root colonization
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Specific quantification of root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) by quantitative real-time PCR is a high-throughput technique, most suitable for determining abundances of AMF species or isolates in previously characterized experimental systems. The principal steps are the choice and validation of an appropriate assay to specifically amplify a gene fragment of the target AMF, preparation of templates from root samples, and quantification of the fungal gene copy numbers in these templates. The use of a suitable assay is crucial for a correct data collection but also highly specific for each experimental system and is therefore covered by general recommendations. Subsequently, specific steps are described for the validation of the assay using a standard dilution series, the determination of appropriate dilutions of DNA extracts from roots, and the quantification of the gene copy numbers in samples including calculations.
- MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- genová dávka genetika MeSH
- kořeny rostlin genetika mikrobiologie MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce metody MeSH
- mykorhiza genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- půda MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Terrestrial plants typically take up nutrients through roots or mycorrhizae while freshwater plants additionally utilize leaves. Their nutrient uptake may be enhanced by root hairs whose occurrence is often negatively correlated with mycorrhizal colonization. Seagrasses utilize both leaves and roots and often form root hairs, but seem to be devoid of mycorrhizae. The Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica is an exception: its adults commonly lack root hairs and regularly form a specific association with a single pleosporalean fungus. Here we show that at two sites in the southern Adriatic, all its seedlings possessed abundant root hairs with peculiar morphology (swollen terminal parts) and anatomy (spirally formed cell walls) as apparent adaptations for better attachment to the substrate and increase of breaking strain. Later on, their roots became colonized by dark septate mycelium while root hairs were reduced. In adults, most of terminal fine roots possessed the specific fungal association while root hairs were absent. These observations indicate for the first time that processes regulating transition from root hairs to root fungal colonization exist also in some seagrasses. This ontogenetic shift in root traits may suggests an involvement of the specific root symbiosis in the nutrient uptake by the dominant Mediterranean seagrass.
- MeSH
- Alismatales anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj mikrobiologie MeSH
- Ascomycota fyziologie MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
- kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- listy rostlin MeSH
- mycelium fyziologie MeSH
- mykorhiza MeSH
- symbióza * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Středozemní moře MeSH
Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may improve plant performance at disturbed sites, but inoculation may also suppress root colonization by native AMF and decrease the diversity of the root-colonizing AMF community. This has been shown for the roots of directly inoculated plants, but little is known about the stability of inoculation effects, and to which degree the inoculant and the inoculation-induced changes in AMF community composition spread into newly emerging seedlings that were not in direct contact with the introduced propagules. We addressed this topic in a greenhouse experiment based on the soil and native AMF community of a post-mining site. Plants were cultivated in compartmented pots with substrate containing the native AMF community, where AMF extraradical mycelium radiating from directly inoculated plants was allowed to inoculate neighboring plants. The abundances of the inoculated isolate and of native AMF taxa were monitored in the roots of the directly inoculated plants and the neighboring plants by quantitative real-time PCR. As expected, inoculation suppressed root colonization of the directly inoculated plants by other AMF taxa of the native AMF community and also by native genotypes of the same species as used for inoculation. In the neighboring plants, high abundance of the inoculant and the suppression of native AMF were maintained. Thus, we demonstrate that inoculation effects on native AMF propagate into plants that were not in direct contact with the introduced inoculum, and are therefore likely to persist at the site of inoculation.
Root hairs and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) coexist in root systems for nutrient and water absorption, but the relation between AM and root hairs is poorly known. A pot study was performed to evaluate the effects of four different AM fungi (AMF), namely, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Diversispora versiformis, Funneliformis mosseae, and Rhizophagus intraradices on root hair development in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings grown in sand. Mycorrhizal seedlings showed significantly higher root hair density than non-mycorrhizal seedlings, irrespective of AMF species. AMF inoculation generally significantly decreased root hair length in the first- and second-order lateral roots but increased it in the third- and fourth-order lateral roots. AMF colonization induced diverse responses in root hair diameter of different order lateral roots. Considerably greater concentrations of phosphorus (P), nitric oxide (NO), glucose, sucrose, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were found in roots of AM seedlings than in non-AM seedlings. Levels of P, NO, carbohydrates, IAA, and MeJA in roots were correlated with AM formation and root hair development. These results suggest that AMF could alter the profile of root hairs in trifoliate orange through modulation of physiological activities. F. mosseae, which had the greatest positive effects, could represent an efficient AM fungus for increasing fruit yields or decreasing fertilizer inputs in citrus production.
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- Citrus růst a vývoj mikrobiologie MeSH
- Glomeromycota fyziologie MeSH
- kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- mykorhiza růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- Poncirus růst a vývoj mikrobiologie MeSH
- půda MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- semenáček růst a vývoj metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- symbióza fyziologie MeSH
- výhonky rostlin růst a vývoj metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Acta pathologica, microbiologica et immunologica scandinavica ; Supplementum Vol. 101. 32
[1st ed.] 45 s. : fot., tab., přeruš.lit. ; 27 cm
Úvod a cíl: Apikální periodontitida (AP) je zánětlivé onemocnění zubních periradikulárních tkání vyvolané bakteriální infekcí. Ke stanovení bakterií osídlujících kořenové kanálky jsou využívány různé metodické přístupy, analýza bakteriomu celého kořenového systému zubu postiženého AP je však zatím stále výzvou. Cílem naší přehledové práce bylo vytvořit literární rešerši zaměřenou na postupy pro odběr vzorku a metodiku pro analýzu bakteriomu a poté navrhnout vhodný metodický přístup k účelu studia etiopatogeneze tohoto onemocnění. Metodika: Po vyhledávání v databázi PubMed jsme do rešerše vybrali pouze publikační výstupy typu původní práce, ve kterých byla analyzována bakteriální DNA lidských zubů. Výsledky: Metodicky se studie mezi sebou velmi liší, a to jak způsobem odběru vzorku, izolací DNA, tak i samotnou analýzou bakteriální DNA. Častým způsobem odběru vzorku je využití sterilních endodontických papírových čepů. Tento způsob odběru vzorku je sice vhodný v rámci klinické praxe, avšak pro komplexní analýzu prostředí kořenového systému je považován za nedostatečný, a to kvůli samotné morfologii zubu a přítomnosti ramifikací. Jiným způsobem odběru vzorku je resekce kořenového hrotu pomocí sterilních fréz a následné rozemletí apexu nebo provedení stěru sterilními endodontickými papírovými čepy. Ke stanovení bakteriomu je tak využívána pouze apikální část zubu, tudíž bakterie, které kolonizují koronární část zubu a podílejí se na etiopatogenezi onemocnění, nemohou být analyzovány. V recentních studiích je využívána metoda, při které je celý extrahovaný zub postižený AP nadrcen na jemný homogenní prach pomocí kryogenního mletí. Z prachu nadrceného zubu je možné stanovit komplexní bakteriom kořenového systému i dřeňové dutiny, a proto se tento způsob z pohledu přípravy vzorku pro experimentální studii jeví jako optimální. Nejčastěji je při izolaci DNA využívána efektivní kolonková metoda různými purifikačními soupravami a k následné analýze DNA slouží většinou metodiky založené na principu polymerázové řetězové reakce. Sekvenování variabilních oblastí genu pro 16S rRNA je v dnešní době již zlatým standardem pro kategorizaci bakterií a charakterizaci bakteriálních komunit. Závěr: Ke studiu bakteriomu AP se jeví jako nejvhodnější použít vzorky extrahovaných zubů a bezprostředně je zamrazit bez dalších preanalytických kroků. Nadrcený zub je při dodržení sterilních podmínek při kryogenním mletí vhodnou matricí pro izolaci mikrobiální DNA komerčně dostupnými kity. V současné době je pro stanovení bakteriomu a získání informace o relativní abundanci bakteriálních rodů, a to z analytického i ekonomického hlediska, sekvenování nové generace nejlepší volbou.
Introduction, aim: Apical periodontitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the dental periradicular tissues caused by a bacterial infection. Various methodological approaches are used to determine the bacteria inhabiting the root canals, however, the analysis of the entire root system of a tooth affected by AP still remains a challenge. The aim of our study was to perform a literature search focused on sample collection procedures and methodologies for bacteriome analysis, and then propose a suitable methodological approach for the purpose of studying the etiopathogenesis of this disease. Methods: After searching the PubMed database, we selected only publications of the original work type in which the bacterial DNA of human teeth was analyzed, for the search. Results: Methodologically, the studies differ greatly, in terms of sample collection, DNA isolation, and bacterial DNA analysis itself. A common method of sample collection is the use of sterile endodontic paper points. Although this method of sampling is suitable in clinical practice, it is considered insufficient for a comprehensive analysis of the environment of the root canal system, due to the morphology of the tooth itself and the presence of ramifications. Another method of sampling is resection of the root tip using sterile burs and subsequent grinding of the apex or smearing with sterile endodontic paper pins. Only the apical part of the tooth is used to determine the bacteriome, therefore bacteria that colonize the coronal part of the tooth and participate in the etiopathogenesis of the disease cannot be analyzed. In recent studies, a method is used in which the entire extracted tooth affected by AP is ground into a fine homogeneous powder using cryogenic grinding. It is possible to determine the complex bacteriome of the root canal system and the pulp chamber from the dust of a crushed tooth, and therefore this method seems optimal for the sample preparation from an experimental study point of view. Most often, an effective column method with various purification kits is used for DNA isolation, and for subsequent DNA analysis, methodologies based on the principle of the polymerase chain reaction are mostly used. Sequencing the variable regions of the gene for 16S rRNA is nowadays already the gold standard for categorizing bacteria and characterizing bacterial communities. Conclusion: To study the AP bacteriome, it seems most appropriate to use extracted tooth samples and immediate freezing of the sample without further pre-analytical steps. The crushed tooth is a suitable matrix for the isolation of microbial DNA with commercially available kits, provided that sterile conditions are maintained during cryogenic grinding. Currently, next-generation sequencing is the best choice for determining the bacteriome and obtaining information about the relative abundance of bacterial genera, both analytically and economically.
- Klíčová slova
- kryomlýnek,
- MeSH
- DNA izolace a purifikace MeSH
- kavita zubní dřeně mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- periapikální periodontitida * mikrobiologie patologie terapie MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- terapie kořenového kanálku MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Similarly to plants from terrestrial ecosystems, aquatic species harbour wide spectra of root-associated fungi (RAF). However, comparably less is known about fungal diversity in submerged roots. We assessed the incidence and diversity of RAF in submerged aquatic plants using microscopy, culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. We studied RAF of five submerged isoetid species collected in four oligotrophic freshwater lakes in Norway. Levels of dark septate endophytes (DSE) colonization differed among the lakes and were positively related to the organic matter content and negatively related to pH. In total, we identified 41 fungal OTUs using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques, belonging to Mucoromycotina, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota as well as Basidiomycota. Sequences corresponding to aquatic hyphomycetes (e.g. Nectria lugdunensis, Tetracladium furcatum and Varicosporium elodeae) were obtained. Eight arbuscular mycorrhizal taxa belonging to the orders Archaeosporales, Diversisporales and Glomerales were also detected. However, the vast majority of the fungal species detected (e.g. Ceratobasidium sp., Cryptosporiopsis rhizophila, Leptodontidium orchidicola, and Tuber sp.) have previously been known only from roots of terrestrial plants. The abundance and phylogenetic distribution of mycorrhizal as well as nonmycorrhizal fungi in the roots of submerged plants have reshaped our views on the fungal diversity in aquatic environment.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota genetika růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Basidiomycota genetika růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- endofyty klasifikace genetika růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- houby klasifikace genetika růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace MeSH
- jezera mikrobiologie MeSH
- kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- mykorhiza klasifikace genetika MeSH
- rostliny mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Norsko MeSH