bioengineering methods
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Rozvoj bioinženýrských metod se přesunul z oblasti základního výzkumu a nalézá stále větší uplatnění i v běžné praxi. V práci je podán rozbor a uplatnění hlavně při zjištování a určení rizika ekzému, jeho detekci v subklinických formách onemocnění, při kontrole postupu léčby, se zvláštním zřetelem na profesionální dermatózy.Nejpoužívanější metody jsou měření hydratace kůže, TEWL, kožního pH, sledování aktivity mazových žláz, průtoku krve, kožní elasticity, kožního povrchu a jeho charakteru, koheze, barvy kůže se sledováním stupně erytému a kožní tlouštky. V poslední době přistupuje ještě spektrofotometrie, chromametrie, profilometrie, konfokální mikroskopie, vysokofrekvenční dopplerometrie a další. Jsou probrány jednotlivé přístroje se stručným principem funkce.Hlavní význam mají tyto metodiky v možnosti objektivizace údajů a umožňují následné statistické vyhodnocení. Zkoumána byla i reprodukovatelnost metod. Některé z přístrojů či postupů (měření impedance, TEWL, laser-Doppler) umožňují určovat i riziko iritace kůže.Řada autorů prokázala použití i ke sledování efektu používání ochranných prostředků nebo k průkazu kontaktních alergenů. Přístroje nikdy nemohou nahradit, nebo být citlivější v detekci nežli zkušený klinik, ale jejich význam spočívá především v objektivizaci skutečnosti.
The development of bioengineering methods has shifted from the sphere of basic research and is increasingly applied in common practice. In the submitted paper the authors analyze these methods and discuss their application in particular for assessing and defining the risk of eczema, its detection in subclinical forms of the disease, for checking treatment, with special attention to occupational dermatoses.The most widely used methods are assessment of slon hydratation, TEWL, pH of slon, investigation of the aktivity of sebaceous glands, blond flow, slon elasticity, slon surface and its character, cohesion, slon colour with investigation of the degree of erythema and slon thickness. Recently we can add spectrophotometry, chromametry, pro%lometry, confocal microscopy, high frequency dopplerometry and others. The authors discuss different types of instruments incl, a brief description of their function.The main importance of these methods is the possibility to expres data objectively and to evaluate them subsequently by statistical methods. The authors investigated also the reproducibility of methods. Some of the equipment and procedures (assessment of impedance, TEWL, laser-Doppler) make it possible to assess also the risk of slon irritation.Some authors proved that the methods can be used also to investigate the effect of the use of protective substances or to detect contact allergens. These instruments can never replace or be more sensitive in detection than an experienced clinician but their value is in particular in the objective expression of the findings.
Účelem tohoto článku je podat systematický přehled bioinženýrských metod, zatímco ve druhém článku bude podán výčet možností zobrazení kožního povrchu.V tomto pojednání jsou probrány metody, které měří určité veličiny, hodnoty, resp. vlastnosti kůže, jako jsou impedance, výdej vody (TEWL), hydratace pokožky, měření distribuce vody ve stratum corneum, určování kožního mazu, měření pH kožního povrchu, parciálního i transkutánního tlaku kyslíku a oxidu uhličitého, zjištování elasticity, teploty kůže a stanovení hladkostí resp. kožního tření. Uvedeny jsou rovněž dopplerometrické metody, laser-Doppler průtokometrie, kožní kolorimetrie (chromametrie, chromatometrie), remitenční spektrofoto(fluori)metrie, Ramanova spektroskopie a pletyzmografie. U všech metod je uvedeno základní vědecké i praktické využití.Stále více se požaduje náhrada subjektivního pozorování, byt zkušeného oka dermatologa, objektivním měřením. Vyhovět požadavkům výzkumu, popř, klinické praxi, je možné kombinací několika přístrojů současně, nebot jejich vlastnosti se doplňují.
The objective of this paper (part I) is to present a systematic review of bioengineering methods. Next article (part II) will present a list of possible ways of imaging of the Skin surface.In the present paper we discuss methods which assess certain variables, values and properties of slon such as impedance, water output (TEWL), Skin hydration, assessment of water distribution in the stratum corneum, assessment of sebum, assessment of the pH of the Skin surface, partial and transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure, assessment of the elasticity, Skin temperature and smoothness and Skin friction resp. The authors mention also dopplerometric methods, laser-Doppler flowmetry, Skin colorimentry (chromametry, chromatometry) remittance spectrophoto(fluori)metry, Raman's spectroscopy and plethysmography. In all methods basic scientific and practical applications are described.Increasingly there are demand to replace subjective observation, albeit by the experienced eye of the dermatologists, by objective assessment. The demands of research, possibly clinical practice, can be met by a combination of several apparatuses as their properties are complementary.
Článek je pokračováním pojednání (I) o technice, resp. bioinženýrských metodách pro praxia výzkum v dermatovenerologii. V tomto II. oddíle jsou probrány vyšetřovací metody určené k zobrazováníkůže a jejích struktur. Lze je rozdělit na přímé a nepřímé. V první části přímých metod jevěnována pozornost klasické fotografii a nové digitální fotografii. Jsou porovnány vlastnosti, technickémožnosti a přednosti obou způsobů, kvalita a využití. Probrány jsou způsoby archivace,počítačového zpracování, komprimace dat.Zmíněny jsou i způsoby makro- a mikrofotografií, včetně stereomikroskopie. Mezi nové metodypatří i videomikroskopie a její provádění v polarizovaném světle.Tato elektronická mikroskopie poskytuje při spojení s příslušným softwarem možnost ještěkvalitnějšího zpracování dat, především kožních nádorů (melanomů) a névů. Počítačové posuzovánína principu tzv. neuronových sítí poskytuje ještě kvalitnější ABCD+E+T analýzu s vyšší pravděpodobnostízáchytu melanomu. Systém je využitelný i pro ostatní uchování a popis obrazů. Přípojtlačítkem„video-mail“ dává možnost použití v teledermatologii, tj. při teledermatoskopii, teledermatopatologii,při konzultacích a edukaci.V další části jsou uvedeny mikroskopické metody, jako jsou konfokální a elektronová (skenovací)mikroskopie s jejich konstrukčními a technickými parametry a využitím.Do stati přímých metod patří ještě kapilaroskopie a fluorescenční videomikroskopie, optickákoherentní tomografie kůže a protonová magnetická rezonance kůže.K nepřímým metodám zařazujeme dopplerometrii (A-, B-, C-, M-mode scan), laser-Doppler-průtokometrii,měření nerovnosti kožního povrchu (profilometrii) a kožní viziometr. Jsou opět uvedenyjejich konstrukční základy, s technickým a praktickým použitím.
The article is a continuation of part I dealing with the technique and bioengineering methods forpractice and research in dermatovenerology. In part II the authors discuss examination methods forimaging of the skin and its structures. They can be divided into direct and indirect ones. In the firstpart of direct methods attention is paid to classical photography and new digital photography. Theauthors compare properties, technical possibilities and advantages of both methods, their qualityand application. They discuss also methods of archivation, computer processing and comprimationof data.The authors mention methods of macro- and microphotography, incl. stereomicroscopy. Newmethods include also videomicroscopy incl. its implementation in polarized light.This electronic microscopy provides when combined with the appropriate software the possibilityof high standard processing of data, in particular skin tumours (melanomas) and naevi. Computer-assisted evaluation on the principle of so-called neuron networks makes even higher-standardABCD+E+T analysis possible with a greater probability of melanoma detection. The system can beused also for other preservation and description of images. Connection by button „video-mail“ makesit possible to use of in teledermatology, i.e. in teledermatoscopy, teledermatopathology, duringconsultations and education. In the subsequent part microscopic methods are presented such as confocal and electron(scanning) microscopy with their design, technical parameters and use.The section on direct methods includes also capillaroscopy and fluorescent videomicroscopy,optic coherent tomography of the skin and proton magnetic resonance of the skin.Indirect methods include dopplerometry (A-, B-, C-, M-mode scan), laser-doppler flowmetry,assessment of inequalities of the skin surface (profilometry) and skin visiometry. Their design,technical and practical use are described.
- MeSH
- dermatologie metody MeSH
- elektronová mikroskopie metody využití MeSH
- konfokální mikroskopie metody využití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody využití MeSH
- ultrasonografie dopplerovská metody využití MeSH
- videomikroskopie metody využití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
1st ed, reprint 326 s.
This review discusses the methods of the nanofabrication of metal-polymer composites, especially those based on silver nanostructures. The advantages of composites based on biocompatible polymer matrix, as well as their modifications with suitable techniques are broadly discussed. Different forms of silver nanostructures are reviewed with special emphasis on their antimicrobial activity. Mechanisms of the antimicrobial action of the silver nanostructures are summarized together with proposed ways of passing through the cell wall and processes triggered in cellular environment.
The porous polymer foams act as a template for neotissuegenesis in tissue engineering, and, as a reservoir for cell transplants such as pancreatic islets while simultaneously providing a functional interface with the host body. The fabrication of foams with the controlled shape, size and pore structure is of prime importance in various bioengineering applications. To this end, here we demonstrate a thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) based facile process for the fabrication of polymer foams with a controlled architecture. The setup comprises of a metallic template bar (T), a metallic conducting block (C) and a non-metallic reservoir tube (R), connected in sequence T-C-R. The process hereinafter termed as Dip TIPS, involves the dipping of the T-bar into a polymer solution, followed by filling of the R-tube with a freezing mixture to induce the phase separation of a polymer solution in the immediate vicinity of T-bar; Subsequent free-drying or freeze-extraction steps produced the polymer foams. An easy exchange of the T-bar of a spherical or rectangular shape allowed the fabrication of tubular, open- capsular and flat-sheet shaped foams. A mere change in the quenching time produced the foams with a thickness ranging from hundreds of microns to several millimeters. And, the pore size was conveniently controlled by varying either the polymer concentration or the quenching temperature. Subsequent in vivo studies in brown Norway rats for 4-weeks demonstrated the guided cell infiltration and homogenous cell distribution through the polymer matrix, without any fibrous capsule and necrotic core. In conclusion, the results show the "Dip TIPS" as a facile and adaptable process for the fabrication of anisotropic channeled porous polymer foams of various shapes and sizes for potential applications in tissue engineering, cell transplantation and other related fields.
- MeSH
- bioinženýrství metody MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- diferenciální skenovací kalorimetrie MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- molekulová hmotnost MeSH
- polymery chemie MeSH
- poréznost MeSH
- potkani inbrední BN MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- rtuť analýza MeSH
- teplota * MeSH
- tkáňové podpůrné struktury chemie MeSH
- změna skupenství * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Novel bioengineering functional organoboron oligomers were synthesized by (i) amidolysis of oligo(maleic anhydride) (OMA) with 2-aminoethyldiphenylborinate (2-AEPB), (ii) esterification of organoboron oligomer (OMA-B) with α-hydroxy-ω-methoxypoly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a compatibilizer and (iii) conjugation of organoboron PEO branches (OMA-B-PEO) with folic acid as a taggering agent. Structure and composition of the synthesized oligomers were characterized by FTIR-ART and 1H (13C) NMR spectroscopy, chemical and physical analysis methods. Interaction of functional oligomers and oligomer···FA complex (OMA-B-PEO-F) with HeLa and L929 fibroblast cells were investigated by using different biochemical methods such as cytotoxicity, statistical, apoptotic and necrotic cell indexes, double staining and caspase-3 immunostaining, light and fluorescence inverted microscope analyses. It was found that citotoxisity and apoptotic/necrotic effects of oligomers significantly depend on the structure and composition of studied oligomers, and increase the following raw: OMA << OMA-B < OMA-B-PEO < OMA-B-PEO-F. A folic acid complex (MA-PEG-B-F) at 400 μg ml–1 (2.36 μmol ml–1) concentration as a therapeutic drug exhibits minimal toxcisity toward the fibroblast cells, but influential for HeLa cells.
The position of the trunk can be negatively influenced by many diseases. Several methods can be used for identifying defects in balance and coordination as a result of pathology of the musculoskeletal or nervous system. The aim of this article is to examine the relationship between the three methods used for analysis of trunk sway and compare two fundamentally different MoCap systems. We used a camera system and a 3DOF orientation tracker placed on subject's trunk, and measured inclination (roll) and flexion (pitch) during quiet stance. Ten healthy participants in the study were measured with eyes open and closed. The pitch versus roll plots of trunk were formed, and the area of the convex hull, area of confidence ellipse and total length of the trajectory of the pitch versus roll plot were calculated. The statistical analysis was performed and strong correlation between the area of the convex hull and area of the confidence ellipse was found. Also, the results show moderate correlation between the area of the confidence ellipse and total length of the trace, and moderate correlation between the area of the convex hull and total length of the trace. In general, the different MoCap systems show different areas and lengths but lead to the same conclusions. Statistical analysis of the participants with eyes open and eye closed did not show significant difference in the areas and total lengths of the pitch versus roll plots.
The article deals with an overview of acute extremity compartment syndrome with a focus on the option of non-invasive detection of the syndrome. Acute extremity compartment syndrome (ECS) is an urgent complication that occurs most often in fractures or high-energy injuries. There is still no reliable method for detecting ECS. The only objective measurement method used in clinical practice is an invasive measurement of intramuscular pressure (IMP). The purpose of this paper is to summarize the current state of research into non-invasive measurement methods that could allow simple and reliable continuous monitoring of patients at risk of developing ECS. Clinical trials are currently underway to verify the suitability of the most studied method, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which is a method for measuring the local oxygenation of muscle compartments. Less explored methods include the use of ultrasound, ultrasound elastography, bioimpedance measurements, and quantitative tissue hardness measurements. Finding a suitable method for continuous non-invasive monitoring of the syndrome would greatly improve the quality of care for patients at risk. ECS must be diagnosed quickly and accurately to prevent irreversible tissue damage that can occur within hours of syndrome onset and may even warrant amputation if neglected.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
