need for less aggressive artificial lung ventilation and ventilation days. The animal-derived surfactant Curosurf® seems to be the most suitable substance; however, the ideal concentration remains unclear. The ideal route of administration involves a bronchoscope in the segmental bronchi.

• MeSH
• Bronchoscopy methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pulmonary Surfactants * administration & dosage   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Lung Injury * drug therapy   etiology   MeSH
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome * drug therapy   etiology   MeSH
• Respiration, Artificial methods   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Contusions * drug therapy   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Systematic Review MeSH

There is increasing pharmaceutical interest in deep eutectic solvents not only as a green alternative to organic solvents in drug manufacturing, but also as liquid formulation for drug delivery. The present work introduces a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES) to the field of lipid-based formulations (LBF). Phase behavior of a mixture with 2:1 M ratio of decanoic- to dodecanoic acid was studied experimentally and described by thermodynamic modelling. Venetoclax was selected as a hydrophobic model drug and studied by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the mixtures. As a result, valuable molecular insights were gained into the interaction networks between the different components. Moreover, experimentally the HDES showed greatly enhanced drug solubilization compared to conventional glyceride-based vehicles, but aqueous dispersion behavior was limited. Hence surfactants were studied for their ability to improve aqueous dispersion and addition of Tween 80 resulted in lowest droplet sizes and high in vitro drug release. In conclusion, the combination of HDES with surfactant(s) provides a novel LBF with high pharmaceutical potential. However, the components must be finely balanced to keep the integrity of the solubilizing HDES, while enabling sufficient dispersion and drug release.

• MeSH
• Chemistry, Pharmaceutical methods   MeSH
• Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions * MeSH
• Lauric Acids chemistry   MeSH
• Lipids * chemistry   MeSH
• Oils chemistry   MeSH
• Polysorbates chemistry   MeSH
• Surface-Active Agents * chemistry   MeSH
• Drug Compounding * methods   MeSH
• Solvents * chemistry   MeSH
• Solubility * MeSH
• Molecular Dynamics Simulation * MeSH
• Sulfonamides chemistry   administration & dosage   MeSH
• Drug Liberation * MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Nocardia spp., which belongs to one of the Nocardio-form filamentous bacteria, is usually surface hydrophobic and when overproduced attaches to the surface of bubbles under the action of surfactants, allowing the stable presence of foam on the surface of aeration tanks, leading to the occurrence of sludge-foaming events. Two novel phages, P69 and KYD2, were isolated from the environment, and their hosts were Nocardia transvalensis and Nocardia carnea, respectively. These two phages are Siphophages-like with long tails. An aeration tank pilot plant was constructed in the laboratory to simulate sludge foaming, and these two strains of phage were applied. Compared with the reactor not dosed with phage, the application of phage could reduce the host level in the reactor, resulting in the highest decrease in turbidity by more than 68% and sludge volume index by more than 25%. The time for surface foam disappearance was 9 h earlier than that of the control group (the group with the same concentration of Nocardia carnea but no bacteriophage applied), significantly improving water quality. The phage can effectively inhibit the propagation of Nocardia in the actual sludge-foaming event, control the sludge foaming, and improve the effluent quality. It provides a novel and relatively economical solution for controlling sludge foaming in sewage treatment plants in the future, shows that the phages have potential application value in the prevention and control of Nocardia, and provides another way to control the sludge-foaming event caused by the excessive reproduction of Nocardia in the future.

• MeSH
• Bacteriophages * isolation & purification   physiology   classification   MeSH
• Bioreactors microbiology   MeSH
• Nocardia * virology   MeSH
• Sewage * virology   microbiology   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH