Východiská: Z hľadiska epidemiológie predstavuje kolorektálny karcinóm (KRK) celosvetovo jeden z najčastejšie sa vyskytujúcich nádorov. Pokrok vo výskume sa premietol do zníženia úmrtnosti na toto ochorenie, avšak zníženie veku vzniku KRK vytvára obavy vo väčšine rozvinutých krajín. Identifikácia a validácia účinných prognostických biomarkerov sú kľúčové pre zvýšenie presnosti diagnostiky a individualizáciu liečby. Cieľ: Cieľom práce je analyzovať najnovšie údaje o epidemiológii a rizikových faktoroch KRK. Naratívny prehľad sa zameriava aj na zhrnutie súčasných poznatkov o rôznych prognostických biomarkeroch pri liečbe KRK, vrátane ukazovateľov výkonnostného stavu, nutričných a zápalových markerov. Záver: KRK predstavuje závažný zdravotný problém vo väčšine krajín a nádorové biomarkery, ako aj stav pacienta pred liečbou, sú rozhodujúce pre určenie prognózy ochorenia. Ukazovatele nutričného a výkonnostného stavu zohrávajú zásadnú úlohu pri hodnotení stavu pacienta a ovplyvňujú rozhodnutia o liečbe, s potenciálnym dopadom na jej výsledky. Zápalové markery sa javia ako významný prognostický faktor, korelujúc s imunitnou odpoveďou pacienta na nádor a zápalovými procesmi, ktoré môžu viesť k progresii ochorenia. Napriek ich sľubnej prediktívnej sile sa tieto biomarkery zatiaľ bežne nepoužívajú v klinickej praxi z dôvodu potreby ďalšej vedeckej validácie. Integrácia nových biomarkerov do klinickej praxe by však mohla viesť k personalizovanejším liečebným stratégiam a tým k zlepšeniu prežívania pacientov. Pre komplexnejšie posúdenie validity týchto biomarkerov a ich aplikácie v bežnej klinickej praxi je potrebný ďalší výskum.

Background: In terms of epidemiology, colorectal carcinoma (CRC) represents one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide. Progress in research has translated into reduced mortality of the disease, but the trend of early onset CRC troubles most of the developed countries. Identification and validation of effective prognostic biomarkers are crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes. Purpose: The objective of the work is to analyze the latest data on the epidemiology and risk factors of CRC. A narrative review also aims to summarize current knowledge about various prognostic biomarkers in the treatment of CRC, including indicators of performance status, nutritional, and inflammatory markers. Conclusion: CRC pose major health problem in most of the countries and the tumor biomarkers as well as patients pre-treatment condition are crucial to establish prognosis of the disease. Nutritional and performance status indicators play an essential role in assessing the patient’s condition and influence treatment decisions, with a potential impact on treatment outcomes. Inflammatory markers have demonstrated significant prognostic value, correlating with the patient’s immune response to the tumor and inflammatory processes that may promote disease progression. Despite promising predictive capabilities, these biomarkers are not yet routinely used in clinical practice due to the need for further research validation. The integration of new biomarkers into clinical practice could lead to more personalized treatment decisions and improved treatment outcomes. For a more comprehensive assessment of the validity of these biomarkers and their application in regular clinical practice, further research is necessary.

• MeSH
• Biomarkers MeSH
• Nutritional Physiological Phenomena MeSH
• Genetic Testing MeSH
• Genes, ras genetics   MeSH
• Colorectal Neoplasms * epidemiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Microsatellite Instability MeSH
• Prognosis * MeSH
• Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf genetics   adverse effects   MeSH
• Risk Factors * MeSH
• Neoplasm Staging methods   MeSH
• Inflammation complications   physiopathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Cognitive-behavioural therapists and trainees are encouraged to undergo supervision when offering therapy to troubled clients and to process personal attitudes and events likely to affect their therapeutic work. We discuss common problems in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) supervision, which may arise at the client, supervisee, or supervisor level. These issues include difficulties with case formulation, therapeutic strategies, and the therapeutic relationship. A supervisor can help their supervisee deal with clients with multifaceted or particularly challenging problems, such as difficulties with compliance, complex psychosocial problems, or chronic mental disorders. We also discuss matters related to the supervision process, the supervisor's role, different supervisory styles, and issues affecting a supervisee's feelings of vulnerability and shame. Furthermore, we analyze distinct supervision styles and potential problems arising from the supervision of experienced CBT therapists.

• MeSH
• Emotions MeSH
• Cognition MeSH
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

This study deals with key factors affecting mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results are based on the longitudinal representative 50+ population-based multi-country panel study Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) in which representative samples of individuals in European countries plus Israel were collected. The goal is to turn the challenges of aging into opportunities as well as provide valid and reliable data for evidence-based policies. A total of 2,631 participants were interviewed by telephone in the Czech Republic during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. After a descriptive analysis showed that participants complied well with most preventative and protective COVID-19 measures, subsequent modeling using logistic regression analysis and a decision tree algorithm identified key determinants that have contributed to an understanding of variation in declared feelings of depression. We found that nervousness, previously unexperienced trouble with sleep, and self-rated health status before the COVID-19 outbreak and gender remained significant predictors of depression, from which statistically significant different categories concerning the percentage of depression could be formed. These identified potential risk factors should be considered in planning further supportive strategies for high-risk 50+ population.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• Depression epidemiology   MeSH
• Mental Health MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pandemics MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• Anxiety epidemiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

Mezi nejčastější gastrointestinální obtíže u onkologických pacientů patří nevolnosti, zvracení, průjem a zácpa. Nevolnostem a zvracení je nutno předcházet již před podáním terapie a vhodná antiemetika vybíráme dle emetogenního potenciálu podávaného léčebného režimu. Svízel v léčbě průjmu je v jeho široké etiologii a někdy je jeho původ multifaktoriální. Proto je důležité se u diferenciální diagnostiky důkladně zaměřit na prodělané operační výkony, podávanou léčbu a režim a dietu pacienta. Obstipace je u onkologického pacienta velmi často způsobena především podávanou medikací, kterou lze jen obtížně nahradit, a proto se laxativa stávají běžnou součástí pacientovy pravidelné farmakoterapie.

Nausea, vomitus, diarrhea and constipation rank among the most frequent gastrointestinal complications in oncology patients. It is necessary to prevent nausea and vomitus before the therapy administration. Convenient antiemetics are chosen depending on emetogenic potential of ongoing therapeutic regimen. Main trouble in diarrhea treatment is its various etiology, even sometimes the etiology is multifactorial. Therefore it is very important to make a good differential diagnosis and to focus on patient ́s anamnesis: past surgeries, ongoing therapy and patient ́s regimen and diet. Constipation in oncology patient is very commonly caused by his medication, which is difficult to replace. Therefore laxatives become the part of the patient ́s regular farmacotherapy. Key words: constipation, diarrhea, gastrointestinal complications, nausea, vomiting.

• MeSH
• Antiemetics therapeutic use   MeSH
• Digestive System Surgical Procedures adverse effects   MeSH
• Gastrointestinal Diseases * chemically induced   therapy   MeSH
• Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors adverse effects   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neoplasms complications   MeSH
• Neuroendocrine Tumors complications   MeSH
• Antineoplastic Agents adverse effects   MeSH
• Diarrhea * chemically induced   etiology   therapy   MeSH
• Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous etiology   complications   MeSH
• Radiotherapy adverse effects   MeSH
• Constipation chemically induced   etiology   complications   MeSH
• Vomiting chemically induced   drug therapy   prevention & control   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

COVID-19 is a transmissible respiratory disease caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which is similar to SARS or MERS. Its increased severity was noted in aged patients usually over 65 years of age. Children and young people have an asymptomatic or mild course of the disease.Unfortunately, the number of children with problems after mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 recovery is increasing and their troubles resemble Kawasaki disease, although the laboratory findings seem to be different. This condition is called pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS), and it is a new disease seen in children directly influenced by previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The literature reports that PIMS typically follows 2-4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical symptoms of the affected children are extremely complex, ranging from gastrointestinal to cardiovascular problems with frequent skin and mucosal manifestations, and without intensive treatment they can be fatal. The exact causes of PIMS are recently unknown, however, it is explained as hyperactivation of immunity.In this minireview, we summarize data on the prominent role of the IL-6-IL-6R-STAT3 axis in PIMS aetiopathogenesis. Therapeutic manipulation of IL-6 or IL-6 receptor could be an approach to the treatment of children with severe PIMS.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 complications   etiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Cytokines * MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Interleukin-6 * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome etiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

The increasing worldwide production of bisphenols has been associated to several human diseases, such as chronic respiratory and kidney diseases, diabetes, breast cancer, prostate cancer, behavioral troubles and reproductive disorders in both sexes. The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the potential impact bisphenols A, B, S and F on the cell viability and testosterone release in TM3 Leydig cell line. Mice Leydig cells were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of bisphenols (0.04-50 µg.ml-1) during 24 h exposure. Quantification of the cell viability was assessed using the metabolic activity assay, while the level of testosterone in cell culture media was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Within the panel of substances under investigations, the higher experimental concentrations (10; 25 and 50 µg.ml-1) significantly (P<0.001) decreased Leydig cells viability, while the same doses of BPA and BPB also reduced testosterone production significantly (P<0.001). Taken together, the results of our study reported herein is a consistent whit the conclusion that higher experimental doses of bisphenols have a cytotoxic effect and could have a dose-dependent impact on testosterone production.

• MeSH
• Benzhydryl Compounds administration & dosage   toxicity   MeSH
• Cell Line MeSH
• Endocrine Disruptors administration & dosage   toxicity   MeSH
• Phenols administration & dosage   toxicity   MeSH
• Leydig Cells metabolism   drug effects   MeSH
• Mitochondria metabolism   drug effects   MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Estrogens, Non-Steroidal administration & dosage   toxicity   MeSH
• Testosterone antagonists & inhibitors   metabolism   MeSH
• Cell Survival physiology   drug effects   MeSH
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Nylon 6 nanofibers were tested for their ability to serve as a sorbent for solid phase extraction (SPE). The regular nanostructure providing a great sorption area and amidic functionality should lead to the assumption that nylon 6 nanofibers could be used as a novel sorbent with great potential for sample pre-treatment. However, due to the substantial differences between classical particle sorbents used for solid phase extraction and nanofibers, it is necessary to evaluate this novel approach. This article describes three types of laboratory fabricated nylon 6 nanofibers with different surface density (5.04gm-2, 3.90gm-2and 0.75gm-2) and corresponding surface areas for solid phase extraction of several groups of compounds with different structural and physicochemical properties (parabens, steroids, flavonoids and pesticides). The nanofibers were created by needleless electrospinning. Extraction columns were manually packed in classic 1- or 3-mL plastic syringe cartridges with 26-30mg of nanofibers and the column bed was sealed with polypropylene frits. The SPE procedure followed a typical five-step protocol and the collected eluates were analyzed by HPLC with UV detection. Extraction recovery was used as a parameter to evaluate the behavior of the analytes within the SPE process. Under this set condition, the recovery of the SPE process ranged from 23.1% to 125.8%. SPE showed good repeatability (0.58-11.87% RSD) and inter-day reproducibility (3.86-9.79% RSD). The achieved results were compared with SPE using a classic particle sorbent column. Good mechanical and chemical stability of nanofibers was proved. Scanning electron microscope was used for the evaluation of morphological changes in nanostructure. Nylon 6 nanofibers proved being a cost-effective sorbent for repeated use in SPE. Nylon 6 nanofibers have great potential in miniaturized SPE enabling users to overcome troubles with high back-pressure.

• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Viacdetnosť je jav čím ďalej vzácnejší, napriek tomu ešte stále nielen na Slovensku, ale aj v Európe viacdetné rodiny tvoria význačný potenciál pre udržateľnosť reprodukcie. Jedným zo základných pilierov reprodukčného a sexuálneho zdravia je starostlivosť o matku. Štúdia prezentuje čiastkový cieľ s intenciou zistiť, ako sa matky viacdetných rodín cítia po fyzickej a psychickej stránke, či majú zdravotné problémy v dôsledku opakovaných tehotenstiev a pôrodov a aké boli ich pôrody. mazuchova CBVýskumný súbor tvorilo 140 matiek vo veku od 26 do 66 rokov (priemerný vek 35,84 ± 8,34 rokov), ktoré mali 4 a viac detí. Metódou zberu údajov bol autorkami zostavený dotazník zameraný na zisťovanie vnímania zdravia, pohody, zdravotných problémov v dôsledku opakovaných tehotenstiev, pôrodov a na subjektívne hodnotenie pôrodov matkami. Na spracovanie výsledkov výskumu boli aplikované metódy deskriptívnej štatistiky. Väčšina matiek z reprezentatívnej vzorky (n=140), napriek záťaži, ktorá je spojená s viacdetnou rodinou, sa cíti dobre alebo normálne po fyzickej aj psychickej stránke. Väčšina matiek viacdetných rodín (65,71 %) nemala žiadne zdravotné problémy v dôsledku opakovaných gravidít a pôrodov a tiež prevažná väčšina matiek (82,14 %) malo všetky pôrody spontánne a svoje pôrody hodnotila ako bezproblémové (59,29 %). Opakované tehotenstvá ako aj starostlivosť o viac detí predstavujú pre organizmus ženy vyššiu záťaž a možné riziko zdravotných problémov. Bezpečné materstvo matiek viacdetných rodín zahŕňa kvalitnú prenatálnu, perinatálnu a postnatálnu starostlivosť, na ktorej participujú zdravotnícky pracovníci.

Multiple children of family is a phenomenon that is becoming more and more uncommon. Despite this fact, not only in Slovakia, but generally in Europe, families with more children represent significant potential for sustainability of human reproduction. The care for a mother is one of the mainstays of reproductive and sexual health. This study represents a partial target with the intention to find out how mothers of families with more children feel physically and psychically, if they have healthy problems as a result of repetitive pregnancies and child births and how they have dealt with their child births. The research file was represented by 140 women with 4 and more children in the age range between 26 and 66 (the average age of 35,84 ±8,34 years). In order to gather the relevant data, the authors have constructed a questionnaire to find out the perception of health, contentment, healthy problems as a result of repetitive pregnancies and child births as well as to find out the subjective evaluation of child births by mothers. Gathered data were processed with the methods of descriptive statistics. Despite the stress related to the family with more children, the majority of mothers from representative file (n=140) has stated that they feel fine and normally physically and psychically. The majority of mothers of the of multiple children (65,71 %) have not had any healthy problems as a result of repetitive pregnancies and child births as well as the predominant majority of mothers (82,14 %) has had all spontaneous child births and evaluated their births as trouble-free (59,29 %). Repetitive pregnancies as well as the care for more children represent greater stress and potential risk of healthy problems for mothers. Safe maternity of mothers of supernumerary families include quality prenatal, postnatal, perinatal care that is secured by medical staff.

• Keywords
• multiparita,
• MeSH
• Family Characteristics MeSH
• Mental Health MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mothers psychology   MeSH
• Parity MeSH
• Parturition psychology   MeSH
• Pregnancy psychology   MeSH
• Research MeSH
• Mother-Child Relations MeSH
• Maternal Health * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy psychology   MeSH
• Female MeSH

Komunikující hydrokéla je benigní anomálie, která není u chlapců v dětském věku vzácností. Setkat se s ní můžeme i u pacientů v dospělém věku. V praxi není operační řešení hydrokély do 12–24 měsíců doporučováno. U dětí dochází obvykle u většiny případů k její spontánní regresi. Naše kazuistika pojednává o pacientovi, který byl ve věku 5 měsíců odeslán na naši kliniku pro obrovskou oboustrannou vrozenou hydrokélu. Velikost hydrokély ztěžovala matce ošetřování a dítěti způsobovala obtíže při pohybu, které představovaly riziko možného zpomalení motorického vývoje. Proto bylo nutné zvolit operační řešení hydrokél již v 6 měsících věku pacienta. Provedli jsme nekomplikovanou oboustrannou resekci processus vaginalis peritonei. Hojení probíhalo bez komplikací. Operace odstranila jak subjektivní potíže dítěte, tak problémy s ošetřováním dítěte. Chlapcův motorický vývoj nyní odpovídá jeho věku. U vrozené hydrokély je punkce obalů varlete z důvodu rizika vzniku peritonitidy kontraindikována. Také z praktického hlediska nemá podstatný význam pro svou rychlou recidivu.

Communicating hydrocele is a benign anomaly which is not rare in young boys. It can sometimes be seen even in adults. Operation of communicating hydrocele is not recommended within the first 12–24 months of age. In most cases congenital hydroceles regress spontaneously in childhood. We present a case of five months old pacient who was sent to our clinic with large bilateral congenital hydrocele. The patient was operated in 6 months of age. Early operation was chosen due to extreme size of the hydroceles which caused troubles with nursening and presented risk of potential delay in pacient´s motoric development. We performed bilateral resection of processus vaginalis peritonei with no perioperative and postoperative complications. The operation was successful in terms of both reduction of troubles with nursening and improvement in patient´s motoric abilities. His motoric skills are normal for his age. Puncture of congenital hydrocele is contraindicated because of the risk of peritonitis. Another reason is peritonitis and early relapse.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Testicular Hydrocele * surgery   congenital   MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male * methods   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH