INTRODUCTION: According to the strong version of the orthographic depth hypothesis, in languages with transparent letter-sound mappings (shallow orthographies) the reading of both familiar words and unfamiliar nonwords may be accomplished by a sublexical pathway that relies on serial grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. However, in languages such as English characterized by inconsistent letter-sound relationships (deep orthographies), word reading is mediated by a lexical-semantic pathway that relies on mappings between word-specific orthographic, semantic, and phonological representations, whereas the sublexical pathway is used primarily to read nonwords. METHODS: In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to elucidate neural substrates of reading in Czech, a language characterized by a shallo worthography. Specifically, we contrasted patterns of brain activation and connectivity during word and nonword reading to determine whether similar or different neural mechanisms are involved. Neural correlates were measured as differences in simple whole-brain voxel-wise activation, and differences in visual word form area (VWFA) task-related connectivity were computed on the group level from data of 24 young subject. Trial-to-trial reading reaction times were used as a measure of task difficulty, and these effects were subtracted from the activation and connectivity effects in order to eliminate difference in cognitive effort which is naturally higher for nonwords and may mask the true lexicality effects. RESULTS: We observed pattern of activity well described in the literature mostly derived from data of English speakers - nonword reading (as compared to word reading) activated the sublexical pathway to a greater extent whereas word reading was associated with greater activation of semantic networks. VWFA connectivity analysis also revealed stronger connectivity to a component of the sublexical pathway - left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), for nonword compared to word reading. DISCUSSION: These converging results suggest that the brain mechanism of skilled reading in shallow orthography languages are similar to those engaged when reading in languages with a deep orthography and are supported by a universal dual-pathway neural architecture.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cíl: Léčba neurogenního hyperaktivního detruzoru aplikací botuliunumtoxinu A je dnes metodou volby pro pacienty refrakterní na standardní terapii anticholinergiky. Práce se zaměřuje na porovnání změn sledovaných urodynamických parametrů při podání léku subslizničně a do detruzoru. Materiál a metoda: Soubor 12 pacienLů po spinálním poranění byl tvořen muži ve věku 16-36 let randomizovaných do dvou skupin. Léčba byla provedena cystoskopickou aplikací 300 U preparátu Botox?. Ve skupině A byla provedena aplikace léku subslizničně, ve skupině B aplikace léku do detruzoru. Uvedený soubor je součástí prospektivní otevřené studie pro sledování efektivity a bezpečnosti léčby obou uvedených forem podání. Výsledky: Autoři prezentují předběžné výsledky urodynamických parametrů po 3 měsících sledování u 12 pacientů. Po léčbě došlo ke snížení počtu epizod inkontinence o 69% u pacientů po subslizniční aplikaci, resp. o 53% u pacientů po aplikaci do detruzoru. V obou skupinách došlo k významnému zvýšení cystometrické kapacity z 230 - 78 ml na 435 - 107 ml u skupiny se subslizniční aplikací, resp. z 229 - 91 ml na 410 - 72 ml u skupiny s aplikací léku do detruzoru. Závěr: Aplikace botulinumtoxinu vedla ve sledovaném období k významnému zvýšení cystometrické kapacity a poklesu detruzorového tlaku při první netlumené kontrakci. Z předběžných výsledků se jeví obě formy aplikaci jako srovnatelné.

Aim: Treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity using botulinum A toxin is the first option for patients refractory to antimuscarinic drugs. This study compare changes of urodynamic parameters in different route of application of botulinum A toxin - submucosal and intramuscular. Material and methods: Twelve patients after spinal cord injury in age between 16 and 36 year were randomised into two groups to receive 300 U of Botox? by cystoscopic approach. In group A was drug administred submucosaly and in group B into detrusor. Results: Author present preliminary results of 12 patient. After treatment number of epizodes of incontinence decreased in about 69% in group with suburothelial application and in about 53% in group with intramuscular application. Maximal cystometric capacity increased from 230 - 78 ml to 435 - 107 ml in group with submucosal application and from 229 - 91 ml to 410 - 72 ml in group with application into detrusor. Conclusion: Application of botulinum A toxin in period 3 month after treatment increase maximal cystometric capacity and decrease detrusor pressure during first involuntary detrusor contraction. From this initial preliminary results the both route of application seems to be comparable.

• Klíčová slova
• inkontinence,
• MeSH
• aplikace intravezikální MeSH
• aplikace slizniční MeSH
• botulotoxiny typu A aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• farmakoterapie metody   trendy   využití   MeSH
• hyperaktivní močový měchýř farmakoterapie   MeSH
• inkontinence moči farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurogenní močový měchýř farmakoterapie   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• urodynamika fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• výsledky a postupy - zhodnocení (zdravotní péče) MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The monitoring of data from global positioning system (GPS) receivers and remote sensors of physiological and environmental data allow forming an information database for observed data processing. In this paper, we propose the use of such a database for the analysis of physical activities during cycling. The main idea of the proposed algorithm is to use cross-correlations between the heart rate and the altitude gradient to evaluate the delay between these variables and to study its time evolution. The data acquired during 22 identical cycling routes, each about 130 km long, include more than 6,700 segments of length 60 s recorded with varying sampling periods. General statistical and digital signal processing methods used include mathematical tools to reject gross errors, resampling using selected interpolation methods, digital filtering of noise signal components, and estimating cross-correlations between the position data and the physiological signals. The results of a regression between GPS and physiological data include the estimate of the time delay between the heart rate change and gradient altitude of about 7.5 s and its decrease during each training route.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• cyklistika fyziologie   MeSH
• geografické informační systémy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počítačové zpracování signálu * MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• srdeční frekvence fyziologie   MeSH
• telemetrie metody   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• biochemické jevy MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• kloubní chrupavka fyziologie   krevní zásobení   metabolismus   MeSH
• psi MeSH
• remodelace kosti MeSH
• rolitetracyklin MeSH
• synoviální tekutina MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• psi MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

Currently cell therapy is considered as an experimental strategy to assist the healing process following simulated vaginal birth injury in rats, boosting the functional and morphologic recovery of pelvic floor muscles and nerves. However, the optimal administration route and dose still need to be determined. Mesangioblasts theoretically have the advantage that they can differentiate in skeletal and smooth muscle. We investigated the fate of mesoangioblasts transduced with luciferase and green fluorescent protein reporter genes (rMABseGFP/fLUC) using bioluminescence, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR in rats undergoing simulated birth injury. rMABseGFP/fLUC were injected locally, intravenously and intra-arterially (common iliacs and aorta). Intra-arterial delivery resulted in the highest amount of rMABseGFP/fLUC in the pelvic organs region and in a more homogeneous distribution over all relevant pelvic organs. Sham controls showed that the presence of the injury is important for recruitment of intra-arterially injected rMABseGFP/fLUC. Injection through the aorta or bilaterally in the common iliac arteries resulted in comparable numbers of rMABseGFP/fLUC in the pelvic organs, yet aortic injection was faster and gave less complications.

• MeSH
• fluorescenční mikroskopie MeSH
• genetické vektory chemie   genetika   MeSH
• hojení ran * MeSH
• injekce do léze MeSH
• injekce intraarteriální MeSH
• injekce intravenózní MeSH
• intravitální mikroskopie MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• luciferasy světlušek chemie   genetika   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• primární buněčná kultura MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• transplantace mezenchymálních kmenových buněk metody   MeSH
• vagina zranění   MeSH
• vedení porodu škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zelené fluorescenční proteiny chemie   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Léčba neurogenního hyperaktivního detruzoru aplikací botulinumtoxinu A je dnes metodou volby pro pacienty refrakterní na standardní terapii anticholinergiky. Práce porovnává efekt rozdílných způsobů aplikace léku. Sleduje změnu vybraných urodynamických parametrů, změnu počtu epizod inkontinence a vliv na kvalitu života. Soubor a metodika: Soubor 15 pacientů s neurogenní hyperaktivitou detruzoru po spinálním poranění byl tvořen muži ve věku 25–46 let randomizovanými do dvou skupin, v prospektivní otevřené studii. Léčba byla provedena cystoskopickou aplikací 300 U botulinumtoxinu (Botox®). Ve skupině A byla provedena aplikace léku subslizničně, ve skupině B aplikace léku do detruzoru. Vyhodnocení sledovaných urodynamických parametrů a dotazníků kvality života se uskutečnilo 12 týdnů po léčbě. Výsledky: Autoři prezentují výsledky urodynamických parametrů po třech měsících sledování u 15 pacientů. U obou skupin pacientů došlo po léčbě ke snížení počtu epizod inkontinence o 77 %. V obou skupinách nastalo významné zvýšení cystometrické kapacity z 236,6 ± 76,1 ml na 456 ± 73,8 ml (p < 0,05) u skupiny se subslizniční aplikací, resp. z 242,7 ± 96,8 ml na 432,8 ± 79,1 ml (p < 0,05) u skupiny s aplikací léku do detruzoru. Došlo také k významnému poklesu maximálního detruzorového tlaku (p < 0,05). Závěr: Aplikace botulinumtoxinu vedla ve sledovaném období k významnému zvýšení cystometrické kapacity, poklesu maximálního detruzorového tlaku a významnému snížení epizod inkontinence. Z předběžných výsledků jsme neprokázali rozdíl mezi oběma formami aplikace.

Treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity using botulinum A toxin is currently the approach of choice in patients refractory to antimuscarinic drugs. This study compares the changes of urodynamic parameters with different routes of botulinum A toxin administration – submucosal and intramuscular. The study monitors changes in selected urodynamic parameters and the number of incontinence episodes as well as an improvement in the quality of life. Material and methods: Fifteen patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity after spinal cord injury aged 25 to 46 year were randomized into two groups to receive 300 U of botulinumtoxin (Botox®) by cystoscopic approach. In group A, the drug submucosaly and it was administered into detrusor in group B. Urodynamic parameters and the quality of life were evaluated before and 12 weeks after the treatment. Results: The authors present results obtained from 15 patients. The number of incontinence episodes decreased after the treatment in about 77% of patients in both groups. Maximum cystometric capacity increased from 236.6 ±76.1 ml to 456 ±73.8 ml in the group with submucosal application (p <0.05) and from 242.7 ±96.8 ml to 432.8 ±79.1 ml in the group with the application into detrusor (p <0.05). Maximum detrusor pressure during involuntary contraction decreased (p <0.05). Conclusion: Administration of botulinum A toxin within 3 months after treatment increased the maximum cystometric capacity, decreased maximum detrusor pressure during involuntary detrusor contraction and reduced the number of incontinence episodes. These preliminary results suggest that both methods of administration are comparable.

• Klíčová slova
• botulinumtoxin, inkontinence, subslizniční aplikace,
• MeSH
• aplikace intravezikální MeSH
• botulotoxiny typu A aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• cystoskopie MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hodnocení léčiv MeSH
• hyperaktivní močový měchýř farmakoterapie   MeSH
• injekce intramuskulární MeSH
• inkontinence moči epidemiologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurogenní močový měchýř farmakoterapie   MeSH
• poranění míchy komplikace   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• urodynamika fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• výsledky a postupy - zhodnocení (zdravotní péče) statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

This study was conducted to assess the removal of the Naphthol Green B dye from aqueous medium using the photo-Fenton process. The Fenton reagent, a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and Fe3+ ions, was used to generate the hydroxyl radical (•OH) that degrades the dye. Experiments were conducted at laboratory temperature and atmospheric pressure to examine the effect of reaction conditions such as the concentration of Fe3+ ions, the dye and hydrogen peroxide, pH, and light intensity on the reaction rate. The progress of the photochemical degradation was monitored spectrophotometrically. The optimum photochemical degradation conditions were determined. Naphthol Green B was completely degraded into CO2 and H2O. A tentative mechanism for photochemical bleaching of the dye by the photo- Fenton reaction has been proposed.

• MeSH
• barvicí látky škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• čištění vody metody   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• fotochemie metody   MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• peroxid vodíku chemie   MeSH
• železo chemie   MeSH

Haloalkane dehalogenases catalyze the hydrolysis of halogen-carbon bonds in organic halogenated compounds and as such are of great utility as biocatalysts. The crystal structures of the haloalkane dehalogenase DhlA from the bacterium from Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10, specifically adapted for the conversion of the small 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) molecule, display the smallest catalytic site (110 Å3) within this enzyme family. However, during a substrate-specificity screening, we noted that DhlA can catalyze the conversion of far bulkier substrates, such as the 4-(bromomethyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-coumarin (220 Å3). This large substrate cannot bind to DhlA without conformational alterations. These conformational changes have been previously inferred from kinetic analysis, but their structural basis has not been understood. Using molecular dynamic simulations, we demonstrate here the intrinsic flexibility of part of the cap domain that allows DhlA to accommodate bulky substrates. The simulations displayed two routes for transport of substrates to the active site, one of which requires the conformational change and is likely the route for bulky substrates. These results provide insights into the structure-dynamics function relationships in enzymes with deeply buried active sites. Moreover, understanding the structural basis for the molecular adaptation of DhlA to 1,2-dichloroethane introduced into the biosphere during the industrial revolution provides a valuable lesson in enzyme design by nature.

• MeSH
• ethylendichloridy metabolismus   MeSH
• halogenace MeSH
• hydrolasy chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• katalytická doména MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• konformace proteinů MeSH
• krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
• kumariny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• metylace MeSH
• simulace molekulární dynamiky MeSH
• simulace molekulového dockingu MeSH
• substrátová specifita MeSH
• Xanthobacter chemie   enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a monogenetic autosomal-dominant disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms and is commonly associated with cognitive deficits. Patients with NF1 frequently exhibit cognitive impairments like attention problems, working memory deficits and dysfunctional inhibitory control. The latter is also relevant for the resolution of cognitive conflicts. However, it is unclear how conflict monitoring processes are modulated in NF1. To examine this question in more detail, we used a system neurophysiological approach combining high-density ERP recordings with source localisation analyses in juvenile patients with NF1 and controls during a flanker task. Behaviourally, patients with NF1 perform significantly slower than controls. Specifically on trials with incompatible flanker-target pairings, however, the patients with NF1 made significantly fewer errors than healthy controls. Yet, importantly, this overall successful conflict resolution was reached via two different routes in the two groups. The healthy controls seem to arrive at a successful conflict monitoring performance through a developing conflict recognition via the N2 accompanied by a selectively enhanced N450 activation in the case of perceived flanker-target conflicts. The presumed dopamine deficiency in the patients with NF1 seems to result in a reduced ability to process conflicts via the N2. However, NF1 patients show an increased N450 irrespective of cognitive conflict. Activation differences in the orbitofrontal cortex (BA11) and anterior cingulate cortex (BA24) underlie these modulations. Taken together, juvenile patients with NF1 and juvenile healthy controls seem to accomplish conflict monitoring via two different cognitive neurophysiological pathways.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• evokované potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• konflikt (psychologie) * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku * MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• neurofibromatóza 1 patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• reakční čas fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Herein we describe a novel alternative synthesis route of polyvinylpyrrolidone nanoparticles using salting-out method at a temperature close to polyvinylpyrrolidone decomposition. At elevated temperatures, the stability of polyvinylpyrrolidone decreases and the opening of pyrrolidone ring fractions occurs. This leads to cross-linking process, where separate units of polyvinylpyrrolidone interact among themselves and rearrange to form nanoparticles. The formation/stability of these nanoparticles was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and spectrophotometry. The obtained nanoparticles possess exceptional biocompatibility. No toxicity and genotoxicity was found in normal human prostate epithelium cells (PNT1A) together with their high hemocompatibility. The antimicrobial effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone nanoparticles were tested on bacterial strains isolated from the wounds of patients suffering from hard-to-heal infections. Molecular analysis (qPCR) confirmed that the treatment can induce the regulation of stress-related survival genes. Our results strongly suggest that the polyvinylpyrrolidone nanoparticles have great potential to be developed into a novel antibacterial compound.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• difrakce rentgenového záření metody   MeSH
• epitel účinky léků   MeSH
• fotoelektronová spektroskopie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti metody   MeSH
• nanočástice chemie   MeSH
• povidon chemie   MeSH
• prostata účinky léků   MeSH
• spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací metody   MeSH
• stabilita léku MeSH
• transmisní elektronová mikroskopie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH