This study investigated the effect of implant thickness and material on deformation and stress distribution within different components of cranial implant assemblies. Using the finite element method, two cranial implants, differing in size and shape, and thicknesses (1, 2, 3 and 4 mm, respectively), were simulated under three loading scenarios. The implant assembly model included the detailed geometries of the mini-plates and micro-screws and was simulated using a sub-modeling approach. Statistical assessments based on the Design of Experiment methodology and on multiple regression analysis revealed that peak stresses in the components are influenced primarily by implant thickness, while the effect of implant material is secondary. On the contrary, the implant deflection is influenced predominantly by implant material followed by implant thickness. The highest values of deformation under a 50 N load were observed in the thinnest (1 mm) Polymethyl Methacrylate implant (Small defect: 0.296 mm; Large defect: 0.390 mm). The thinnest Polymethyl Methacrylate and Polyether Ether Ketone implants also generated stresses in the implants that can potentially breach the materials' yield limit. In terms of stress distribution, the change of implant thickness had a more significant impact on the implant performance than the change of Young's modulus of the implant material. The results indicated that the stresses are concentrated in the locations of fixation; therefore, the detailed models of mini-plates and micro-screws implemented in the finite element simulation provided a better insight into the mechanical performance of the implant-skull system.

• MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků * MeSH
• experimentální implantáty * MeSH
• lebka * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechanický stres * MeSH
• počítačová simulace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Úvod a cíl práce: Mechanický přenos zatížení na kost ovlivňuje kromě materiálových vlastností implantátu (mikrodesign), zejména typ použitého závitu a jeho parametry (makrodesign). Rozeznáváme čtyři základní tvary závitů: a) metrický, b) plochý, c) pilovitý, d) obrácený pilovitý a dva modifikované tvary podle ISO TC 150 normy: e) ISO Shallow HA kortikální a f) ISO Deep HB spongiózní. Mechanický přenos charakterizuje míru přenosu mechanického napětí ze závitu do kosti a je menší než jedna. V ideálním případě je roven jedné, ale vlivem odlišné pevnosti a pružnosti kosti a materiálu závitu je obtížné této hodnoty dosáhnout. Byly stanoveny dva cíle studie. Prvním bylo zjistit rozložení napjatosti (tj. tlakového, tahového a smykového napětí) nejčastěji používaných typů závitů zubních implantátů na rozhraní implantát – kost. Druhým cílem byl popis mechanické kompatibility (čili mechanického přenosu zatížení z implantátu na okolní kost) u stejných typů závitů. Metody: Pro modelování vlivu tvaru závitu implantátu na rozložení napětí v místě rozhraní implantát – kost jsme použili metodu konečných prvků v programu MSC Marc (MSC Software s.r.o., ČR) a metodiku podle Gefena, při které jsme analýze podrobili celou délku kontaktu implantátu s kostí. Definování okrajových podmínek. Velikost zatěžující síly byla F = 100 N, směr síly byl totožný s dlouhou osou implantátu a působiště síly bylo v jeho krčkové části.Charakterizování materiálového modelu. K popisu materiálových vlastností kosti jsme použili izotropní model, který definují dvě konstanty: Youngův modul pružnosti (E) a Poissonovo číslo (μ).Definování typu úlohy. Model byl simulován jako prostorová osově symetrická úloha. Výsledky: Z hlediska tahového napětí se ukazuje jako nejlepší závit ISO Shallow HA, v případě tlakového a smykového napětí se jeví nejvhodnějším plochý závit. Výsledky spočítané metodou konečných prvků u všech typů simulovaných závitů potvrzují, že v závitovém spojení je největší podíl napětí soustředěn v prvních cervikálních závitech. Diskuse a závěr: Z provedených simulací plyne, že profil závitu hraje významnou roli v ovlivnění velikosti a rozložení napětí v okolní kosti a mechanické kompatibility. Naše matematická studie neprokazuje, že existuje jeden ideální závit pro dentální implantát.

Introduction, Aim: Mechanical transfer of load onto the bone affects, besides implant material properties (microdesign), especially the type of thread used and its parameters (macrodesign). There are four basic types of thread: a) metric, b) flat, c) saw-tooth, d) inverted saw-tooth and two modified shapes as specified in standard ISO TC 150: e) ISO Shallow HA cortical, and f) ISO Deep HB cancellous. Mechanical transfer is a characteristic of the rate of mechanical stress transfer from thread to bone, which is less than one. The value of one constitutes an ideal situation but due to different strengths and elasticities in the bone and in the thread material, respectively, this value is difficult to achieve. Two objectives were set for the study. The one was to establish stress (tensile, compressive, and shear) distribution with the most used types of dental implant threads at the implant bone contact. The other objective was to characterize mechanical compatibility (or mechanical transfer of load from implant onto adjacent bone) with the same types of thread. Methods: The Finite Element Method using MSC Marc (MSC Software s.r.o.) program and methodology by Amit Gefen were utilized while the entire implant bone contact length was analysed. The model generation process consists of three stages. Definition of boundary conditions. The load force was F = 100N, direction of force was identical with the implant longitudinal axis while the origin of force was at its cervical area.Establishing material model characteristics. Isotropic model, specified with two constants, was used to establish characteristics of material properties: Young’s modulus of elasticity (E) and Poisson’s ratio (μ)Task specifications. The model was simulated as a 3D axisymmetric task. Results: The ISO Shallow HA thread comes out as the best one from the tensile stress’s point of view whereas the flat thread appears to be the most convenient when considering compressive or shear stress. The results computed using the Finite Element Method with all types of threads simulated confirm that the largest part of stress in threaded connection is found in the foremost cervical turns of thread. Discussion and Conclusion: The simulations carried out implicate that the thread cross section shape plays an important role in affecting stress amplitude and distribution adjacent to the bone as well as mechanical compatibility. Our mathematical study does not prove that there is one single ideal type of thread for dental implants.

• Klíčová slova
• dentální implantát, analýza konečných prvků, mechanická kompatibilita, napětí, závit,
• MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kostní šrouby MeSH
• mechanický stres * MeSH
• návrh zubní protézy MeSH
• pevnost v tahu MeSH
• pevnost ve smyku MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• zubní implantáty * klasifikace   normy   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• hodnotící studie MeSH

This study aimed to introduce a procedure for determining the bilinear elastic moduli (E1 and E2) of the periodontal ligament for a mathematical tooth model to analyse stress in the mandible. The bone and tooth morphology were scanned from a dry skull and an extracted intact tooth, respectively, and reconstructed in a three-dimensional finite element model. The model showed good agreement with previously reported in vivo premolar movement when an E1 for the first phase tooth movement of 0.05 MPa and an E2 for the second phase of 8.0 MPa with ε(12) of 0.075 were adopted. The mandible model analysis indicated that a remarkably high maximum compressive stress in the cervical cortical bone and the tensile stress in areas of masticatory muscle attachment were found. Future stress analyses using a jaw model may follow the process of determination of bilinear moduli to enhance accurate simulation with less calculation time.

• MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• hrot zubního kořene anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mandibula anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• mechanický stres MeSH
• modul pružnosti MeSH
• musculus masseter anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• musculus pterygoideus anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• musculus temporalis anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• odontometrie MeSH
• periodontální vaz fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu metody   MeSH
• pohyb MeSH
• premolár anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• processus alveolaris anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• síla skusu MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• zubní kořen anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zubní korunka (anatomie) anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zubní lůžko anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

A three-dimensional finite element model of a vascular smooth muscle cell is based on models published recently; it comprehends elements representing cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, and a complex tensegrity structure representing the cytoskeleton. In contrast to previous models of eucaryotic cells, this tensegrity structure consists of several parts. Its external and internal parts number 30 struts, 60 cables each, and their nodes are interconnected by 30 radial members; these parts represent cortical, nuclear and deep cytoskeletons, respectively. This arrangement enables us to simulate load transmission from the extracellular space to the nucleus or centrosome via membrane receptors (focal adhesions); the ability of the model was tested by simulation of some mechanical tests with isolated vascular smooth muscle cells. Although material properties of components defined on the basis of the mechanical tests are ambiguous, modelling of different types of tests has shown the ability of the model to simulate substantial global features of cell behaviour, e.g. "action at a distance effect" or the global load-deformation response of the cell under various types of loading. Based on computational simulations, the authors offer a hypothesis explaining the scatter of experimental results of indentation tests.

• MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• buněčný převod mechanických signálů fyziologie   MeSH
• cytoskelet MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechanický stres MeSH
• myocyty hladké svaloviny chemie   cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• svaly hladké cévní chemie   cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Objective of this study was to develop an MRI-based finite element model and simulate a childbirth considering the fetal head position in a persistent occiput posterior position. METHODS: The model involves the pelvis, fetal head and soft tissues including the levator ani and obturator muscles simulated by the hyperelastic nonlinear Ogden material model. The uniaxial test was measured using pig samples of the levator to determine the material constants. Vaginal deliveries considering two positions of the fetal head were simulated: persistent occiput posterior position and uncomplicated occiput anterior position. The von Mises stress distribution was analyzed. RESULTS: The material constants of the hyperelastic Ogden model were measured for the samples of pig levator ani. The mean values of Ogden parameters were calculated as: μ1 = 8.2 ± 8.9 GPa; μ2 = 21.6 ± 17.3 GPa; α1 = 0.1803 ± 0.1299; α2 = 15.112 ± 3.1704. The results show the significant increase of the von Mises stress in the levator muscle for the case of a persistent occiput posterior position. For the optimal head position, the maximum stress was found in the anteromedial levator portion at station +8 (mean: 44.53 MPa). For the persistent occiput posterior position, the maximum was detected in the distal posteromedial levator portion at station +6 (mean: 120.28 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: The fetal head position during vaginal delivery significantly affects the stress distribution in the levator muscle. Considering the persistent occiput posterior position, the stress increases evenly 3.6 times compared with the optimal head position.

• MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků MeSH
• naléhání plodu * MeSH
• pánevní dno diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• plod * MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vedení porodu MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Several studies have assessed birth-related deformations of the levator ani muscle (LAM) and perineum on models that depicted these elements in isolation. The main aim of this study was to develop a complex female pelvic floor computational model using the finite element method to evaluate points and timing of maximum stress at the LAM and perineum in relation to the birth process. METHODS: A three-dimensional computational model of the female pelvic floor was created and used to simulate vaginal birth based on data from previously described real-life MRI scans. We developed three models: model A (LAM without perineum); model B (perineum without LAM); model C (a combined model with both structures). RESULTS: The maximum stress in the LAM was achieved when the vertex was 9 cm below the ischial spines and measured 37.3 MPa in model A and 88.7 MPa in model C. The maximum stress in the perineum occurred at the time of distension by the suboocipito-frontal diameter and reached 86.7 MPa and 119.6 MPa in models B and C, respectively, while the stress in the posterior fourchette caused by the suboccipito-bregmatic diameter measured 36.9 MPa for model B and 39.8 MPa for model C. CONCLUSIONS: Including perineal structures in a computational birth model simulation affects the level of stress at the LAM. The maximum stress at the LAM and perineum seems to occur when the head is lower than previously anticipated.

• MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pánevní dno * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• perineum MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vedení porodu * MeSH
• zubní porcelán MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper was to design a finite element model for a hinged PROSPON oncological knee endoprosthesis and to verify the model by comparison with ankle flexion angle using knee-bending experimental data obtained previously. METHOD: Visible Human Project CT scans were used to create a general lower extremity bones model and to compose a 3D CAD knee joint model to which muscles and ligaments were added. Into the assembly the designed finite element PROSPON prosthesis model was integrated and an analysis focused on the PEEK-OPTIMA hinge pin bushing stress state was carried out. To confirm the stress state analysis results, contact pressure was investigated. The analysis was performed in the knee-bending position within 15.4-69.4° hip joint flexion range. RESULTS: The results showed that the maximum stress achieved during the analysis (46.6 MPa) did not exceed the yield strength of the material (90 MPa); the condition of plastic stability was therefore met. The stress state analysis results were confirmed by the distribution of contact pressure during knee-bending. CONCLUSION: The applicability of our designed finite element model for the real implant behaviour prediction was proven on the basis of good correlation of the analytical and experimental ankle flexion angle data.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků MeSH
• analýza selhání vybavení MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• design s pomocí počítače MeSH
• kolenní kloub patofyziologie   MeSH
• kosterní svaly patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechanický stres MeSH
• modul pružnosti MeSH
• nádory kostí patofyziologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• pevnost v tahu MeSH
• pevnost v tlaku MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• protetické vybavení metody   MeSH
• protézy - design MeSH
• protézy kolene * MeSH
• šlachy patofyziologie   MeSH
• software MeSH
• svalová kontrakce MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• validační studie MeSH

This computational study investigates the effect of shape (defect contour curvature) and bone-implant interface (osteotomy angle) on the stress distribution within PMMA skull implants. Using finite element methodology, 15 configurations--combinations of simplified synthetic geometric shapes (circular, square, triangular, irregular) and interface angulations--were simulated under 50N static loads. Furthermore, the implant fixation devices were modelled and analysed in detail. Negative osteotomy configurations demonstrated the largest stresses in the implant (275 MPa), fixation devices (1258 MPa) and bone strains (0.04). The circular implant with zero and positive osteotomy performed well with maximum observed magnitudes of--implant stress (1.2 MPa and 1.2 MPa), fixation device stress (11.2 MPa and 2.2 MPa), bone strain (0.218e-3 and 0.750e-4). The results suggest that the preparation of defect sites is a critical procedure. Of the greatest importance is the angle at which the edges of the defect are sawed. If under an external load, the implant has no support from the interface and the stresses are transferred to the fixation devices. This can endanger their material integrity and lead to unphysiological strains in the adjacent bone, potentially compromising the bone morphology required for anchoring. These factors can ultimately weaken the stability of the entire implant assembly.

• MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků MeSH
• analýza zatížení zubů MeSH
• lebka * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechanický stres MeSH
• polymethylmethakrylát MeSH
• protézy a implantáty * MeSH
• rozhraní kost/implantát * MeSH
• zubní implantáty * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The finite element analysis (FEA) has been identified as a useful tool for the stress and strain behaviour determination in lower limb prosthetics. The residual limb and prosthetic socket interface was the main subject of interest in previous studies. This paper focuses on the finite element analysis for the evaluation of structural behaviour of the Sure-flex™ prosthetic foot and other load-bearing components. A prosthetic socket was not included in the FEA. An approach for the finite element modelling including foot analysis, reverse engineering and material property testing was used. The foot analysis incorporated ground reaction forces measurement, motion analysis and strain gauge analysis. For the material model determination, non-destructive laboratory testing and its FE simulation was used. A new, realistic way of load application is presented along with a detailed investigation of stress distribution in the load-bearing components of the prosthesis. A novel approach for numerical and experimental agreement determination was introduced. This showed differences in the strain on the pylon between the experimental and the numerical model within 30% for the anteroposterior bending and up to 25% for the compression. The highest von Mises stresses were found on the foot-pylon connecting component at toe off. Peak stress of 216MPa occurred on the posterior adjusting screw and maximum stress of 156MPa was found at the neck of the male pyramid.

• MeSH
• amputovaní MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechanický stres MeSH
• protézy - design MeSH
• protézy a implantáty MeSH
• tibie MeSH
• zatížení muskuloskeletálního systému MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Dental implant failure is mainly the consequence of bone loss at peri-implant area. It usually begins in crestal bone. Due to this gradual loss, implants cannot withstand functional force without bone overload, which promotes complementary loss. As a result, implant lifetime is significantly decreased. To estimate implant success prognosis, taking into account 0.2 mm annual bone loss for successful implantation, ultimate occlusal forces for the range of commercial cylindrical implants were determined and changes of the force value for each implant due to gradual bone loss were studied. For this purpose, finite element method was applied and von Mises stresses in implant-bone interface under 118.2 N functional occlusal load were calculated. Geometrical models of mandible segment, which corresponded to Type II bone (Lekholm & Zarb classification), were generated from computed tomography images. The models were analyzed both for completely and partially osseointegrated implants (bone loss simulation). The ultimate value of occlusal load, which generated 100 MPa von Mises stresses in the critical point of adjacent bone, was calculated for each implant. To estimate longevity of implants, ultimate occlusal loads were correlated with an experimentally measured 275 N occlusal load (Mericske-Stern & Zarb). These findings generally provide prediction of dental implants success.

• MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků * MeSH
• analýza zatížení zubů MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mandibula patologie   MeSH
• mechanický stres MeSH
• osteointegrace MeSH
• síla skusu MeSH
• zatížení muskuloskeletálního systému MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• zubní implantáty * MeSH
• zubní protéza - design MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH