infrared sensor
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Visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) reflection spectroscopy and mid-infrared (mid-IR) reflection spectroscopy are cost- and time-effective and environmentally friendly techniques that could be alternatives to conventional soil analysis methods. Successful determination of spectrally active soil components, including soil organic matter (SOM), depends on the selection of suitable pretreatment and multivariate calibration techniques. The objective of the present review is to critically examine the suitability of Vis-NIR (350-2500 nm) and mid-IR (4000-400 cm(-1)) spectroscopy as a tool for SOM quantity and quality determination. Particular attention is paid to different pretreatment and calibration procedures and methods, and their ability to predict SOM content from Vis-NIR and mid-IR data is discussed. We then review the most recent research using spectroscopy in different calibration scales (local, regional, or global). Finally, accuracy and robustness, as well as uncertainty in Vis-NIR and mid-IR spectroscopy, are considered. We conclude that spectroscopy, especially the mid-IR technique in association with Savitzky-Golay smoothing and derivatization and the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) algorithm, can be useful in determining SOM quantity and quality. Future research conducted for the standardization of protocols and soil conditions will allow more accurate and reliable results on a global and international scale.
The treatment of some inborn metabolism errors requires cholesterol substitution therapy. Cholesterol plays a vital role in the human body. Therefore, the majority of cholesterol determination techniques are targeted to blood and blood serum. Nevertheless, cholesterol determination in food is important as well. In this paper, cholesterol determination using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in dairy products (e.g., milk, clotted cream, yogurt, butter, etc.) is reported with a novel nonenzymatic sensor based on diphosphonic acid of 1,4-diacetylglycoluril (DPADGU) as an electrode surface modifier. Stable anodic response was obtained from cholesterol on the modified carbon-based electrode. The sensor has high stability, sensitivity (20 μA mol L-1 cm-2), and a wide linear range from 1 up to 200 μM. The LOD and LOQ values are 1.5 and 5.1 μM, respectively. The developed methods were successfully applied to the above mentioned dairy products. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
- MeSH
- analýza potravin přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- biosenzitivní techniky MeSH
- cholesterol analýza normy MeSH
- elektrochemické techniky přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- katalýza MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- referenční standardy MeSH
- spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A novel approach for the assembly of Sn-based metal organic framework (Sn-MOF) via solvothermal method and its composite (Sn-MOF@CNT) with electroactive material, carbon nanotubes (CNT) by sonochemical means, is described that is useful for hydrogen peroxide sensing; large surface area and pore volume of Sn-MOF were exploited where in the crystallinity of the Sn-MOF was preserved upon inclusion of CNT over its surface. The surface morphology and structural analysis of Sn-MOF and its composite form, Sn-MOF@CNT, were determined analytically through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The developed Sn-MOF@CNT sensor was expansively used to determine and optimize the effect of scan rate, concentration and detection limits including the EDX and SEM analysis of used Sn-MOF@CNT nanocomposite's post hydrogen peroxide sensing. The electrochemical sensing with Sn-MOF@CNT revealed a lower limit of detection ~4.7 × 10-3 μM with wide linear range between 0.2 μM and 2.5 mM. This study has explored a new strategy for the deposition of CNT over Sn-MOF via a simple sonochemical methodology for successful electrochemical detection of H2O2, an approach that can be imitated for other applications.
Main symptoms found in patients with same diseases as for example COVID-19 is febrile. The infrared thermography (IRT) represents a fast measurement in case of screening in public places. One of the limitations of IRT is the resolution of sensor, which has close connection with the distance between camera and ROI. To maximize the effectivity of resolution of the camera is to reduce the distance from the object. The aim of presented study showed the possibility how to protect the camera or medical staff that operates the device against potential infection or contamination from the person with infection. Two protective foils of different thickness (40 μm; 9 μm) were tested as a barrier between the IRT and the ROI (black body model and human face). Even though the results have shown that the transparent foils decrease linearly the measured value of the temperature, it can be used as a protective barrier between IRT and the object if an appropriate recalculation is done during analysis of IRT images. Results are acceptable in the case of 9μm foil especially. The authors see this possibility as a minor concession from IRT standards but as a great help in health protection. The transparent foil can be used as protective barrier of the infrared camera.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 prevence a kontrola MeSH
- horečka diagnóza MeSH
- infračervené záření MeSH
- kůže diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- tělesná teplota * MeSH
- termografie * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
To examine the feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for physiological threshold detection and whether NIRS-derived parameters differ between highly-trained and less-trained cyclists. Twenty-seven male cyclists were divided into: highly trained endurance cyclists (EA) and recreational cyclists (RA). Participants performed a step-incremental cycling test to exhaustion. Ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) were determined using gas-exchange variables. NIRS sensor was placed on the vastus lateralis muscle to identify breakpoints corresponding to ventilatory thresholds. No significant differences were observed between NIRS-derived thresholds, compared to VT1 and VT2 (F = 1.04-1.33, p = 0.26-0.36). Moderate to strong correlations were found between NIRS-derived thresholds and ventilatory thresholds (r = 0.65-0.9, p < 0.01). A moderate correlation was found between maximal oxygen uptake and minimal tissue saturation index (TSI) value during the test (r = - 0.411, p = 0.037). EA group showed tendency towards lower minimal TSI values compared to RA group (MD = 5.46% TSI, p = 0.081). NIRS is a feasible tool for non-invasive assessment of ventilatory thresholds during incremental exercise. TSI, in particular, showed lower variability compared to other NIRS-derived parameters, and may therefore be more suitable for practical applications in sport science. Highly trained athletes demonstrated distinct physiological responses compared to recreational athletes, suggesting enhanced peripheral oxygen extraction.
- MeSH
- blízká infračervená spektroskopie metody MeSH
- cvičení * fyziologie MeSH
- cyklistika fyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- spotřeba kyslíku fyziologie MeSH
- studie proveditelnosti MeSH
- zátěžový test metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Východisko.Velikost zornic je dána zejména působením parasympatiku a sympatiku. Měření velikosti zornic a jejich reakce na osvit má význam pro klinickou i experimentální praxi. Metody a výsledky. Zaměřili jsme se na zavedení infračervené pupilometrie prováděné pomocí digitální fotografie (Sony DSCF707) vyhodnocované běžným programovým vybavením (Adobe Photoshop 6,0 a MS Excel 2002). Měření probíhalo v zatemněné místnosti po pětiminutové adaptaci dobrovolníků na tmu. Průměr zornice jsme vypočítali z opakovaného měření podle vzorce D(mm)=30/S(pix)*D(pix), kde D(pix) a D(mm) představují průměry zornice v pixelech a milimetrech a S(pix) je délka standardu o skutečné velikosti 30 mm v pixelech. Při validaci metody jsme měřili průměry kružnic a zjistili jsme odchylku menší než ±3 % od skutečné hodnoty. Při srovnání měření průměru zornic pomocí digitální fotografie nebo přístrojem Pupillscan II byla relativní odchylka měření menší než 5 %. Použitelnost metody při hodnocení farmakodynamického účinku jsme ověřili u 7 dobrovolníků po perorální aplikaci 100 mg tramadolu. Závěry. Popsaná metoda je dostatečně přesná a senzitivní pro použití v praxi. Další výhodou popsaného postupu je též jednoduchost měření.
Background. Pupil size is mainly controlled by the action of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Measurement of pupil size and reaction to light are important in both experimental and clinical settings. Methods and Results. We have established infrared pupilometry using a commercially available digital camera and a calculation with standard computer software. Volunteers were habituated in a dark room for five minutes before pupil evaluation. Pupil measurement was repeated three times and the diameter was calculated according to the following formula: D(mm)=30/S(pix)*D(pix), where D(pix) and D(mm) represent the pupil size in pixels and millimetres, respectively, and S(pix) was the length in pixels of a 30 mm standard. Our method was validated by the measurement of the diameter of calibration circles printed on a white sheet of paper. Deviation from the actual size was less than 3 %. We also compared the results of pupil size obtained by our method, with the results of the pupilometer Pupillscan II measurement. The relative difference between the two methods was always less than 5 %. The applicability of the method was illustrated by measurement of the pharmacodynamic effect of the single dose of tramadol (100 mg p.o.) in seven volunteers, compared with control placebo-treated volunteers. Conclusions. The proposed method is precise and sensitive enough to be used for pupil size determination.
- MeSH
- fotografování metody přístrojové vybavení statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- infračervené záření MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mióza diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- pupila fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- tramadol aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
PURPOSE CrossFit is a young sport discipline which offers varied strength and endurance training through complex exercises. Currently there are relatively few studies focusing on performance analysis in terms of the physiological response of organism. The aim of the research was to verify near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in combination with spiroergometry as a functional means for specific load testing in CrossFit. METHODS Elite crossfitter (male, age 20, body height 185 cm, body weight 87 kg) formed part of this study. Two Moxy sensors (placed on the vastus lateralis muscle and the intercostal muscles) and chest (strap) heart rate (HR) sensor were used for obtaining the data. The Cortex MetaMax 3BR2 system was used for portable spiroergometry. The AMRAP method (as many repetitions as possible) was used for testing. The selected test consisted of (1) 10 Deadlifts, 100kg, 15 Assault Air Bike Calories; (2) 12 lunges (with two 20 kg Kettlebell), 10 push-ups, 8 ring swings; (3) 20 SkiErg Calories, 10 50kg back squat, 10 toes to bar. RESULTS The testing has confirmed that breathing functions and muscle oxidation can be well observed under load in given exercises and movements. It has been confirmed that CrossFit provides a very varied load to which the organism must respond immediately. The strength load changes, causing deflection in SmO2 and VCO2 which consequently imposes demands on the respiratory component. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study which monitors the load in the combination of strength and endurance load through crossfit elements. Based on our result, it seems that linking NIRS and spirometry is a suitable combination for a comprehensive analysis of the athlete not only for CrossFit.
- Klíčová slova
- crossfit,
- MeSH
- cvičení MeSH
- ergometrie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- spektrální analýza MeSH
- spirometrie MeSH
- sportovci MeSH
- zátěžový test MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Medicína používá pro diagnostikování stavu pacienta řadu zobrazovacích metod jako je RTG (roentgen), CT (výpočetní tomografii), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging – magnetickou rezonanci) a další. Infračervený obor elektromagnetického spektra zůstával dlouhou dobu nevyužit pro obtížnou realizaci prakticky použitelných obrazových senzorů. Se zlevněním vhodných zobrazovacích prvků se začíná objevovat možnost praktického využití IR zobrazovacích metod v praxi. Zatím je to stále spíše doménou výzkumných pracovišť, i když od prvního použití v medicíně uplynulo více než 50 let. Na základě současných poznatků si článek všímá možných směrů vývoje ve využití IR zobrazení v medicínské praxi.
In contemporary medicine, many systems used for diagnostics, such as X-ray (roentgenography), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other imaging systems, utilise different frequency bands of electromagnetic spectrum. Nevertheless, infrared electromagnetic band has not been used recently due to the lack of suitable and accessible infrared image sensors. The IR imaging technique still remains a research method rather than a common investigation technique, even though it was introduced into medicine more than 50 years ago. Since novel technologies offer high-performance image infrared sensors for a reasonable price, the possibility of frequent infrared imaging in medicine becomes possible and accessible. The study summarises recent development in IR imaging sensors and describes the current possible applications of infrared imaging in the clinical practice.
- MeSH
- diagnostické zobrazování metody přístrojové vybavení trendy MeSH
- infračervené záření dějiny diagnostické užití MeSH
- kardiologie metody přístrojové vybavení trendy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory prsu diagnóza krevní zásobení MeSH
- neurologie metody přístrojové vybavení trendy MeSH
- ortopedie metody trendy MeSH
- revmatologie metody přístrojové vybavení trendy MeSH
- technologie lékařská metody přístrojové vybavení trendy MeSH
- tělesná teplota fyziologie účinky záření MeSH
- termografie metody přístrojové vybavení trendy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
We designed a simple, portable, low-cost and low-weight nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopy-based system for continuous remote sensing of atmospheric methane (CH4) with rapidly pulsed near-infrared light emitting diodes (NIR LED) at 1.65 μm. The use of a microcontroller with a field programmable gate array (μC-FPGA) enables on-the-fly and wireless streaming and processing of large data streams (~2 Gbit/s). The investigated NIR LED detection system offers favourable limits of detection (LOD) of 300 ppm (±5%) CH4,. All the generated raw data were processed automatically on-the-fly in the μC-FPGA and transferred wirelessly via a network connection. The sensing device was deployed for the portable sensing of atmospheric CH4 at a local landfill, resulting in quantified concentrations within the sampling area (ca 400 m2) in the range of 0.5%-3.35% CH4. This NIR LED-based sensor system offers a simple low-cost solution for continuous real-time, quantitative, and direct measurement of CH4 concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments, yet with the flexibility provided by the custom programmable software. It possesses future potential for remote monitoring of gases directly from mobile platforms such as smartphones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
