fungal phylogeny
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The isolation and study of fungi within specific contexts yield valuable insights into the intricate relationships between fungi and ecosystems. Unlike culture-independent approaches, cultivation methods are advantageous in this context because they provide standardized replicates, specific species isolation, and easy sampling. This study aimed to understand the ecological process using a microcosm system with pesticide concentrations similar to those found in the soil, in contrast to high doses, from the isolation of the enriched community. The atrazine concentrations used were 0.02 mg/kg (control treatment), 300 ng/kg (treatment 1), and 3000 ng/kg (treatment 2), using a 28-day microcosm system. Ultimately, the isolation resulted in 561 fungi classified into 76 morphospecies. The Ascomycota phylum was prevalent, with Purpureocillium, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma being consistently isolated, denoting robust and persistent genera. Diversity analyses showed that the control microcosms displayed more distinct fungal morphospecies, suggesting the influence of atrazine on fungal communities. Treatment 2 (higher atrazine concentration) showed a structure comparable to that of the control, whereas treatment 1 (lower atrazine concentration) differed significantly, indicating that atrazine concentration impacted community variance. Higher atrazine addition subtly altered ligninolytic fungal community dynamics, implying its potential for pesticide degradation. Finally, variations in atrazine concentrations triggered diverse community responses over time, shedding light on fungal resilience and adaptive strategies against pesticides.
- MeSH
- atrazin * metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- herbicidy * metabolismus MeSH
- houby * klasifikace izolace a purifikace metabolismus účinky léků genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus MeSH
- mykobiom * účinky léků MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Anaerobic fungi are potent fibre degrading microbes in the equine hindgut, yet our understanding of their diversity and community structure is limited to date. In this preliminary work, using a clone library approach we studied the diversity of anaerobic fungi along six segments of the horse hindgut: caecum, right ventral colon (RVC), left ventral colon (LVC), left dorsal colon (LDC), right dorsal colon (RDC) and rectum. Of the 647 ITS1 clones, 61.7 % were assigned to genus level groups that are so far without any cultured representatives, and 38.0 % were assigned to the cultivated genera Neocallimastix (35.1 %), Orpinomyces (2.3 %), and Anaeromyces (0.6 %). AL1 dominated the group of uncultured anaerobic fungi, particularly in the RVC (88 %) and LDC (97 %). Sequences from the LSU clone library analysis of the LDC, however, split into two distinct phylogenetic clusters with low sequence identity to Caecomyces sp. (94-96 %) and Liebetanzomyces sp. (92 %) respectively. Sequences belonging to cultured Neocallimastix spp. dominated in LVC (81 %) and rectum (75.5 %). Quantification of anaerobic fungi showed significantly higher concentrations in RVC and RDC compared to other segments, which influenced the interpretation of the changes in anaerobic fungal diversity along the horse hindgut. These preliminary findings require further investigation.
- MeSH
- anaerobióza MeSH
- cékum mikrobiologie MeSH
- DNA fungální chemie genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- houby klasifikace genetika MeSH
- kolon mikrobiologie MeSH
- koně mikrobiologie MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- mykobiom * MeSH
- rektum mikrobiologie MeSH
- ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Arthroderma is the most diverse genus among dermatophytes encompassing species occurring in soil, caves, animal burrows, clinical material and other environments. In this study, we collected ex-type, reference and authentic strains of all currently accepted Arthroderma species and generated sequences of three highly variable loci (ITS rDNA, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α). The number of accepted species was expanded to 27. One novel species, A. melbournense (ex-type strain CCF 6162T = CBS 145858T), is described. This species was isolated from toenail dust collected by a podiatrist in Melbourne, during an epidemiological study of four geographical regions of Eastern Australia. Trichophyton terrestre, Chrysosporium magnisporum, and Chrysosporium oceanitis are transferred to Arthroderma. Typification is provided for T. terrestre that is not conspecific with any of the supposed biological species from the former T. terrestre complex, that is, A. insingulare, A. lenticulare and A. quadrifidum. A multi-gene phylogeny and reference sequences provided in this study should serve as a basis for future phylogenetic studies and facilitate species identification in practice.LAY ABSTRACT: The genus Arthroderma encompasses geophilic dermatophyte species that infrequently cause human and animal superficial infections. Reference sequences from three genetic loci were generated for all currently accepted Arthroderma species and phylogeny was constructed. Several taxonomic novelties are introduced. The newly provided data will facilitate species identification and future taxonomic studies.
- MeSH
- Arthrodermataceae klasifikace genetika MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika MeSH
- elongační faktor 1 genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- geny hub genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- Microsporum klasifikace genetika MeSH
- Trichophyton klasifikace genetika MeSH
- tubulin genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Austrálie MeSH
The application of arylacetonitrilases from filamentous fungi to the hydrolysis of high concentrations of (R,S)-mandelonitrile (100-500 mM) was demonstrated for the first time. Escherichia coli strains expressing the corresponding genes were used as whole-cell catalysts. Nitrilases from Aspergillus niger, Neurospora crassa, Nectria haematococca, and Arthroderma benhamiae (enzymes NitAn, NitNc, NitNh, and NitAb, respectively) exhibited different degrees of enantio- and chemoselectivity (amide formation). Their enantio- and chemoselectivity was increased by increasing pH (from 8 to 9-10) and adding 4-10% (v/v) toluene as the cosolvent. NitAn and NitNc were able to convert an up to 500 mM substrate in batch mode. NitAn formed a very low amount of the by-product, amide (<1% of the total product). This enzyme produced up to >70 g/L of (R)-mandelic acid (e.e. 94.5-95.6%) in batch or fed-batch mode. Its volumetric productivities were the highest in batch mode [571 ± 32 g/(L d)] and its catalyst productivities in fed-batch mode (39.9 ± 2.5 g/g of dcw). NitAb hydrolyzed both enantiomers of 100 mM (R,S)-mandelonitrile at pH 5.0 and is therefore promising for the enantioretentive transformation of (S)-mandelonitrile. Sequence analysis suggested that fungal arylacetonitrilases with similar properties (enantioselectivity, chemoselectivity) were clustered together.
- MeSH
- aminohydrolasy chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Arthrodermataceae enzymologie MeSH
- Aspergillus niger enzymologie MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fungální proteiny chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kyseliny mandlové metabolismus MeSH
- Nectria enzymologie MeSH
- Neurospora crassa enzymologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Snake fungal disease (SFD) is an emerging disease of conservation concern in eastern North America. Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, the causative agent of SFD, has been isolated from over 30 species of wild snakes from six families in North America. Whilst O. ophiodiicola has been isolated from captive snakes outside North America, the pathogen has not been reported from wild snakes elsewhere. We screened 33 carcasses and 303 moulted skins from wild snakes collected from 2010-2016 in Great Britain and the Czech Republic for the presence of macroscopic skin lesions and O. ophiodiicola. The fungus was detected using real-time PCR in 26 (8.6%) specimens across the period of collection. Follow up culture and histopathologic analyses confirmed that both O. ophiodiicola and SFD occur in wild European snakes. Although skin lesions were mild in most cases, in some snakes they were severe and were considered likely to have contributed to mortality. Culture characterisations demonstrated that European isolates grew more slowly than those from the United States, and phylogenetic analyses indicated that isolates from European wild snakes reside in a clade distinct from the North American isolates examined. These genetic and phenotypic differences indicate that the European isolates represent novel strains of O. ophiodiicola. Further work is required to understand the individual and population level impact of this pathogen in Europe.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota * klasifikace genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- geny hub MeSH
- hadi mikrobiologie MeSH
- nemoci zvířat mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Severní Amerika MeSH
Phellinidium, including 13 accepted polypore species mostly with resupinate basidiocarps, is one of the most aggressive forest pathogenic genera. This genus is characterized by the combination of a monomitic hyphal structure, abundant hyphoid setae in the context and trama, and hyaline and thin-walled basidiospores. To explore the relationships among the species of Phellinidium, especially those between forest pathogens and saprophytes, we examined 29 specimens representing all 13 previously known species from Asia, Europe and America from morphological and phylogenetic perspectives. A new genus, Coniferiporia, was found to segregate from Phellinidium for three aggressive forest pathogens, and three new combinations, viz. Coniferiporia qilianensis (the generic type), Coniferiporia weirii and Coniferiporia sulphurascens, were proposed. Phellinidium cryptocystidiatum was treated as a synonym of C. sulphurascens. The circumscription of Phellinidium was delimited to accommodate Phellinidium asiaticum, Phellinidium ferrugineofuscum (the generic type), Phellinidium fragrans and Phellinidium pouzarii. Accordingly, the concept of Phellinidium was emended to accommodate resupinate species bearing cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid or allantoid basidiospores. No species of Phellinidium under the new circumscription has been reported to be a forest pathogen. Phellinidium noxium and Phellinidium rufitinctum were excluded from Phellinidium, while the taxonomical positions of Phellinidium aciferum, Phellinidium lamaënse, and Phellinidium orientale are still uncertain.
- MeSH
- Basidiomycota klasifikace cytologie genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- DNA fungální chemie genetika MeSH
- fungální RNA genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- geny rRNA MeSH
- hyfy cytologie MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- spory hub cytologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Amerika MeSH
- Asie MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
The taxonomy of the aquatic hyphomycete genus Articulospora (Ascomycota, Pezizomycotima, Leotiales, Helotiaceae) is based on the morphology of the generative phase of its lifecycle. The type species is Articulospora tetracladia, which is distributed worldwide. Its most frequent populations in nature have dimorphic conidia, differing by the extent of conidial branching (i.e., one or two levels of branching). Some strains, stable in culture, produce exclusively conidia of one type. With the molecular analyses employed here and the relatively low number of available isolates (20), separation based on branching of conidia has not been fully supported. Therefore we propose to retain the broad concept of A. tetracladia with dimorphic conidia. Among the three gene sequences tested as potential barcodes, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene was the most promising region. All strains yielded amplifiable DNA which provided adequate resolution, according to accepted ranges in inter/intraspecific differences, to differentiate among the three Articulospora and two Fontanospora species that were tested (Articulospora atra, Articulospora proliferata, A. tetracladia, Fontanospora eccentrica, Fontanospora fusiramosa). D1/D2 primers also permitted amplification in all strains, however without much resolution. Amplification of the COX1 gene sequence was least consistent.
The Phellinus igniarius complex corresponds to Phellinus s.s., a well supported clade in the polyphyletic Phellinus s.l. studied worldwide. Recently a molecular phylogeny of this complex was performed for the European and North American species. In this study we expand the taxon samplings of the P. igniarius complex to include 59, seven and 12 additional collections originating from China, Czech Republic and USA, respectively. We generated 78 nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and 42 translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1α) sequences. Based on the morphological and phylogenetic (combined ITS and tef1α dataset) analyses, Phellinus monticola, P. orientoasiaticus, P. padicola, P. parmastoi and P. pomaceoides are newly described and illustrated from China and USA. Phellinus pseudoigniarius is treated as a later synonym of P. igniarius, whereas Phellinus betulinus subsp. betulinus is accepted as P. betulinus. A total of 15 species are accepted in the P. igniarius complex worldwide. Of them, 10 species are distributed in eastern Asia, eight in Europe and six in North America. The taxonomy, phylogeny, host associations and geographic distributions of these 15 species are briefly discussed.
- MeSH
- Basidiomycota klasifikace cytologie genetika MeSH
- DNA fungální chemie genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetická variace * MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- plodnice hub MeSH
- ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- spory hub MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Dálný východ MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Severní Amerika MeSH
Our understanding of fungal diversity is far from complete. Species descriptions generally focus on morphological features, but this approach may underestimate true diversity. Using the morphological species concept, Hesperomyces virescens (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) is a single species with global distribution and wide host range. Since its description 120 years ago, this fungal parasite has been reported from 30 species of ladybird hosts on all continents except Antarctica. These host usage patterns suggest that H. virescens could be made up of many different species, each adapted to individual host species. Using sequence data from three gene regions, we found evidence for distinct clades within Hesperomyces virescens, each clade corresponding to isolates from a single host species. We propose that these lineages represent separate species, driven by adaptation to different ladybird hosts. Our combined morphometric, molecular phylogenetic and ecological data provide support for a unified species concept and an integrative taxonomy approach.
- MeSH
- analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
- Ascomycota klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- brouci parazitologie MeSH
- DNA fungální chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The first case of visceral mycotic infection due to Cephalotheca sulfurea (Cephalothecaceae, Ascomycota) is documented in farmed rainbow trout from a raceway culture system. The disease clinically manifested as a hyperaemic area in the liver of the fish, and histological examination using silver and PAS staining showed the presence of numerous foci of hyphae and spores. The causative agent was first isolated in pure culture from the liver and identified using morphological characteristics. Sequence data from ITS and LSU rDNA also clearly confirmed C. sulfurea as the causal agent. The pathogenicity of related species belonging to the family Cephalothecaceae has been well-documented in humans and dogs (superficial as well as systemic infections). However, C. sulfurea has never been reported as a pathogen of humans or animals, including marine and freshwater fishes. The morphological identification of C. sulfurea is difficult due to its similarity to several different fungal genera, and molecular methods are strongly recommended for reliable identification.
- MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- mykózy mikrobiologie patologie veterinární MeSH
- nemoci ryb mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss * MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární MeSH
- Sordariales cytologie genetika izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- vodní hospodářství MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
