- MeSH
- Hepatitis A MeSH
- Hepatitis B MeSH
- Hepatitis C MeSH
- Immunoenzyme Techniques MeSH
- Viral Hepatitis Vaccines MeSH
- Geographicals
- Estonia MeSH
Bacteriological investigation allowed identifying the etiological factor of sepsis in the blood of children at the early age only in 33.3% of cases; in other clinical material - in 48.3% of cases. Staphylococcus was the dominated microflora in the development of sepsis. In other clinical material Staphylococcus as leading etiological factor competed with gram-negative flora. Given the difficulty of determining, using bacteriological method, the etiologic factor in infant patients with sepsis, especially in its septicemic form, there is a need to find the most informative, less time-consuming diagnostic methods. We have used the indirect diagnostic method by considering the presence in the blood of antigen-connected lymphocytes (ACL) which react with the bacteria antigens - causative agents of the disease. The ACL method showed that gram-negative bacteria performs as a dominated microflora.
- MeSH
- Lymphocyte Activation MeSH
- Antigens, Bacterial * blood MeSH
- Bacterial Infections blood microbiology MeSH
- Bacteriological Techniques * methods statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Feces microbiology MeSH
- Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections blood microbiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Sepsis * blood microbiology urine MeSH
- Staphylococcal Infections microbiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Publication type
- Comparative Study MeSH
Vo svetovom písomníctve o epilepsii sa často používa termín „idiopatická epilepsia", ktorý vlastne predstavuje vyčlenenú skupinu prípadov, kde sa etiologický faktor nepodarilo stanoviť (udáva sa, že «2 u 70 % prípadov), a takisto sa udáva, že až 80 % prípadov epilepsie vzniká vo veku do 25 rokov. Za velmi dôležitý faktor v etiológii považujeme tzv. vývinové a geneticky podmienené poruchy. Predkladáme štyri kazuistiky, v ktorých je jednoznačné zastúpenie tohto etiologického činiteľa v genéze vzniku epilepsie. Dochádzame k záverom, že i dôkaz genetického faktoru nemusí vylúčiť, že ide o polyetiologícký klinický syndrom, o výskyt patoplastického terénu a spúšťacieho činiteľa alebo o náhodnú koincidenciu úplne rozdielnych etiologických činiteľov. Sme presvedčení, že termín „idiopatická epilepsia" je ako diagnóza nesprávny, nepresný a vágny, a že množstvo takto uzavretých epilepsií klesne pri dôslednom dodržiavaní diagnostických algoritmov, a že dokonca by bolo správnejšie nahradiť termín »»idiopatická epilepsia" termínom „epilepsia" (alebo „epileptický syndróm") „nejasnej" alebo „neobjasnenej genézy".
In the literature the term „idiopathic epilepsy" is frequently used in cases, where the etiological factor was not determined. Up to 70% of cases are diagnosed as „idiopathic epilepsy" and 80% of epileptic seizures originate before the age of 25 years. Development of structural lesions in the brain and influence of genetics are very important factors in the etiology of epilepsy. In this paper cases of four patients are discussed. Conclusions: even determination of the genetic factor does not exclude that epilepsy is a syndrome with many etiological factors. The relative importance of perinatal factors. nutrition, trauma and other environmental influences must be considered. In our opinion, the term „idiopathic epilepsy" is incorrect, inaccurate and we propose a more appropriate term „epilepsy" („epileptic syndrome") of„unclear" or „uncertain genesis".
- MeSH
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease complications MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Epilepsy diagnosis etiology MeSH
- Genetics MeSH
- Communicable Diseases complications MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Porphyrias complications MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
For the last decade enterovirus outbreaks were registered in all of six districts of Belarus. Two of them, reported in 1997 (in Gomel) and in 2003 (in Minsk), were the most extensive and involved 461 and 1,351 patients respectively. Virus ECHO 30 was identified as the dominant etiologic agent of the outbreak in 1997 whereas co-circulation of ECHO 30, ECHO 6 and Coxsackievirus B5 took place in 2003. Analysis of clinical manifestations during the Minsk outbreak revealed unusually high rate of severe clinical forms of infection including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis and myocardial disorders. Epidemiologic observation was ordinary for enterovirus epidemics in temperate climates: the peak of the outbreak was recorded during summer – autumn period of 2003, and 0–14 years old children predominated. Data from the case-control study indicated that illness was associated with drinking water from community water system. Also the laboratory examination demonstrated contamination of different water samples with the epidemic virus serotypes and sequence analysis showed high level of genetic similarity between waterborne and clinical isolates. For these reasons the outbreak should be classified as a waterborne one. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that all Belarusian ECHO 30 isolates belong to the major genotype of ECHO 30 which has been circulating for last 15 years in Europe and North America. Viral agents of 2003 were very similar and substantially differed from isolates of 1997. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of isolates from myocarditis patients revealed their considerable genetic similarity with ECHO 30 isolates from patients with aseptic meningitis and from water. The results of the study draw attention to the importance of virological control of tap and bottled water as a relevant measure aimed at reduction of epidemiological risks.
- MeSH
- Coxsackievirus Infections epidemiology transmission virology MeSH
- Echovirus Infections epidemiology etiology transmission MeSH
- Encephalitis, Viral epidemiology etiology transmission MeSH
- Enterovirus Infections epidemiology etiology transmission MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Meningitis, Aseptic epidemiology virology MeSH
- Myocarditis epidemiology etiology virology MeSH
- Water Pollution analysis prevention & control statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Comparative Study MeSH
- Geographicals
- Republic of Belarus MeSH
... CONTENTS -- Preface -- Introduction -- • • -- V11 -- Part -- 10 -- 11 -- I Normal Structure and Function ... ... -- Structural Principles of the Liver -- Methods of Study of Structure -- Gross Inspection, 9 -- Microscopic ... ... Study, 9 -- Cytochemical Analysis, 12 -- Chemical Analysis, 12 -- Structure of the Hepatic Cell -- Arrangement ... ... between Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi, 117 -- Regeneration of Bile Ductules and Ducts, 119 -- Structure ... ... and -- Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis -- Viral Hepatitis—Etiology and Epidemiology, 414 -- Addendum ...
xv, 777 stran : ilustrace ; 26 cm
Významný a rastúci podiel zhubných nádorov na celkovom počte úmrtí obyvateľov vyspelých a postupne i rozvojových krajín viedol už od polovice minulého storočia k formulovaniu preventívnych programov proti týmto ochoreniam. Deklaratívny charakter programov, ich zameranie na rozsiahle spektrum lokalizácií, nerešpektovanie lokálnych priorít, rýchle očakávanie pozitívnych výsledkov pri súčasnom nedostatku materiálnych a personálnych zdrojov viedlo k ich zlyhaniu. Naviac tvorba a implementácia onkologických programov nutne zaostávala za dramatickým a pritom dlhodobo podceňovaným vzostupom onkologických ochorení. Pri formulovaní onkologických programov v súčasnosti sa zdôrazňuje predovšetkým ich komplexný a reálny charakter. Vychádzajú zo všeobecne akceptovaného faktu poznania príčin zhruba 40 % všetkých nádorov, čím sú určené a ohraničené možnosti ich primárnej prevencie. Akceptované možnosti liečby asi 33 % sú východiskom pre aplikáciu metód sekundárnej prevencie, zlepšenia diagnostiky a následnej úspešnejšej liečby ranných štádií ochorenia. Všetky uvedené zásady splňuje metóda surveillance osvedčená pri prevencii infekčných chorôb. Ide o sústavný zber detailných údajov o aktuálnom a budúcom rozsahu a vývoji zhubných nádorov, ako aj diagnostike, liečbe a celkovej starostlivosti o onkologických pacientov. Takéto poznatky môžu poskytnúť iba populačné onkologické registre, a to nielen pri formulovaní a smerovaní komplexných programov, ale i hodnotení ich výsledkov.
Important and increasing contribution of malignant tumours on the total number of deaths in developed and later also in developing countries led in the middle of previous century to the formulation of preventive cancer control programs. Eroneus interpretation of epidemiological as well as results obtained on laboratory animals, the general acceptance that the etiology of nearly all human malignant tumours is known, declarative character of these programs, orientation on large scale of cancer sites, ignorance of local priorities, avaiting the positive results in short time together with limited material and personal resources led to the failure of majority of cancer control programs. Moreover.the formation and implementation of these programs remained all the time behind dramatic increase of cancer. Actually cancer control programs are based on generally accepted fact that the causes of about 40% of cancers are known and therefore preventable. Possibilities of treatement roughly 33% of cancer cases provide the aims of secondary prevention .The essential basis of the performance of cancer control programs is their surveillance which was succesfully used in prevention of infectious diseases. In oncology surveillance encompasses the systematic collection of detailed data on actual and future burden and development of cancer incicence and mortality in given population, as well as on diagnostic, treatment and overall care of cancer patients. Information of this kind could be derived only from population based cancer registries which are also valuable for the evaluation and monitoring of the results of national cancer control programs.
Viral diseases are a major threat to honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations worldwide and therefore an important factor in reliable crop pollination and food security. Black queen cell virus (BQCV) is the etiological agent of a fatal disease of honeybee queen larvae and pupae. The virus belongs to the genus Triatovirus from the family Dicistroviridae, which is part of the order Picornavirales Here we present a crystal structure of BQCV determined to a resolution of 3.4 Å. The virion is formed by 60 copies of each of the major capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3; however, there is no density corresponding to a 75-residue-long minor capsid protein VP4 encoded by the BQCV genome. We show that the VP4 subunits are present in the crystallized virions that are infectious. This aspect of the BQCV virion is similar to that of the previously characterized triatoma virus and supports the recent establishment of the separate genus Triatovirus within the family Dicistroviridae The C terminus of VP1 and CD loops of capsid proteins VP1 and VP3 of BQCV form 34-Å-tall finger-like protrusions at the virion surface. The protrusions are larger than those of related dicistroviruses.IMPORTANCE The western honeybee is the most important pollinator of all, and it is required to sustain the agricultural production and biodiversity of wild flowering plants. However, honeybee populations worldwide are suffering from virus infections that cause colony losses. One of the most common, and least known, honeybee pathogens is black queen cell virus (BQCV), which at high titers causes queen larvae and pupae to turn black and die. Here we present the three-dimensional virion structure of BQCV, determined by X-ray crystallography. The structure of BQCV reveals large protrusions on the virion surface. Capsid protein VP1 of BQCV does not contain a hydrophobic pocket. Therefore, the BQCV virion structure provides evidence that capsid-binding antiviral compounds that can prevent the replication of vertebrate picornaviruses may be ineffective against honeybee virus infections.
Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture is one of the most common orthopedic conditions in dogs. The pathogenesis of CCL rupture is not fully described and remains to be elucidated fully. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the etiology of these changes. The objective of this study was to investigate structural changes in the CCL in relation to the tibial plateau angle (TPA) and the intercondylar notch (ICN) width in dogs. Fifty-five skeletally mature dogs were included in this study. ICN width and TPA measurements were obtained from intact CCL stifles. Samples of the CCL, caudal cruciate ligament (CaCL), and femoral head ligament (FHL) were harvested and stained for routine histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Microscopic changes in the ligaments were observed and were found to correlate with the TPA and ICN width values. The degree of structural changes within the CCL was observed to correlate with an increasing TPA and a narrowing ICN width. Changes in the CCL are likely to be caused by excessive forces acting through the ligament in stifles with a high TPA. Chondroid metaplasia of the CCL is an adaptation to abnormal mechanics within the stifle joint caused by altered bone morphology.
- MeSH
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament pathology MeSH
- Dog Diseases pathology MeSH
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries pathology veterinary MeSH
- Dogs MeSH
- Rupture pathology veterinary MeSH
- Tibia pathology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Male MeSH
- Dogs MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
