Úvod: Arteria profunda femoris (APF) je důležitou tepnou, která v případě postižení arteria femoralis superficialis (AFS) zabezpečuje perfuzi tkání dolní končetiny přes tzv. kolaterální řečiště. Izolovaná angiochirurgická rekonstrukce, plastika APF (profundoplastika), je ve vědecké literatuře diskutovaným tématem, co se týče významu kolaterálního řečiště a jeho přínosu ke zlepšení klinického stavu pacienta. Cílem projektu je zhodnotit dopad izolované profundoplastiky na zlepšení prokrvení dolní končetiny, a tím přispět v rozhodovacím procesu indikace tohoto typu výkonu. Metodika: Do této prospektivní monocentrické studie byli zahrnuti pacienti se symptomatickou ischemickou chorobou dolních končetin (ICHDK) ve stadiu klaudikačních potíží, klidových bolestí nebo s tkáňovým defektem hodnoceným dle Rutherfordovy klasifikace stupněm 1 až 5. Kritériem pro zařazení byla významná stenóza APF s konkomitantním uzávěrem AFS a insuficientním výtokem pro bypass. S odstupem jednoho a šesti měsíců od výkonu byly hodnoceny změny klaudikačního intervalu, Rutherfordova klasifikace a přítomnost chronické končetinu ohrožující ischemie (CLTI). Měření transkutánní tenze kyslíku (TcpO 2 ) bylo využito k objektivizaci úrovně perfuze a oxygenace tkání. Výsledky: V průběhu dvou let byla profundoplastika provedena u 45 pacientů – u 23 pacientů klaudikantů a 22 pacientů s CLTI (9 s klidovou bolestí, 13 s ischemickým defektem). Ve skupině klaudikantů došlo k prodloužení klaudikačního intervalu ze 128 m před operací na 505 m po šesti měsících od revaskularizace. Ve skupině CLTI došlo k signifikantnímu zlepšení a vymizení klidových bolestí u všech pacientů, což bylo objektivizováno zlepšením TcpO 2 na bérci o 52 % na hodnotu 52 mm Hg a na dorzu chodidla o 143 % na hodnotu 35,8 mm Hg. Ovlivnění osudu těžších forem CLTI jenom izolovanou profundoplastikou je již obtížnější úkol a i tak došlo ke zhojení akrálního ischemického defektu u 61,5 % pacientů s přežitím bez potřeby amputace (amputation free survival) po šesti měsících 76 %, kdy tři pacienti v průběhu sledování podstoupili vysokou amputaci ve stehně. U pacientů s defektem byl pooperačně také pozorován nárůst hodnot TcpO 2 , kdy na bérci a nártu došlo k 1,3- a 1,6násobnému zvýšení hodnot (na 43 mm Hg, resp. 27 mm Hg). Závěr: Profundoplastika jako izolovaná procedura revaskularizace pacientů s ICHDK je nadále metodou volby u selektivní skupiny pacientů. Dle naší studie je nejefektivnější k léčbě klidových bolestí nebo k prodloužení klaudikačního intervalu, ale může přispět i k hojení menších akrálních defektů. V literatuře absentující konsenzus na tzv. TcpO 2 threshold pro hojení defektů byl naší studií pozorován při hodnotě 27 mm Hg, resp. 35,8 mm Hg pro vymizení klidových bolestí.

Introduction: Profunda femoris artery (PFA) is an important artery that provides perfusion of the lower limb tissues via collateral circulation in case of superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusion. Isolated angiovascular reconstruction, APF reconstruction (profundoplasty), is a debated topic in the scientific literature regard- ing the importance of collateral circulation and its contribution to improving the patient's clinical condi- tion. This project aims to evaluate the impact of isolated profundoplasty on the improvement of lower limb perfusion and thus to contribute to the decision-making process for the indication of this type of procedure. Methods: This prospective single-center study enrolled patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) in the stage of claudication, rest pain or presence of tissue foot ulcer assessed according to Rutherford classification grade 1 to 5. Inclusion criteria were significant AFP stenosis with concomitant AFS closure and no distal runoff to the feet. Changes in claudication interval, Rutherford classification, and presence of chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) were assessed at one and six months after surgery. Transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcpO2 ) was measured to objectify the tissue perfusion and oxygenation level. Results: During two years, profundoplasty was performed in 45 patients, 23 claudicants, and 22 CLTI patients (9 with rest pain, 13 with foot ulcer). The claudicant group’s intermittent claudication interval was prolonged from average 128 metres (m) preoperatively to 505 m six months after revascularization. In the CLTI group, there was a significant improvement and disappearance of rest pain in all patients, which was objectified by an improvement in TcpO2 on the calf by 52% to 52 mmHg and on the dorsum of the foot by 143% to 35.8 mmHg. Controlling the fate of more severe forms of CLTI by isolated profundoplasty alone is already a more difficult task, and even so, healing of the acral ischemic defect occurred in 61.5% of patients with amputation free survival at six months of 76%, with three patients undergoing high amputation in the thigh during follow-up. Postoperatively, an increase in TcpO 2 values was also observed in patients with the foot ulcer, with 1.3 and 1.6 times increases in the tibia and calcaneus (to 43 mmHg and 27 mmHg, respectively). Conclusion: Profundoplasty as an isolated procedure for revascularization of patients with PAD remains the method of choice in a selective group of patients. Our study shows it is the most effective for treating rest pain. However, it may contribute to healing of smaller acral ulcers or prolong the claudication interval. The lack of consensus in the literature on the so-called TcpO2 threshold for defect healing was observed by our study at 27 mmHg and 35.8 mmHg for resolution of rest pain, respectively.

• Keywords
• profundoplastika,
• MeSH
• Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia * surgery   pathology   MeSH
• Lower Extremity surgery   blood supply   pathology   MeSH
• Intermittent Claudication surgery   etiology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous methods   instrumentation   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Vascular Surgical Procedures * methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Clinical Study MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• MeSH
• Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia diagnostic imaging   diagnosis   nursing   MeSH
• Extremities diagnostic imaging   blood supply   pathology   MeSH
• Oxygen MeSH
• Peripheral Arterial Disease diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Ankle Brachial Index methods   nursing   instrumentation   MeSH
• Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous methods   nursing   instrumentation   MeSH

BACKGROUND: Cerebral perfusion may change depending on arterial cannulation site and may affect the incidence of neurologic adverse events in post-cardiotomy extracorporeal life support (ECLS). The current study compares patients' neurologic outcomes with three commonly used arterial cannulation strategies (aortic vs. subclavian/axillary vs. femoral artery) to evaluate if each ECLS configuration is associated with different rates of neurologic complications. METHODS: This retrospective, multicenter (34 centers), observational study included adults requiring post-cardiotomy ECLS between January 2000 and December 2020 present in the Post-Cardiotomy Extracorporeal Life Support (PELS) Study database. Patients with Aortic, Subclavian/Axillary and Femoral cannulation were compared on the incidence of a composite neurological end-point (ischemic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, brain edema). Secondary outcomes were overall in-hospital mortality, neurologic complications as cause of in-hospital death, and post-operative minor neurologic complications (seizures). Association between cannulation and neurological outcomes were investigated through linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: This study included 1897 patients comprising 26.5% Aortic (n = 503), 20.9% Subclavian/Axillary (n = 397) and 52.6% Femoral (n = 997) cannulations. The Subclavian/Axillary group featured a more frequent history of hypertension, smoking, diabetes, previous myocardial infarction, dialysis, peripheral artery disease and previous stroke. Neuro-monitoring was used infrequently in all groups. Major neurologic complications were more frequent in Subclavian/Axillary (Aortic: n = 79, 15.8%; Subclavian/Axillary: n = 78, 19.6%; Femoral: n = 118, 11.9%; p < 0.001) also after mixed-effects model adjustment (OR 1.53 [95% CI 1.02-2.31], p = 0.041). Seizures were more common in Subclavian/Axillary (n = 13, 3.4%) than Aortic (n = 9, 1.8%) and Femoral cannulation (n = 12, 1.3%, p = 0.036). In-hospital mortality was higher after Aortic cannulation (Aortic: n = 344, 68.4%, Subclavian/Axillary: n = 223, 56.2%, Femoral: n = 587, 58.9%, p < 0.001), as shown by Kaplan-Meier curves. Anyhow, neurologic cause of death (Aortic: n = 12, 3.9%, Subclavian/Axillary: n = 14, 6.6%, Femoral: n = 28, 5.0%, p = 0.433) was similar. CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis of the PELS Study, Subclavian/Axillary cannulation was associated with higher rates of major neurologic complications and seizures. In-hospital mortality was higher after Aortic cannulation, despite no significant differences in incidence of neurological cause of death in these patients. These results encourage vigilance for neurologic complications and neuromonitoring use in patients on ECLS, especially with Subclavian/Axillary cannulation.

• MeSH
• Aorta * MeSH
• Femoral Artery * MeSH
• Subclavian Artery MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Cardiac Surgical Procedures adverse effects   methods   MeSH
• Catheterization methods   adverse effects   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation * methods   adverse effects   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Hospital Mortality trends   MeSH
• Nervous System Diseases etiology   epidemiology   MeSH
• Catheterization, Peripheral methods   adverse effects   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Postoperative Complications epidemiology   etiology   MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Multicenter Study MeSH
• Observational Study MeSH

Limb ischaemia is a clinically relevant complication of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) with femoral artery cannulation. No selective distal perfusion or other advanced techniques were used in the past to maintain adequate distal limb perfusion. A more recent trend is the shift from the reactive or emergency management to the pro-active or prophylactic placement of a distal perfusion cannula to avoid or reduce limb ischaemia-related complications. Multiple alternative cannulation techniques to the distal perfusion cannula have been developed to maintain distal limb perfusion, including end-to-side grafting, external or endovascular femoro-femoral bypass, retrograde limb perfusion (e.g., via the posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis or anterior tibial artery), and, more recently, use of a bidirectional cannula. Venous congestion has also been recognized as a potential contributing factor to limb ischaemia development and specific techniques have been described with facilitated venous drainage or bilateral cannulation being the most recent, to reduce or avoid venous stasis as a contributor to impaired limb perfusion. Advances in monitoring techniques, such as near-infrared spectroscopy and duplex ultrasound analysis, have been applied to improve decision-making regarding both the monitoring and management of limb ischaemia. This narrative review describes the evolution of techniques used for distal limb perfusion during peripheral VA ECMO.

• MeSH
• Femoral Artery * MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Ischemia prevention & control   etiology   MeSH
• Catheterization methods   MeSH
• Extremities blood supply   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation * methods   MeSH
• Perfusion methods   MeSH
• Catheterization, Peripheral methods   adverse effects   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

BACKGROUND: The carotid bodies primarily serve as oxaemia sensors that affect tidal breathing. Their function has not yet been studied in infants with nocturnal hypoxaemia. This cross-sectional study aimed to characterise the hyperoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in infants and its relationship to nocturnal hypoxaemia. METHODS: The HVR was analysed in term infants aged <24 months with childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD), those with severe recurrent wheezing (wheeze), and nonrespiratory controls. The HVR timing was characterised using hyperoxia response time (HRT1), and HVR magnitude was characterised by the relative change in minute volume between normoxia and 30-s hyperoxia (VE_dH30). Time spent with an arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) <90% during overnight monitoring (t90) was estimated. RESULTS: HVR data were available for 23 infants with chILD, 24 wheeze and 14 control infants. A significant decrease in minute volume under 30 s of hyperoxia was observed in all patients. HRT1 was shorter in chILD (5.6±1.2 s) and wheeze (5.9±1.5 s) groups than in the controls (12.6±5.5 s) (ANOVA p<0.001). VE_dH30 was increased in the chILD group (24.3±8.0%) compared with that in the controls (14.7±9.2%) (p=0.003). t90 was abnormal in the wheeze (8.0±5.0%) and chILD (32.7±25.8%) groups and higher in the chILD group than in the controls (p<0.001). HRT1 negatively correlated with t90 in all groups. CONCLUSION: Significant differences in HVR timing and magnitude were noted in the chILD, wheeze and control groups. A relationship between nocturnal hypoxaemia and HRT1 was proposed. HVR characterisation may help identify patients with abnormal nocturnal SpO2.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is the net pressure gradient that drives oxygen delivery to cerebral tissue. It is the difference between the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the intracranial pressure (ICP). As CPP is a calculated value, MAP and ICP must be measured simultaneously. In research models, anesthetized and acute monitoring is incapable of providing a realistic picture of the relationship between ICP and MAP under physiological and/or pathophysiological conditions. For long-term monitoring of both pressures, the principle of telemetry can be used. The aim of this study was to map changes in CPP and spontaneous behavior using continuous pressure monitoring and video recording for 7 days under physiological conditions (group C - 8 intact rats) and under altered brain microenvironment induced by brain edema (group WI - 8 rats after water intoxication) and neuroprotection with methylprednisolone - MP (group WI+MP - 8 rats with MP 100 mg/kg b.w. applicated intraperitoneally during WI). The mean CPP values in all three groups were in the range of 40-60 mm Hg. For each group of rats, the percentage of time that the rats spent during the 7 days in movement pattern A (standard movement stereotype) or B (atypical movement) was defined. Even at very low CPP values, the standard movement stereotype (A) clearly dominated over the atypical movement (B) in all rats. There was no significant difference between control and experimental groups. Chronic CPP values with correlated behavioral type may possibly answer the question of whether there is a specific, universal, optimal CPP at all.

• MeSH
• Intracranial Pressure * physiology   MeSH
• Blood Pressure physiology   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Monitoring, Physiologic MeSH
• Brain * MeSH
• Cerebrovascular Circulation physiology   MeSH
• Telemetry MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Monitoring of the patient supported with a temporary mechanical circulatory support (tMCS) is crucial in achieving the best possible outcome. Monitoring is a continuous and labour-intensive process, as cardiogenic shock (CS) patients can rapidly deteriorate and may require new interventions within a short time period. Echocardiography and invasive haemodynamic monitoring form the cornerstone of successful tMCS support. During monitoring, it is particularly important to ensure that adequate end-organ perfusion is achieved and maintained. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of best practices for monitoring the CS patient supported by a micro-axial flow pump, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and both devices simultaneously (ECMELLA approach). It is a complex process that encompasses device control, haemodynamic control and stabilization, monitoring of interventions, and assessment of end-organ function. The combined, continuous, and preferably protocol-based approach of echocardiography, evaluation of biomarkers, end-organ assessment, and haemodynamic parameters is crucial in assessing this critically ill CS patient population.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Background: Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) is one of the most frequently used mechanical circulatory support devices. Distribution of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation flow depends (similarly as the cardiac output distribution) on regional vascular resistance. Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), used frequently as hemodialysis access, represent a low-resistant circuit which steals part of the systemic perfusion. We tested the hypothesis that the presence of a large Arteriovenous fistulas significantly changes organ perfusion during a partial and a full Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Methods: The protocol was performed on domestic female pigs held under general anesthesia. Cannulas for Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were inserted into femoral artery and vein. The Arteriovenous fistulas was created using another two high-diameter extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulas inserted in the contralateral femoral artery and vein. Catheters, flow probes, flow wires and other sensors were placed for continuous monitoring of haemodynamics and organ perfusion. A stepwise increase in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation flow was considered under beating heart and ventricular fibrillation (VF) with closed and opened Arteriovenous fistulas. Results: Opening of a large Arteriovenous fistulas (blood flow ranging from 1.1 to 2.2 L/min) resulted in decrease of effective systemic blood flow by 17%-30% (p < 0.01 for all steps). This led to a significant decrease of carotid artery flow (ranging from 13% to 25% after Arteriovenous fistulas opening) following VF and under partial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Cerebral tissue oxygenation measured by near infrared spectroscopy also decreased significantly in all steps. These changes occurred even with maintained perfusion pressure. Changes in coronary artery flow were driven by changes in the native cardiac output. Conclusion: A large arteriovenous fistula can completely counteract Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support unless maximal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation flow is applied. Cerebral blood flow and oxygenation are mainly compromised by the effect of the Arteriovenous fistulas. These effects could influence brain function in patients with Arteriovenous fistulas on Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Pro Pickwickův syndrom bylo několik posledních dekád obdobím výrazného zájmu. Z nic nevypovídajícího popisného názvu je dnes logicky pojmenovaná klinicko-patologická jednotka – hypoventilační syndrom obézních. Je definován souběhem obezity (index tělesné hmotnosti [body mass index, BMI] ≥30 kg/m2), chronické denní hyperkapnie (parciální tlak oxidu uhličitého v arteriální krvi [paCO2] ≥45 mm Hg, tj. 6,0 kPa) a porušeným dýcháním během spánku ve smyslu hypoventilace. U 90 % pacientů se na porušeném dýchání ve spánku podílí syndrom obstrukční spánkové apnoe, u zbytku se jedná o prostou hypoventilaci. Změny v mechanice dýchání, porušené dýchání během spánku a alterace centrálního řízení dechu s leptinovou rezistencí jsou základními patofyziologickými mechanismy hypoventilačního syndromu obézních. Onemocnění má dosti příznačnou klinickou manifestaci. Dominuje chrápání, buzení se během noci s ranním pocitem únavy a nadměrnou celodenní spavostí. Nejdůležitějším krokem v diagnostice je na toto onemocnění vůbec pomyslet. Další vyšetřovací algoritmus není komplikovaný. Diagnóza de facto stojí na nativním odběru arteriálních krevních plynů s průkazem hyperkapnie a spánkové monitoraci, která doloží obstrukční spánkovou apnoi či hypoventilaci. Pokroků v oblasti terapie bylo bezpochyby učiněno nejvíce. Jedinou kauzální léčbou zůstává kontrolovaná redukce tělesné hmotnosti. Nejúčinnější je léčba přetlakem v dýchacích cestách. Zásadní rozdíly mezi léčbou trvalým přetlakem v dýchacích cestách a dvojúrovňovým přetlakem v dýchacích cestách při dlouhodobém užití a dobrá compliance nebyly prokázány. Výběr komfortní a dobře těsnící masky jsou základním kamenem pro dobrou adherenci k přetlakové terapii. Titrace je proces, kterým zjišťujeme optimální nastavení ventilátoru. Cílem je stanovit jednoúrovňový nebo dvouúrovňový přetlak, který eliminuje apnoi či hypopnoi a zajistí dostatečnou ventilaci i okysličení během spánku.

The last few decades have been a period of considerable interest for Pickwick syndrome. From a nondescriptive name, the clinicopathological entity - obesity hypoventilation syndrome - is now logically named. It is defined by the combination of obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2), chronic daytime hypercapnia (partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood [paCO2] ≥ 45 mm Hg, i.e. 6.0 kPa) and impaired breathing during sleep in the sense of hypoventilation. In 90% of patients, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome is involved in sleep-disordered breathing; the remainder have simple hypoventilation. Changes in breathing mechanics, impaired breathing during sleep and alteration of central control of breathing with leptin resistance are the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity. hypoventilation syndrome. The disease has a rather characteristic clinical manifestation. It is dominated by snoring, waking during the night with morning fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness. The most important step in diagnosis is to think about the disease at all. The further investigative algorithm is not complicated. The diagnosis is based on native arterial blood gas sampling with evidence of hypercapnia and sleep monitoring to document obstructive sleep apnoea or hypoventilation. Advances in therapy have undoubtedly been made. Controlled weight reduction remains the only causal treatment. The most effective treatment is positive airway pressure. No major differences have been demonstrated between continuous positive airway pressure and bilevel positive airway pressure therapy in long-term use and good compliance. The choice of a comfortable and well-sealing mask is the cornerstone for good adherence to positive pressure therapy. Titration is the process by which we determine the optimal ventilator settings. The goal is to establish a single or dual level positive pressure that eliminates apnea or hypopnea and ensures adequate ventilation and oxygenation during sleep.

• MeSH
• Hypercapnia etiology   physiopathology   therapy   MeSH
• Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome * etiology   physiopathology   therapy   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Obesity complications   therapy   MeSH
• Sleep Apnea, Obstructive etiology   physiopathology   therapy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

Hypobaric hypoxemia represents a risk factor for body integrity and challenges its homeostasis. We examined whether practicing Maheshwarananda's modified bhujangini pranayama yoga breathing technique would influence hypobaric hypoxemia at an altitude of 3,650 m. An international randomized two-period, two-sequence crossover intervention study was conducted in September 2019 in the Himalayas. We compared 5-minute testing periods of pranayama breathing with normal resting breathing in 20 subjects divided randomly into two groups of 10 individuals; all had a daily practice of Maheshwarananda's modified bhujangini pranayama and were nonsmokers, lacto vegetarians, and alcohol abstainers. We measured the arterial saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2; our primary outcome variable), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (EtCO2), respiratory rate, and heart rate at two altitudes: (1) 378 m (T0); and (2) 3,650 m (T1 = 2nd day, T2 = 4th day at the camp) immediately after finishing each testing period. We also monitored the presence of acute mountain sickness using the Lake Louise Scoring System. Mean SpO2 at 3,650 m increased right after the yoga breathing exercise from 88.60% to 90.35% at T1, and from 88.35% to 90.60% at T2 (T1 p = 0.007, T2 p = 0.004). No significant changes were observed in heart rate or EtCO2. The mean rate of normal control resting breathing was 13/min; the mean rate was 7/min during the yoga breathing. Right after Maheshwarananda's modified bhujangini pranayama hypobaric hypoxemia decreased as measured by SpO2, whereas EtCO2 and heart rate stayed comparable with the control resting breathing.

• MeSH
• Breathing Exercises methods   MeSH
• Respiration MeSH
• Hypoxia MeSH
• Yoga * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Meditation * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH