The human reproduction has the monotocial element of K strategy (nidifungous) with mature newborn mammals and also of the r strategy (nidiculous) with immature mammals. There are questions about „contra naturam" antiselective practice in the treatment of extremely premature newborns. Allometric equations were calculated form 93 species of mammals: Mneo = 0.03374 M 0.946 and Gt = 68.536 M 0.225 (Mneo is the body weight of newborns in kg, M is the body weight of the female in kg and Gt is the gestational period in days). According to these allometric equations the birthweight of newborns is from 1100 g to 1600 g and gestational age is from 22.4 - 24. 5 weeks of gestation. The data from comparative zoology are in conformity with requirements of neonatologists to receive prematurity without further intra intrauterine pathologies. The postnatal care taken after extremely premature newborns replaces adaptive mechanisms which are present in immature mammalian newborns of r strategy. The neonatological practice has decreased the viability level to 24 weeks of gestation during the last 20 years. Further lowering to 22 weeks is possible in the near future.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neonatologie MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• reprodukční lékařství MeSH
• selekce (genetika) MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zralost orgánů plodu MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

Reprodukční genetika (RG) je dalším novým odvětvím lékařské genetiky, integrovaným s reprodukční medicínou, asistovanou reprodukcí a vývojovou genetikou. RG je úzce vázána na perikoncepční a perinatologickou prevenci, ultrazvukový a biochemický skríning v I. trimestru a na začátku II. trimestru. RG je založena na systému speciali- zovaného genetického poradenství, klinické cytogenetiky, molekulární cytogenetiky a molekulární genetiky, aby bylo možno zajistit prefertilizační, preimplantační, klasickou prenatální diagnózu od I. do III. trimestru gravidity. Stává se tak součástí fetální medicíny a terapie. Jsou shrnuty šestileté zkušenosti se zaváděním a rozvojem reprodukční genetiky. Je navrhován systém této specializované léčebně preventivné péče, v němž by byla integrována RG s reprodukční medicínou (RM), pokud možno v jednom centru. RM zajišťuje všechna potřebná gynekologická a andrologická vyšetření, metody asistované reprodukce, ultrazvukové porodnické vyšetření včetně ultrazvukového skríningu v I. a II. trimestru s měřením nuchální translucence, s využitím 2D a 3D ultrazvuku a echokardiografie a rovněž tak invazivní metody prenatální diagnostiky v případech, že bude indikována, a rovněž tak potřebnou perinatologickou péči. V rámci RG je zajišťováno specializované genetické poradenství, které by mělo býti poskytováno všem partnerům s těžkými poruchami reprodukce, rovněž tak dárkyním oocytů. V indikovaných případech je doporučováno chromozomální vyšetření obou partnerů. Chromozomální aberace byly zjištěny u 6 % mužů s abnormálními výsledky vyšetření spermií a rovněž tak u žen s těžkými poruchami reprodukce. U mužů s těžkou oligo/azoospermií je doporučováno vyšetření aneuploidie spermií molekulárně cytogenetickými metodami. Rovněž je doporučeno molekulárně genetické vyšetření mikrodelecí chromozómu Y, které byly zjištěny u 9 % mužů s azoospermií s delecemi v oblasti AZFb. Vyšetření mutací a polymorfizmů intronu 8 a 10 CFTR genu je prováděno nejenom u mužů s obstrukční azoospermií (CBAVD), ale také u mužů s těžkou oligospermií s počtem spermií méně než 1x10 6 /ml ejakulátu. Molekulárně genetické vyšetření trombofilních mutací faktoru II., faktoru V. (Leiden) a MTHFR genu je doporučováno u poruch reprodukcí u žen s nevysvětlitelnými opakovanými potraty a také v případech opakovaně neúspěšné fertilizace in vitro. Byla zjištěna populační frekvence nosičů mutací faktoru II. (2,3 %), faktoru V. (5,7 %) a MTHFR genu (38 %). Byla zavedena laserová biopsie prvého polárního tělíska a blastomér pro vyšetření pohlaví a nejčastějších aneuploidií metodou FISH a pro vyšetření nejčastějších aneuploidií chromozómů 13, 18, 21, X a Y a pro detekci nejčastější mutace delta F508 CFTR genu metodou kvantitativní fluorescenční PCR (QFPCR). QFPCR byla rovněž úspěšně využita k vyšetření mužského pohlaví z částečně purifikovaných fetálních buněk v krvi matky. Je prováděn ultrazvukový a biochemický a skríning PAPP-A proteinu a bhCG v I. trimestru u všech úspěšných těhotenství po IVF. Při zjištění hraničních hodnot biochemického skríningu v I. trimestru bez patologického ultrazvukového nálezu je doporučováno vyšetření klasickým triple testem bioche - mického skríningu v 16. týdnu gravidity. V případě patologických výsledků ultrazvukového a biochemického skríningu je indikována invazivní prenatální genetická diagnostika a rovněž tak u všech gravidit po ICSI, pokud není kontraindikována z porodnických důvodů.

Reproductive genetics (RG) is another new field of medical genetics, integrated with reproductive medicine, assisted reproduction and developmental genetic. RG is closely linked to the periconceptional prevention, perinato- logy, ultrasound and biochemical screening in the end of the first and beginning of the second trimesters. RG is based on the system of specialized genetic counseling, clinical cytogenetics, molecular cytogenetics and molecular genetics to provide prefertilization, preimplantation and classical prenatal diagnosis in the Ist to IIIrd trimesters. Thus, RG is part of the fetal medicine and therapy. The six years experience with RG is summarized. A system of the specialized health care, organized, if possible in one integrated center of RG and reproductive medicine (RM) is presented. Reproductive medicine provides all necessary clinical gynecological and andrological surveillance, with assisted reproduction and further obstetrical ultrasound examinations, including nuchal translucency measurements and 2D, 3D ultrasound, echokardiography examinations, if indicated, as well as the invasive method of prenatal diagnosis and perinatology care. Specialized genetic counseling and cytogenetic analysis, if indicated, should be offered to all partners with reproductive disorders as well as to oocyte donors. Chromosome anomalies are disclosed in 6% of men with abnormal sperm analysis as well as in women with severe reproductive disorders. In males with severe oligo, azoospermia, the sperm aneuploidy analysis by molecular cytogenetic methods is recommended. Adviced is also the molecular genetic detection of Y chromosome microdeletions, which is detected in 9% of our azoospermic men with deletions in AZFb region. CFTR gene mutations and intron 8 and 10 polymorphism examination is provided not only in men with obstructive azoospermia (CBAVD), but also if severe oligospermy with less than 1x10 6 sperm/ml is detected. Molecular genetic analysis of thrombophilic mutations of factor II., V. (Leiden) and MTHFR gene in unexplained recurrent abortions and in cases with unsuccessful IVF is part of the diagnostic strategy. The population frequencies of carriers of mutation of factor II. (2.3%), factor V.-Leiden (5.7%) and MTHFR gene (38%) were determined. The laser biopsy of the first polar body and of blastomeres was introduced for FISH analysis of chromosome aneuploidies. Quantitative fluorescent PCR (QFPCR) detection is used for testing of the most frequent delta F508 CFTR gene mutation and the most frequent aneuploidies of chromosome 13, 18, 21, X and Y. QFPCR was successfully tested for male fetal sex examination from partially purified fetal cells in the maternal blood. The first trimester ultrasound and biochemical screening is recommended to all successful pregnancies after different IVF methods. If borderline levels of first trimester biochemical screening of PAPP-A protein and bhCG are detected without pathological ultrasound findings, classical triple test of biochemical screening in 16th week of gestation is recommended. If pathological results of ultrasound and biochemical screening are disclosed, invasive prenatal genetic diagnosis is indicated as well as in pregnancies after ICSL, if there is not any obstetrical contraindication.

• MeSH
• chromozomální aberace diagnóza   MeSH
• genetické poradenství MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prenatální diagnóza MeSH
• reprodukční lékařství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

The scarcity of parthenogenetic vertebrates is often attributed to their 'inferior' mode of clonal reproduction, which restricts them to self-reproduce their own genotype lineage and leaves little evolutionary potential with regard to speciation and evolution of sexual reproduction. Here, we show that for some taxa, such uniformity does not hold. Using hybridogenetic water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus) as a model system, we demonstrate that triploid hybrid males from two geographic regions exhibit very different reproductive modes. With an integrative data set combining field studies, crossing experiments, flow cytometry and microsatellite analyses, we found that triploid hybrids from Central Europe are rare, occur in male sex only and form diploid gametes of a single clonal lineage. In contrast, triploid hybrids from north-western Europe are widespread, occur in both sexes and produce recombined haploid gametes. These differences translate into contrasting reproductive roles between regions. In Central Europe, triploid hybrid males sexually parasitize diploid hybrids and just perpetuate their own genotype--which is the usual pattern in parthenogens. In north-western Europe, on the other hand, the triploid males are gamete donors for diploid hybrids, thereby stabilizing the mixed 2n-3n hybrid populations. By demonstrating these contrasting roles in male reproduction, we draw attention to a new significant evolutionary potential for animals with nonsexual reproduction, namely reproductive plasticity.

• MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice MeSH
• partenogeneze MeSH
• poměr pohlaví MeSH
• populační genetika * MeSH
• Ranidae genetika   MeSH
• rozmnožování genetika   MeSH
• triploidie * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

• MeSH
• asistovaná reprodukce metody   MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• reprodukční lékařství

Ecological preferences, partner compatibility, or partner availability are known to be important factors shaping obligate and intimate lichen symbioses. We considered a complex of Cladonia species, traditionally differentiated by the extent of sexual reproduction and the type of vegetative propagules, to assess if the reproductive and dispersal strategies affect mycobiont-photobiont association patterns. In total 85 lichen thalli from 72 European localities were studied, two genetic markers for both Cladonia mycobionts and Asterochloris photobionts were analyzed. Variance partitioning analysis by multiple regression on distance matrices was performed to describe and partition variance in photobiont genetic diversity. Asexually reproducing Cladonia in our study were found to be strongly specific to their photobionts, associating with only two closely related Asterochloris species. In contrast, sexually reproducing lichens associated with seven unrelated Asterochloris lineages, thus being photobiont generalists. The reproductive mode had the largest explanatory power, explaining 44% of the total photobiont variability. Reproductive and dispersal strategies are the key factors shaping photobiont diversity in this group of Cladonia lichens. A strict photobiont specialisation observed in two studied species may steer both evolutionary flexibility and responses to ecological changes of these organisms, and considerably limit their distribution ranges.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• Chlorophyta klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lišejníky klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• rozmnožování MeSH
• šíření semen fyziologie   MeSH
• symbióza * MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

• MeSH
• asistovaná reprodukce MeSH
• infertilita terapie   MeSH
• klinické laboratorní techniky MeSH
• reprodukční lékařství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• učebnice MeSH

• Konspekt
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• Gynekologie. Porodnictví
• NLK Obory
• reprodukční lékařství
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

The basic biochemical profile of gibel carp (Carassius gibelio), diploid-triploid cyprinid species complex with dual reproduction modes, was investigated. The aim of the study was to test for the effect of fish group (which combines the effects of ploidy and sex) and temporal changes on indicators of the biochemical profile of blood in gibel carp. We showed that the basic biochemical profile of blood is significantly influenced by season and fish group. Triploid gynogenetic females had a better condition measured by total protein concentration than sexual diploids. The higher concentrations of triacylglycerols and cholesterol in triploid females when compared to diploids indicate a higher metabolic rate and higher energy intake during the whole year, which may represent a disadvantage for triploids. Differences in the concentrations of blood biochemical analytes between triploid females and diploids suggest a potential difference in the regulation of a wide range of physiological and biochemical processes in which these analytes participate. The biochemical profiles of two forms of C. gibelio could at least partially explain the changes of character of its naturally occurring populations.

• MeSH
• biochemická analýza krve veterinární   MeSH
• cholesterol krev   MeSH
• kapři genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• krevní proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• ploidie * MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• rozmnožování fyziologie   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• triglyceridy krev   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Physiological constraints on colouration have been widely reported; especially in birds, which trade-off antioxidant responses against colourful costly signals. One female extended phenotypic trait, which might also highlight important physiological trade-offs, is the pigmentation of their eggshells. In ground-nesting species, producing eggs that are visually undetectable by predators is the best camouflage strategy. However, the condition-dependence of eggshell pigmentation, and the pigments role in oxidative stress, may constrain females to trade-off between their antioxidant capacity and maximising the camouflage of their eggs when they deposit eggshell pigments. Developmental stress is one factor that influences female antioxidant capacity, and could lead to variations in eggshell pigmentation that might have crucial consequences on individual fitness if egg crypsis is compromised especially under stressful conditions. We investigated the interaction between developmental and breeding conditions with respect to eggshell pigmentation in Japanese quail. We studied 30 females that bred under both control and stressful conditions, and were exposed to pre- and/or post-natal stress, or neither. Pre- and post-natal stress independently influenced eggshell pigmentation strategies under stressful breeding conditions. Under stressful reproduction, eggshell protoporphyrin concentration and maculation were affected by pre-natal stress, whereas eggshell reflectance and biliverdin concentration were influenced by post-natal stress. These changes may reflect potential adaptive strategies shaped by developmental stress, but additional data on the benefit of egg crypsis in quail, combined with studies on the role of both pigments on chick survival, will help to clarify whether early life stress can enhance fitness through eggshell pigmentation when developmental and reproductive environments match.

• MeSH
• chov MeSH
• Coturnix fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologický stres * MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• pigmentace fyziologie   MeSH
• rozmnožování fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• vaječná skořápka fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Environmental stressors can be key drivers of phenotypes, including reproductive strategies and morphological traits. The response to stress may be altered by the presence of microbial associates. For example, in aphids, facultative (secondary) bacterial symbionts can provide protection against natural enemies and stress induced by elevated temperatures. Furthermore, aphids exhibit phenotypic plasticity, producing winged (rather than wingless) progeny that may be better able to escape danger, and the combination of these factors improves the response to stress. How symbionts and phenotypic plasticity, both of which shape aphids' stress response, influence one another, and together influence host fitness, remains unclear. In this study, we investigate how environmental stressors drive shifts in fecundity and winged/wingless offspring production, and how secondary symbionts influence the process. We induced production of winged offspring through distinct environmental stressors, including exposure to aphid alarm pheromone and crowding, and, in one experiment, we assessed whether the aphid response is influenced by host plant. In the winged morph, energy needed for wing maintenance may lead to trade-offs with other traits, such as reproduction or symbiont maintenance. Potential trade-offs between symbiont maintenance and fitness have been proposed but have not been tested. Thus, beyond studying the production of offspring of alternative morphs, we also explore the influence of symbionts across wing/wingless polyphenism as well as symbiont interaction with cross-generational impacts of environmental stress on reproductive output. All environmental stressors resulted in increased production of winged offspring and shifts in fecundity rates. Additionally, in some cases, aphid host-by-symbiont interactions influenced fecundity. Stress on first-generation aphids had cross-generational impacts on second-generation adults, and the impact on fecundity was further influenced by the presence of secondary symbionts and presence/absence of wings. Our study suggests a complex interaction between beneficial symbionts and environmental stressors. Winged aphids have the advantage of being able to migrate out of danger with more ease, but energy needed for wing production and maintenance may come with reproductive costs for their mothers and for themselves, where in certain cases, these costs are altered by secondary symbionts.

• MeSH
• Bacteria MeSH
• hrách setý MeSH
• křídla zvířecí MeSH
• mšice * MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH