BACKGROUND: Clinical decisions are made based on Cochrane reviews, but the implementation of results of evidence syntheses such as Cochrane reviews is problematic if the evidence is not prepared consistently. All systematic reviews should assess the risk of bias (RoB) in included studies, and in Cochrane reviews, this is done by using Cochrane RoB tool. However, the tool is not necessarily applied according to the instructions. In this study, we aimed to determine the types of bias and their corresponding judgements noted in the 'other bias' domain of Cochrane RoB tool. METHODS: We analyzed Cochrane reviews that included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and extracted data regarding 'other bias' from the RoB table and accompanying support for the judgment. We categorized different types of other bias. RESULTS: We analyzed 768 Cochrane reviews that included 11,369 RCTs. There were 602 (78%) Cochrane reviews that had 'other bias' domain in the RoB tool, and they included a total of 7811 RCTs. In the RoB table of 337 Cochrane reviews for at least one of the included trials it was indicated that no other bias was found and supporting explanations were inconsistently judged as low, unclear or high RoB. In the 524 Cochrane reviews that described various sources of other bias, there were 5762 individual types of explanations which we categorized into 31 groups. The judgments of the same supporting explanations were highly inconsistent. We found numerous other inconsistencies in reporting of sources of other bias in Cochrane reviews. CONCLUSION: Cochrane authors mention a wide range of sources of other bias in the RoB tool and they inconsistently judge the same supporting explanations. Inconsistency in appraising risk of other bias hinders reliability and comparability of Cochrane systematic reviews. Discrepant and erroneous judgments of bias in evidence synthesis may hinder implementation of evidence in routine clinical practice and reduce confidence in otherwise trustworthy sources of information. These results can help authors of Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews to gain insight into various sources of other bias that can be found in trials, and also to help them avoid mistakes that were recognized in published Cochrane reviews.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mínění * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• publikace normy   MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma metody   normy   MeSH
• systematický přehled jako téma * MeSH
• výzkumný projekt normy   MeSH
• zkreslení výsledků (epidemiologie) * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cíl: Studie se zaměřuje na deskripci současného stavu poznání o resilienci rodičů sluchově postižených dětí. Metody: V rámci výzkumného přístupu EBN (Evidence Based Nursing) byl za výzkumnou metodu zvolen systematický přehled (systematic review). Byly sledovány tyto proměnné: místo výzkumu, metoda výzkumu, velikost vzorku, složení vzorku, cíl výzkumu, sledované proměnné, navrhované intervence, ošetřovatelské diagnózy NANDA-International. Výsledky: Z celkového počtu 280 nalezených studií bylo na základě vyřazovacích kritérií vybráno 26 studií kvantitativního charakteru. Bylo zjištěno, že žádná ze studií přímo s konceptem resilience nepracuje ani ve svých deklarovaných cílech ani v rámci zkoumaných proměnných. Závěry: Zdroje resilience bude možno odhalit pouze na základě kvalitativní sekundární analýzy obsahů studovaných textů.

Aim: The objective of the research is to identify the state of knowledge about the resilience of parents of hearingimpaired children in relevant researches published up-to-day. Methods: The basic framework of the presented research is evidence-based nursing. The chosen technique is a systematic review. The following variables were monitored: location of the research, the research method, sample size, sample design, the objective of the research, variables, proposed interventions, NANDA-Int. nursing diagnosis. Results: The core sample consisted of 280 articles. On the basis of elimination criteria, most of them were rejected. Twenty six articles with quantitative methods fulfi lled the set criteria and were analysed. It was found that none of the studies works directly with the concept of resilience, neither in its declared objectives nor in the variables. Conclusion: The resources of resilience will be possible to detect on the basis of qualitative secondary analysis of the contents of the studied texts.

• Klíčová slova
• systematické review,
• MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ošetřovatelská diagnóza MeSH
• ošetřovatelství založené na důkazech MeSH
• přehledová literatura jako téma * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rodiče MeSH
• sběr dat MeSH
• sluchově postižení * MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• vztahy mezi rodiči a dětmi MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Background: Meningococcal disease continues to be a global public health concern due to its epidemic potential, severity, and sequelae. The global epidemiological data on circulating meningococcal serogroups have never been reviewed concurrently with the laboratory capacity for meningococcal surveillance at the national level. We, therefore, aimed to conduct a country-level review of meningococcal surveillance, serogroup distribution, and vaccine use. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review across six databases to identify studies (published January 1, 2010 to October 16, 2017) and grey literature reporting meningococcal serogroup data for the years 2010-2016. We performed independent random effects meta-analyses for serogroups A, B, C, W, X, Y, and other. We developed and circulated a questionnaire-based survey to surveillance focal points in countries (N = 95) with known regional bacterial meningitis surveillance programs to assess their surveillance capacity and summarized using descriptive methods. Results: We included 173 studies from 59 countries in the final analysis. The distribution of meningococcal serogroups differed markedly between countries and regions. Meningococcal serogroups C and W accounted for substantial proportions of meningococcal disease in most of Africa and Latin America. Serogroup B was the predominant cause of meningococcal disease in many locations in Europe, the Americas, and the Western Pacific. Serogroup Y also caused many cases of meningococcal disease in these regions, particularly in Nordic countries. Survey responses were received from 51 countries. All countries reported the ability to confirm the pathogen in-country, while approximately 30% either relied on reference laboratories for serogrouping (N = 10) or did not serogroup specimens (N = 5). Approximately half of countries did not utilize active laboratory-based surveillance system (N = 22). Nationwide use of a meningococcal vaccine varied, but most countries (N = 36) utilized a meningococcal vaccine at least for certain high-risk population groups, in private care, or during outbreaks. Conclusions: Due to the large geographical variations in circulating meningococcal serogroups, each country should continue to be monitored for changes in major disease-causing serogroups in order to inform vaccine and control policies. Similarly, laboratory capacity should be appropriately scaled up to more accurately understand local epidemiology and disease burden, as well as the impact of vaccination programs.

• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningokokové infekce epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• meningokokové vakcíny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis genetika   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• séroskupina MeSH
• surveillance populace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

Autoři uvádějí přehled vláknitých mikroskopických hub působících lidské mykózy. Základní osno-vou je abecední výčet rodů a jejich zařazení do vyšších taxonomických jednotek: řádů, tříd a oddě-lení. Po uvedení jména příslušné mykózy následuje výčet jednotlivých druhů s informací o lokali-zacích onemocnění, které daný druh původce působí. Pro usnadnění orientace v systémumykopatologicky významných původců jsou v textové části práce uvedeny příklady zařazení jed-notlivých rodů v hierarchickém uspořádání vyšších taxonomických kategorií.

The authors present a survey of filamentous microscopic fungi causing human mycoses. The outlineis based on an alphabetical list of genera and their classification into higher taxonomic categories,i.e. orders, classes and divisions. The name of a relevant mycosis is followed by enumeration of theindividual species and localizations of diseases produced by a given agent. To facilitate orientationin the system of mycopathologically important agents, examples of classification of individualgenera are presented in the text in a hierarchical arrangement of higher taxonomic categories.

• MeSH
• houby klasifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mykózy etiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

BACKGROUND: Climate change is a threat to the mental and emotional wellbeing of all humans, but young people are particularly vulnerable. Emerging evidence has found that young people's awareness of climate change and the danger it poses to the planet can lead to negative emotions. To increase our understanding about this, survey instruments are needed that measure the negative emotions young people experience about climate change. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: (1) What survey instruments are used to measure negative emotional responses to climate change in young people? (2) Do survey instruments measuring young people's negative emotional responses to climate change have evidence of reliability and validity? (3) What factors are associated with young people's negative emotional responses to climate change? METHODS: A systematic review was conducted by searching seven academic databases on November 30, 2021, with an update on March 31, 2022. The search strategy was structured to capture three elements through various keywords and search terms: (1) negative emotions, (2) climate change, and (3) surveys. RESULTS: A total of 43 manuscripts met the study inclusion criteria. Among the 43 manuscripts, 28% focused specifically on young people, while the other studies included young people in the sample but did not focus exclusively on this population. The number of studies using surveys to examine negative emotional responses to climate change among young people has increased substantially since 2020. Survey instruments that examined worry or concern about climate change were the most common. CONCLUSION: Despite growing interest in climate change emotions among young people, there is a lack of research on the validity of measures of such emotions. Further efforts to develop survey instruments geared to operationalize the emotions that young people are experiencing in relation to climate change are needed.

• MeSH
• emoce * MeSH
• klimatické změny * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• psychometrie MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

• MeSH
• epidemiologické metody MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie   MeSH
• zdravotnické přehledy metody   MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• kardiologie
• angiologie
• epidemiologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

INTRODUCTION: Diagnostic cortical stimulation (CS) in intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) is an established epilepsy presurgical assessment tool to delineate relevant brain functions and elicit habitual epileptic seizures. Currently, no consensus exists as to whether CS should be routinely performed in pediatric patients. A significant challenge is their limited ability to cooperate during the procedure or to describe non-observable seizure semiology features. Our goal was to identify the spectrum of CS practices in Canada, for both eloquent cortex mapping and seizure stimulation. METHODS: An online survey, answered by all 8 Canadian pediatric epilepsy centers, enquired about implantation, stimulation methods, and use of standardized protocols. A systematic literature review extracted detailed stimulation parameters. RESULTS: Most of the institutions (n = 7/8) reported performing CS during presurgical evaluation. Four institutions indicated they perform stimulation in all implanted patients for the purpose of eloquent cortex mapping and seizure stimulation. The majority of physicians had their individual approach to CS. A largely variable approach to CS, mainly in the choice of stimulation parameters (i.e., train and pulse duration), was observed, with the highest variance concerning the purpose of seizure stimulation. The literature review highlighted an overall small sample size and minimal number of publications. Even though there is a rising trend towards stereotactic iEEG implantation, more data were available on subdural EEGs. CONCLUSION: This study shows individual and sparsely validated approach to CS in pediatric epilepsy. The literature review underscores the urgent need to harmonize pediatric intracranial EEG practices. More multicenter studies are needed to identify safe stimulation thresholds and allow implementation of evidence-based guidelines.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• elektroencefalografie metody   MeSH
• elektrokortikografie metody   MeSH
• epilepsie chirurgie   patofyziologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku * metody   MeSH
• mozková kůra patofyziologie   MeSH
• pediatrie metody   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• záchvaty * patofyziologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kanada MeSH

Delirium je fenotypický syndrom, jehož detekce je v podmínkách intenzivní péče obtížná. U pacientů v neurointenzivní péči s primárním postižením mozku se navíc symptomy deliria překrývají s příznaky primární mozkové dysfunkce. Delirium přitom predikuje vyšší morbiditu a mortalitu a je často signálem neléčené extracerebrální poruchy či onemocnění, jako jsou sepse i metabolická porucha, vč. farmakologických vlivů v kombinaci s vlivem imobilizace. Proto je monitorace deliria v podmínkách neurointenzivní péče důležitou součástí léčby pacientů a zlepšení jejich prognózy. Aktuálně existují i v českém jazyce validované testy s relativně vysokou validitou a predikční hodnotou. Jedním z diagnostických úskalí je dosud nedostatečná diferenciální diagnostika nonkonvulzivního epileptického statu. V našem dotazníku jsme se zaměřili na management deliria v prostředí neurointenzivní péče v ČR. Zjistili jsme dostatečnou informovanost ohledně závažnosti deliria a jeho následků, na druhou stranu jeho systematická monitorace, která se doporučuje, se jeví jako přetrvávající problém v naší hospitalizační péči.

Delirium is a phenotypic syndrome that is difficult to detect in the intensive care. In neurointensive care, the symptoms of delirium overlap with those of primary brain injury. At the same time, delirium is a predictive factor of higher morbidity and mortality and is often a sign of untreated extracerebral dysfunction or disease like sepsis, metabolic disturbance, and pharmacotherapy combined with immobilization. Thus, the monitoring of delirium in the neurointensive care is an important part of therapy and improvement of patients’ prognosis. Currently, there are validated tests with a relatively high validity and predictive value also in the Czech language. One of the diagnostic pitfalls, so far, is inadequate differential diagnosis of nonconvulsive epileptic status. In the survey, we focused on delirium management in neurointensive care in the Czech Republic. We have found sufficient awareness of the severity of delirium and its other consequences. On the other hand, its systematic monitoring, which is recommended, appears to be a persistent problem in our inpatient care.

• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda MeSH
• delirium * terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• management nemoci MeSH
• péče o pacienty v kritickém stavu MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Reducing mortality is a key target in critical care and perioperative medicine. The authors aimed to identify all nonsurgical interventions (drugs, techniques, strategies) shown by randomized trials to increase mortality in these clinical settings. DESIGN: A systematic review of the literature followed by a consensus-based voting process. SETTING: A web-based international consensus conference. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred fifty-one physicians from 46 countries. INTERVENTIONS: The authors performed a systematic literature search and identified all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showing a significant increase in unadjusted landmark mortality among surgical or critically ill patients. The authors reviewed such studies during a meeting by a core group of experts. Studies selected after such review advanced to web-based voting by clinicians in relation to agreement, clinical practice, and willingness to include each intervention in international guidelines. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The authors selected 12 RCTs dealing with 12 interventions increasing mortality: diaspirin-crosslinked hemoglobin (92% of agreement among web voters), overfeeding, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in septic shock, human growth hormone, thyroxin in acute kidney injury, intravenous salbutamol in acute respiratory distress syndrome, plasma-derived protein C concentrate, aprotinin in high-risk cardiac surgery, cysteine prodrug, hypothermia in meningitis, methylprednisolone in traumatic brain injury, and albumin in traumatic brain injury (72% of agreement). Overall, a high consistency (ranging from 80% to 90%) between agreement and clinical practice was observed. CONCLUSION: The authors identified 12 clinical interventions showing increased mortality supported by randomized controlled trials with nonconflicting evidence, and wide agreement upon clinicians on a global scale.

• MeSH
• internet MeSH
• kardiochirurgické výkony škodlivé účinky   mortalita   MeSH
• kritický stav mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• lékaři * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mortalita trendy   MeSH
• péče o pacienty v kritickém stavu metody   MeSH
• perioperační péče metody   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky * MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

BACKGROUND: Investigator-initiated clinical studies (IITs) are crucial to generate reliable evidence that answers questions of day-to-day clinical practice. Many challenges make IITs a complex endeavour, for example, IITs often need to be multinational in order to recruit a sufficient number of patients. Recent studies highlighted that well-trained study personnel are a major factor to conduct such complex IITs successfully. As of today, however, no overview of the European training activities, requirements and career options for clinical study personnel exists. METHODS: To fill this knowledge gap, a survey was performed in all 11 member and observer countries of the European Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (ECRIN), using a standardised questionnaire. Three rounds of data collection were performed to maximize completeness and comparability of the received answers. The survey aimed to describe the landscape of academic training opportunities, to facilitate the exchange of expertise and experience among countries and to identify new fields of action. RESULTS: The survey found that training for Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and investigator training is offered in all but one country. A specific training for study nurses or study coordinators is also either provided or planned in ten out of eleven countries. A majority of countries train in monitoring and clinical pharmacovigilance and offer specific training for principal investigators but only few countries also train operators of clinical research organisations (CRO) or provide training for methodology and quality management systems (QMS). Minimal requirements for study-specific functions cover GCP in ten countries. Only three countries issued no requirements or recommendations regarding the continuous training of study personnel. Yet, only four countries developed a national strategy for training in clinical research and the career options for clinical researchers are still limited in the majority of countries. CONCLUSIONS: There is a substantial and impressive investment in training and education of clinical research in the individual ECRIN countries. But so far, a systematic approach for (top-down) strategic and overarching considerations and cross-network exchange is missing. Exchange of available curricula and sets of core competencies between countries could be a starting point for improving the situation.

• MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum výchova   MeSH
• farmakovigilance MeSH
• klinická farmakologie výchova   MeSH
• klinické zkoušky jako téma * MeSH
• kurikulum MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• výzkumní pracovníci výchova   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH