• MeSH
• anestetika lokální MeSH
• elektrofyziologie MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• membránové potenciály účinky léků   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• experimenty na zvířatech MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH

In classical neuroscience, Dale ́s principle postulates that neuronal identity is conferred by the specific neurotransmitter that it releases. However, the brain might be more tractable to specific situations regardless of specific specialisation which may contradict this principle. Hence, this constrained approach of how we perceive and study the nervous system must be revisited and revised, specifically by studying the dopaminergic system. We presume a relatively flexible change in the dopaminergic system due to neuronal activity or environmental changes. While the parallel between the reward system of mammals and insects is generally well accepted, herein, we extend the idea that the insect nervous system might also possess incredible plasticity, similar to the mammalian system. In this review, we critically evaluate the available information about the reward system in vertebrates and invertebrates, emphasising the dopaminergic neuronal plasticity, a challenge to the classical Dale's principle. Thus, neurotransmitter switching significantly disrupts the static idea of neural network organisation and suggests greater possibilities for a dynamic response to the current life context of organisms.

• MeSH
• dopamin MeSH
• dopaminergní neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• Drosophila melanogaster fyziologie   MeSH
• Drosophila * fyziologie   MeSH
• houbová tělesa * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurotransmiterové látky fyziologie   MeSH
• savci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

In the mammalian neocortex, the calcium-binding protein calretinin is expressed in a subset of cortical interneurons. In the recent years, research on interneurons is one of the most rapidly growing fields in neuroscience. This review summarizes the actual knowledge of the functions of calretinin in neuronal homeostasis and particularly of the distribution, connectivity and physiological properties of calretinin expressing interneurons in the neocortex of rodents and primates, including humans. The possible neuroprotective role of calretinin and the presumed “resistance” of calretinin-expressing interneurons to various pathological processes are also discussed.

• MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• homeostáza fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neokortex cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• S100 kalcium vázající protein G fyziologie   MeSH
• savci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

We review the molecular basis of several transcription factors (Eya1, Sox2), including the three related genes coding basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH; see abbreviations) proteins (Neurog1, Neurod1, Atoh1) during the development of spiral ganglia, cochlear nuclei, and cochlear hair cells. Neuronal development requires Neurog1, followed by its downstream target Neurod1, to cross-regulate Atoh1 expression. In contrast, hair cells and cochlear nuclei critically depend on Atoh1 and require Neurod1 expression for interactions with Atoh1. Upregulation of Atoh1 following Neurod1 loss changes some vestibular neurons' fate into "hair cells", highlighting the significant interplay between the bHLH genes. Further work showed that replacing Atoh1 by Neurog1 rescues some hair cells from complete absence observed in Atoh1 null mutants, suggesting that bHLH genes can partially replace one another. The inhibition of Atoh1 by Neurod1 is essential for proper neuronal cell fate, and in the absence of Neurod1, Atoh1 is upregulated, resulting in the formation of "intraganglionic" HCs. Additional genes, such as Eya1/Six1, Sox2, Pax2, Gata3, Fgfr2b, Foxg1, and Lmx1a/b, play a role in the auditory system. Finally, both Lmx1a and Lmx1b genes are essential for the cochlear organ of Corti, spiral ganglion neuron, and cochlear nuclei formation. We integrate the mammalian auditory system development to provide comprehensive insights beyond the limited perception driven by singular investigations of cochlear neurons, cochlear hair cells, and cochlear nuclei. A detailed analysis of gene expression is needed to understand better how upstream regulators facilitate gene interactions and mammalian auditory system development.

• MeSH
• kochlea cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurogeneze genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• transkripční faktory bHLH genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• vláskové buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates many cellular processes through rapid proteasomal degradation of ubiquitin-tagged proteins. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCHL1) is one of the most abundant proteins in mammalian oocytes. It has weak hydrolytic activity as a monomer and acts as a ubiquitin ligase in its dimeric or oligomeric form. Recently published data show that insufficiency in UCHL1 activity coincides with polyspermic fertilization; however, the mechanism by which UCHL1 contributes to this process remains unclear. Using UCHL1-specific inhibitors, we induced a high rate of polyspermy in bovine zygotes after in vitro fertilization. We also detected decreased levels in the monomeric ubiquitin and polyubiquitin pool. The presence of UCHL1 inhibitors in maturation medium enhanced formation of presumptive UCHL1 oligomers and subsequently increased abundance of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains in oocytes. We analyzed the dynamics of cortical granules (CGs) in UCHL1-inhibited oocytes; both migration of CGs toward the cortex during oocyte maturation and fertilization-induced extrusion of CGs were impaired. These alterations in CG dynamics coincided with high polyspermy incidence in in vitro-produced UCHL1-inhibited zygotes. These data indicate that antipolyspermy defense in bovine oocytes may rely on UCHL1-controlled functioning of CGs.

• MeSH
• fertilizace in vitro MeSH
• fertilizace MeSH
• oocyty enzymologie   MeSH
• polyubikvitin analýza   MeSH
• skot MeSH
• thiolesterasa ubikvitinu antagonisté a inhibitory   metabolismus   MeSH
• ubikvitin C analýza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• zygota enzymologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• embryo savčí účinky léků   MeSH
• kuřecí embryo MeSH
• neurony účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kuřecí embryo MeSH

• MeSH
• epitopy analýza   imunologie   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrotubuly chemie   imunologie   MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky MeSH
• neurony chemie   imunologie   MeSH
• psi MeSH
• skot MeSH
• spermie cytologie   chemie   imunologie   MeSH
• tubulin analýza   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• psi MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

Schwann cell grafts support axonal growth following spinal cord injury, but a boundary forms between the implanted cells and host astrocytes. Axons are reluctant to exit the graft tissue in large part due to the surrounding inhibitory environment containing chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs). We use a lentiviral chondroitinase ABC, capable of being secreted from mammalian cells (mChABC), to examine the repercussions of CSPG digestion upon Schwann cell behaviour in vitro. We show that mChABC transduced Schwann cells robustly secrete substantial quantities of the enzyme causing large-scale CSPG digestion, facilitating the migration and adhesion of Schwann cells on inhibitory aggrecan and astrocytic substrates. Importantly, we show that secretion of the engineered enzyme can aid the intermingling of cells at the Schwann cell-astrocyte boundary, enabling growth of neurites over the putative graft/host interface. These data were echoed in vivo. This study demonstrates the profound effect of the enzyme on cellular motility, growth and migration. This provides a cellular mechanism for mChABC induced functional and behavioural recovery shown in in vivo studies. Importantly, we provide in vitro evidence that mChABC gene therapy is equally or more effective at producing these effects as a one-time application of commercially available ChABC.

• MeSH
• astrocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• axony metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčná adheze MeSH
• centrální nervový systém metabolismus   MeSH
• chondroitinasa ABC metabolismus   MeSH
• chondroitinsulfát proteoglykany metabolismus   MeSH
• genetická terapie MeSH
• integriny metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• Lentivirus enzymologie   MeSH
• neurity metabolismus   MeSH
• neuroglie metabolismus   MeSH
• neurony metabolismus   MeSH
• periferní nervový systém metabolismus   MeSH
• pohyb buněk MeSH
• poranění míchy patofyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• regenerace nervu účinky léků   MeSH
• Schwannovy buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Teoretické předpoklady transplantace nervové tkáně. XXX XXX XXX

• MeSH
• embryo savčí MeSH
• hipokampus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• nervová tkáň transplantace   MeSH
• neuroplasticita MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• neurovědy
• transplantologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu IGA MZ ČR