Tick vector
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1. Aufl. viii, 286 s. : il., tab. ; 25 cm
- MeSH
- infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
- klíšťová encefalitida MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kongresy MeSH
- sborníky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- infekční lékařství
Článek je věnován onemocněním, u kterých se jako přenašeč uplatňuje klíště. Důraz je kladen především na nemoci, které se vyskytují na území České republiky, tj. klíšťová encefalitida, lymeská borrelióza, ehrlichióza, tularémie. V úvodu je podána i stručná charakteristika přenašeče, jeho životní cyklus a možná obrana proti němu. Při popisu jednotlivých onemocnění je věnována pozornost nejen klinickému obrazu, ale především možnostem diagnostiky a léčby, strategii dispenzarizace a profylaktickým opatřením.
The article sumarises tick borne transmited diseases. Attention is given to the diseases presented in the Czech republic-tick borne encephalitis, Lyme borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, tularemia. Characterization of the vector, its life cyklus, possibilities of defence are described in the introduction. The attention is paid not only to the clinical picture, but especially to diagnostic, strategy of dispenzarization, therapy and prophylaxis.
- MeSH
- babezióza diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- ehrlichióza diagnóza epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- klíšťata parazitologie MeSH
- klíšťová encefalitida diagnóza epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymeská nemoc diagnóza epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- nemoci přenášené klíšťaty MeSH
- tularemie diagnóza epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
We undertook a comparative study of the susceptibility of different tick cell lines to infection with the European subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), prototype strain Neudoerfl. The growth of TBEV was investigated in lines derived from vector Ixodes ricinus L. ticks (IRE/CTVM18, 19, and 20), as well as non-vector ticks, namely Ixodes scapularis Say (IDE2), Boophilus microplus Canestrini (BME/CTVM2), Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum Koch (HAE/CTVM9), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann (RA-257) and recently established and herein described lines from the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata Murray (OME/CTVM21 and 22). All the tick cell lines tested were susceptible to infection by TBEV and the virus caused productive infection without any cytopathic effect. However, there was a clear difference between the TBEV growth in vector and non-vector cell lines, since I. ricinus cell lines produced 100-1000-fold higher virus yield than the non-vector cell lines. The lowest virus production was observed in O. moubata and R. appendiculatus cell lines.
- MeSH
- arachnida jako vektory cytologie virologie MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- klíšťata cytologie virologie MeSH
- kultivace virů MeSH
- protilátky virové metabolismus MeSH
- replikace viru fyziologie MeSH
- viry klíšťové encefalitidy růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
Ticks and the pathogens they transmit constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. Vector competence is a component of vectorial capacity and depends on genetic determinants affecting the ability of a vector to transmit a pathogen. These determinants affect traits such as tick-host-pathogen and susceptibility to pathogen infection. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in tick-pathogen interactions that affect vector competence is essential for the identification of molecular drivers for tick-borne diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of tick-pathogen molecular interactions for bacteria, viruses, and protozoa affecting human and animal health. Additionally, the impact of tick microbiome on these interactions was considered. Results show that different pathogens evolved similar strategies such as manipulation of the immune response to infect vectors and facilitate multiplication and transmission. Furthermore, some of these strategies may be used by pathogens to infect both tick and mammalian hosts. Identification of interactions that promote tick survival, spread, and pathogen transmission provides the opportunity to disrupt these interactions and lead to a reduction in tick burden and the prevalence of tick-borne diseases. Targeting some of the similar mechanisms used by the pathogens for infection and transmission by ticks may assist in development of preventative strategies against multiple tick-borne diseases.
- MeSH
- arachnida jako vektory mikrobiologie parazitologie virologie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu * MeSH
- klíšťata mikrobiologie parazitologie fyziologie virologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci přenášené klíšťaty epidemiologie MeSH
- přenos infekční nemoci * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The carbohydrate Galα1-3Galβ1-(3)4GlcNAc-R (α-Gal) is produced in all mammals except for humans, apes and old world monkeys that lost the ability to synthetize this carbohydrate. Therefore, humans can produce high antibody titers against α-Gal. Anti-α-Gal IgE antibodies have been associated with tick-induced allergy (i.e. α-Gal syndrome) and anti-α-Gal IgG/IgM antibodies may be involved in protection against malaria, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. The α-Gal on tick salivary proteins plays an important role in the etiology of the α-Gal syndrome. However, whether ticks are able to produce endogenous α-Gal remains currently unknown. In this study, the Ixodes scapularis genome was searched for galactosyltransferases and three genes were identified as potentially involved in the synthesis of α-Gal. Heterologous gene expression in α-Gal-negative cells and gene knockdown in ticks confirmed that these genes were involved in α-Gal synthesis and are essential for tick feeding. Furthermore, these genes were shown to play an important role in tick-pathogen interactions. Results suggested that tick cells increased α-Gal levels in response to Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection to control bacterial infection. These results provided the molecular basis of endogenous α-Gal production in ticks and suggested that tick galactosyltransferases are involved in vector development, tick-pathogen interactions and possibly the etiology of α-Gal syndrome in humans.
- MeSH
- alfa-galaktosidasa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum patogenita MeSH
- ehrlichióza genetika metabolismus MeSH
- galaktosyltransferasy metabolismus MeSH
- genom genetika MeSH
- HL-60 buňky MeSH
- infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu genetika MeSH
- klíště mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- proteiny členovců metabolismus MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Klíšťová encefalitida je febrilní zánětlivé onemocnění centrálního nervového systému. Průběh je u pacientů variabilní, od mírného průběhu po závažnou formu spojenou s meningitidou, meningoencefalitidou atd. Závažnost onemocnění stoupá s věkem. V pediatrické populaci je v porovnání s dospělými častější infekce se subklinickým či lehčím průběhem a dlouhodobé zdravotní následky jsou poměrně vzácné. Avšak diagnózu může činit obtížnější to, že klíšťová encefalitida může imitovat běžná onemocnění u dětí. Původcem je virus klíšťové encefalitidy z čeledi Flaviviridae, jehož přenašečem je v ČR hojně se vyskytující klíště obecné. Přestože je dostupné očkování proti klíšťové encefalitidě, proočkovanost obyvatel v ČR zůstává nízká, což je nežádoucí stav, spojený s dalekosáhlými medicínskými, psychosociálními i ekonomickými dopady.
Tick-borne encephalitis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The course of the disease is variable in patients, from a mild course to a severe form associated with meningitis, meningoencephalitis etc. The severity of the disease increases with age. In pediatric population, infections with a subclinical or milder course are more common compared to adults. Long-term health consequences are relatively rare. However, diagnosis is complicated by the fact that tick-borne encephalitis may mimic common diseases in children. The causative agent of the tick-borne encephalitis is a virus from the Flaviviridae family, Ixodes ricinus ticks are the main vector of this virus in the Czech Republic. Although vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis is available, vaccination coverage in the Czech Republic remains low, which is an undesirable condition associated with far-reaching medical, psychosocial and economic impacts.
Dermacentor reticulatus is a hard tick species with extraordinary biological features. It has a high reproduction rate, a rapid developmental cycle, and is also able to overcome years of unfavourable conditions. Dermacentor reticulatus can survive under water for several months and is cold-hardy even compared to other tick species. It has a wide host range: over 60 different wild and domesticated hosts are known for the three active developmental stages. Its high adaptiveness gives an edge to this tick species as shown by new data on the emergence and establishment of D. reticulatus populations throughout Europe. The tick has been the research focus of a growing number of scientists, physicians and veterinarians. Within the Web of Science database, more than a fifth of the over 700 items published on this species between 1897 and 2015 appeared in the last three years (2013-2015). Here we attempt to synthesize current knowledge on the systematics, ecology, geographical distribution and recent spread of the species and to highlight the great spectrum of possible veterinary and public health threats it poses. Canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis is a severe leading canine vector-borne disease in many endemic areas. Although less frequently than Ixodes ricinus, D. reticulatus adults bite humans and transmit several Rickettsia spp., Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus or Tick-borne encephalitis virus. We have not solely collected and reviewed the latest and fundamental scientific papers available in primary databases but also widened our scope to books, theses, conference papers and specialists colleagues' experience where needed. Besides the dominant literature available in English, we also tried to access scientific literature in German, Russian and eastern European languages as well. We hope to inspire future research projects that are necessary to understand the basic life-cycle and ecology of this vector in order to understand and prevent disease threats. We conclude that although great strides have been made in our knowledge of the eco-epidemiology of this species, several gaps still need to be filled with basic research, targeting possible reservoir and vector roles and the key factors resulting in the observed geographical spread of D. reticulatus.
- MeSH
- arachnida jako vektory klasifikace mikrobiologie parazitologie fyziologie MeSH
- Babesia izolace a purifikace MeSH
- babezióza epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- demografie MeSH
- Dermacentor klasifikace mikrobiologie parazitologie fyziologie MeSH
- ekologie MeSH
- hostitelská specificita MeSH
- infestace klíšťaty epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- klasifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci přenášené klíšťaty epidemiologie mikrobiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- nemoci psů epidemiologie mikrobiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- omská hemoragická horečka epidemiologie přenos virologie MeSH
- psi MeSH
- stadia vývoje MeSH
- veřejné zdravotnictví MeSH
- viry klíšťové encefalitidy izolace a purifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Asie epidemiologie MeSH
- Evropa epidemiologie MeSH
