endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Východiska: Endoplazmatické retikulum (ER), organela tvořená soustavou cisteren a tubulů, je esenciální pro řadu buněčných dějů, mj. pro syntézu a transport proteinů. Pokud se chybně složené proteiny hromadí v lumen ER, dochází k rozvoji stresu ER, přičemž následnou odpovědí na narušení homeostázy je aktivace signální dráhy UPR (z angl. unfolded protein response, tj. odpověď na přítomnost nesbalených proteinů). Cílem procesu je obnovit homeostázu zvyšováním kapacity ER a jeho schopnosti skládat proteiny. K aktivaci homeostatické UPR dochází prostřednictvím některého ze tří transmembránových proteinů, kterými jsou enzym vyžadující inositol 1a (inositol-requiring enzyme 1a – IRE1a), kináza ER podobná R kináze (proteine kinase R-like ER kinase – PERK) a aktivující transkripční faktor 6 (activating transcription factor 6 – ATF6). V případě selhání pokusu o obnovu homeostázy naopak dochází prostřednictvím hyperaktivace týchž proteinů k rozvoji terminální UPR a apoptóze. Aktivace různých větví UPR byla popsána u mnoha nádorových onemocnění vč. mnohočetného myelomu (MM), který se vyznačuje maligní transformaci plazmatických buněk a zvýšenou syntézou monoklonálního imunoglobulinu, kdy je role ER zvláště podstatná. Navzdory pokrokům v léčbě MM zůstává onemocnění jen obtížně léčitelné a cílení na signální dráhy spojené s UPR by mohlo např. podpořit účinek inhibitorů proteazomu. Cíl: Tato práce si klade za cíl představit molekulární odpověď na stres ER za fyziologických okolností i v kontextu nádorových onemocnění, a to zejména s přihlédnutím k potenciálním terapeutickým cílům u MM.
Background: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle composed of a system of cisternae and tubules, is essential for many cellular processes, including protein synthesis and transport. When misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER lumen, ER stress is induced, and the subsequent response to the disruption of homeostasis is the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The purpose of this process is to restore homeostasis by increasing the capacity of the ER and its ability to fold proteins. Activation of the homeostatic UPR occurs via one of three transmembrane proteins, inositol-requiring enzyme 1a (IRE1a), protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Failure of the attempt to restore homeostasis, on the other hand, leads to the development of terminal UPR and apoptosis via hyperactivation of the same proteins. Activation of UPR has been described in many malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM), which is characterized by malignant transformation of plasma cells and increased monoclonal immunoglobulin synthesis, where the role of the ER is of particular importance. Despite advances in the treatment of MM, the disease remains difficult to treat and targeting signaling pathways associated with the UPR could, for example, enhance the effect of proteasome inhibitors. Purpose: This review intends to present the molecular response to ER stress under physiological circumstances and in the context of cancer, particularly with regard to potential therapeutic targets in MM.
- MeSH
- cílená molekulární terapie metody MeSH
- endoplazmatické retikulum * genetika účinky léků MeSH
- inhibitory proteasomu farmakologie klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mnohočetný myelom * farmakoterapie genetika MeSH
- signální dráha UPR účinky léků MeSH
- stres endoplazmatického retikula účinky léků MeSH
- XBP1 analýza účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The molecular machinery of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) integrates various intracellular and extracellular cues to maintain homeostasis in diverse physiological or pathological scenarios. ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been found to mediate molecular and biochemical mechanisms that affect cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Although a number of reviews on the ER stress response have been published, comprehensive reviews that broadly summarize ER physiology in the context of pluripotency, embryonic development, and tissue homeostasis are lacking. This review complements the current ER literature and provides a summary of the important findings on the role of the ER stress and UPR in embryonic development and pluripotent stem cells.
- MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace * MeSH
- embryonální vývoj * MeSH
- homeostáza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pluripotentní kmenové buňky cytologie metabolismus MeSH
- stres endoplazmatického retikula * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Cell death is an essential event in normal life and development, as well as in the pathophysiological processes that lead to disease. It has become clear that each of the main cellular organelles can participate in cell death signalling pathways, and recent advances have highlighted the importance of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cell death processes. In cells, the ER functions as the organelle where proteins mature, and as such, is very responsive to extracellular-intracellular changes of environment. This short overview focuses on the known pathways of programmed cell death triggering from or involving the ER.
Endomembrane system compartments are significant elements in virtually all eukaryotic cells, supporting functions including protein synthesis, post-translational modifications and protein/lipid targeting. In terms of membrane area the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest intracellular organelle, but the origins of proteins defining the organelle and the nature of lineage-specific modifications remain poorly studied. To understand the evolution of factors mediating ER morphology and function we report a comparative genomics analysis of experimentally characterized ER-associated proteins involved in maintaining ER structure. We find that reticulons, REEPs, atlastins, Ufe1p, Use1p, Dsl1p, TBC1D20, Yip3p and VAPs are highly conserved, suggesting an origin at least as early as the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), although many of these proteins possess additional non-ER functions in modern eukaryotes. Secondary losses are common in individual species and in certain lineages, for example lunapark is missing from the Stramenopiles and the Alveolata. Lineage-specific innovations include protrudin, Caspr1, Arl6IP1, p180, NogoR, kinectin and CLIMP-63, which are restricted to the Opisthokonta. Hence, much of the machinery required to build and maintain the ER predates the LECA, but alternative strategies for the maintenance and elaboration of ER shape and function are present in modern eukaryotes. Moreover, experimental investigations for ER maintenance factors in diverse eukaryotes are expected to uncover novel mechanisms.
- MeSH
- endoplazmatické retikulum * metabolismus MeSH
- eukaryotické buňky * MeSH
- transport proteinů MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Nucleotidase activity and Ca-uptake were characterized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) enriched rat submandibular gland (SMG) microsomal preparations. (i) Ca-uptake had characteristics of an ER Ca-ATPase. (ii) Nucleotidase activity was equally stimulated by calcium, magnesium and manganese, but with different Km values. (iii) Specific inhibitors of P-type Ca-ATPases were ineffective on nucleotidase activity, demonstrating that this activity was not related to calcium uptake and did not correspond to classical Ca2+ pumps. (iv) ATP and UTP were more efficient substrates, whereas ADP and UDP were hydrolyzed at significantly slower rate. (v) Nucleotidase activity was sensitive to mild detergent solubilization and insensitive to ionophore addition. (vi) Nucleotidase activity was strongly inhibited by suramin, a nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) inhibitor. (vii) Nucleotidase activity exponentially diminished as function of time. All these observations are consistent with a NTPDase identity. The presence of a NTPDase was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in rat SMG. Immunoreactivity was stronger in ductal cells than in mucous and serous acini. Although this enzyme was observed in the plasma membrane, colocalization with the ER marker calnexin revealed a specific subcellular localization in this organelle of all three types of cell. The putative function of this NTPDase activity in salivary glands is discussed.
- MeSH
- adenosindifosfát metabolismus MeSH
- adenosintrifosfát metabolismus MeSH
- elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- endoplazmatické retikulum enzymologie účinky léků MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- hořčík metabolismus MeSH
- hydrolýza MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- inhibitory enzymů farmakologie MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mangan metabolismus MeSH
- mikrozomy enzymologie MeSH
- nukleotidasy antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- podčelistní slinná žláza metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- sarkoplazmatická Ca2+-ATPáza metabolismus MeSH
- uridindifosfát metabolismus MeSH
- uridintrifosfát metabolismus MeSH
- vápník metabolismus MeSH
- western blotting MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a dimeric protein disulfide isomerase family member involved in the regulation of protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mouse AGR2 deletion increases intestinal inflammation and promotes the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although these biological effects are well established, the underlying molecular mechanisms of AGR2 function toward inflammation remain poorly defined. Here, using a protein-protein interaction screen to identify cellular regulators of AGR2 dimerization, we unveiled specific enhancers, including TMED2, and inhibitors of AGR2 dimerization, that control AGR2 functions. We demonstrate that modulation of AGR2 dimer formation, whether enhancing or inhibiting the process, yields pro-inflammatory phenotypes, through either autophagy-dependent processes or secretion of AGR2, respectively. We also demonstrate that in IBD and specifically in Crohn's disease, the levels of AGR2 dimerization modulators are selectively deregulated, and this correlates with severity of disease. Our study demonstrates that AGR2 dimers act as sensors of ER homeostasis which are disrupted upon ER stress and promote the secretion of AGR2 monomers. The latter might represent systemic alarm signals for pro-inflammatory responses.
- MeSH
- endoplazmatické retikulum genetika metabolismus MeSH
- HEK293 buňky MeSH
- homeostáze proteinů * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mukoproteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- multimerizace proteinu * MeSH
- myši MeSH
- onkogenní proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- stres endoplazmatického retikula * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD) is increasing in parallel with obesity rates. Stress-related alterations in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), are associated with obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate ER imbalance in the pancreas of a mice model of adult and perinatal diet-induced obesity. Twenty female C57BL/6J mice were assigned to control (Con) or obesogenic (Ob) diets prior to and during pregnancy and lactation. Their offspring were weaned onto Con or Ob diets up to 6 months post-partum. Then, after sacrifice, plasma biochemical analyses, gene expression, and protein concentrations were measured in pancreata. Offspring of Ob-fed mice had significantly increased body weight (p < 0.001) and plasma leptin (p < 0.001) and decreased insulin (p < 0.01) levels. Maternal obesogenic diet decreased the total and phosphorylated Eif2α and increased spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Pancreatic gene expression of downstream regulators of UPR (EDEM, homocysteine-responsive endoplasmic reticulum-resident (HERP), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)) and autophagy-related proteins (LC3BI/LC3BII) were differently disrupted by obesogenic feeding in both mothers and offspring (from p < 0.1 to p < 0.001). Maternal obesity and Ob feeding in their offspring alter UPR in NAFPD, with involvement of proapoptotic and autophagy-related markers. Upstream and downstream regulators of PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6 pathways were affected differently following the obesogenic insults.
- MeSH
- autofagie MeSH
- biologické markery krev metabolismus MeSH
- dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků škodlivé účinky MeSH
- fyziologie výživy v mateřství * MeSH
- inzulin krev MeSH
- komplikace těhotenství etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- konzumní sacharóza škodlivé účinky MeSH
- laktace MeSH
- leptin krev MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- obezita etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- odstavení MeSH
- pankreas imunologie metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- pankreatitida etiologie imunologie metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- signální dráha UPR * MeSH
- stres endoplazmatického retikula * MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The aim of our study was to analyze mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) gene expression profiles in subcutaneous (SAT) and epicardial (EAT) adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and myocardium in patients with and without CAD undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Thirty-eight patients, 27 with (CAD group) and 11 without CAD (noCAD group), undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valvular surgery were included in the study. EAT, SAT, intercostal skeletal muscle, and right atrium tissue and blood samples were collected at the start and end of surgery; mRNA expression of selected mitochondrial and ER stress genes was assessed using qRT-PCR. The presence of CAD was associated with decreased mRNA expression of most of the investigated mitochondrial respiratory chain genes in EAT, while no such changes were seen in SAT or other tissues. In contrast, the expression of ER stress genes did not differ between the CAD and noCAD groups in almost any tissue. Cardiac surgery further augmented mitochondrial dysfunction in EAT. In our study, CAD was associated with decreased expression of mitochondrial, but not endoplasmic reticulum stress genes in EAT. These changes may contribute to the acceleration of coronary atherosclerosis.
- MeSH
- endoplazmatické retikulum genetika metabolismus MeSH
- exprese genu genetika MeSH
- kosterní svaly metabolismus MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- messenger RNA genetika MeSH
- mitochondrie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- myokard metabolismus MeSH
- nemoci koronárních tepen genetika patofyziologie MeSH
- perikard metabolismus MeSH
- podkožní tuk metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese metody MeSH
- stres endoplazmatického retikula genetika fyziologie MeSH
- transkriptom genetika MeSH
- tuková tkáň metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) forms a single layer of mostly cuboidal cells on surface of mammalian ovaries that is inherently exposed to cell stress evoked by tissue damage every ovulation and declines morphologically after menopause. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a principal cell organelle involved in proteosynthesis, but also integrating various stress signals. ER stress evokes a conserved signaling pathway, the unfolded protein response (UPR), leading to cell death or adaptation to stress conditions. In this work, we document that mouse OSE suffers from ER stress during replicative senescence in vitro, develops abnormalities in ER and initiates UPR. Attenuation of ER stress in senescent OSE by tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) reconditions ER architecture and leads to delayed onset of senescence. In summary, we show for the first time a mutual molecular link between ER stress response and replicative senescence leading to phenotypic changes of non-malignant ovarian surface epithelium.
- MeSH
- down regulace účinky léků MeSH
- epitel účinky léků patologie ultrastruktura MeSH
- kyselina taurochenodeoxycholová farmakologie MeSH
- messenger RNA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ovarium patologie MeSH
- stárnutí buněk účinky léků MeSH
- stres endoplazmatického retikula účinky léků MeSH
- tunikamycin farmakologie MeSH
- upregulace účinky léků MeSH
- zkracování telomer účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Physiological and pathological conditions that affect the folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) provoke ER stress and trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR aims to either restore the balance between newly synthesized and misfolded proteins or if the damage is severe, to trigger cell death. However, the molecular events underlying the switch between repair and cell death are not well understood. The ER-resident chaperone BiP governs the UPR by sensing misfolded proteins and thereby releasing and activating the three mediators of the UPR: PERK, IRE1 and ATF6. PERK promotes G2 cell cycle arrest and cellular repair by inducing the alternative translated p53 isoform p53ΔN40 (p53/47), which activates 14-3-3σ via suppression of p21CDKN1A. Here we show that prolonged ER stress promotes apoptosis via a p53-dependent inhibition of BiP expression. This leads to the release of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only BIK from BiP and activation of apoptosis. Suppression of bip mRNA translation is mediated via the specific binding of p53 to the first 346-nt of the bip mRNA and via a p53 trans-suppression domain located within the first seven N-terminal amino acids of p53ΔN40. This work shows how p53 targets BiP to promote apoptosis during severe ER stress and further illustrates how regulation of mRNA translation has a key role in p53-mediated regulation of gene expression during the UPR.
- MeSH
- adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční metabolismus MeSH
- apoptóza fyziologie MeSH
- endoplazmatické retikulum metabolismus MeSH
- endoribonukleasy metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitochondriální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- nádorový supresorový protein p53 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- protein-serin-threoninkinasy metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny regulující apoptózu metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny tepelného šoku metabolismus MeSH
- signální dráha UPR fyziologie MeSH
- stres endoplazmatického retikula fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
