terrestrialization
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Land plants evolved from charophytic algae, among which Charophyceae possess the most complex body plans. We present the genome of Chara braunii; comparison of the genome to those of land plants identified evolutionary novelties for plant terrestrialization and land plant heritage genes. C. braunii employs unique xylan synthases for cell wall biosynthesis, a phragmoplast (cell separation) mechanism similar to that of land plants, and many phytohormones. C. braunii plastids are controlled via land-plant-like retrograde signaling, and transcriptional regulation is more elaborate than in other algae. The morphological complexity of this organism may result from expanded gene families, with three cases of particular note: genes effecting tolerance to reactive oxygen species (ROS), LysM receptor-like kinases, and transcription factors (TFs). Transcriptomic analysis of sexual reproductive structures reveals intricate control by TFs, activity of the ROS gene network, and the ancestral use of plant-like storage and stress protection proteins in the zygote.
- MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- buněčná stěna metabolismus MeSH
- Chara genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- genom rostlinný * MeSH
- genové regulační sítě MeSH
- pentosyltransferasy genetika MeSH
- protein-serin-threoninkinasy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- transkripční faktory genetika metabolismus MeSH
- transkriptom MeSH
- vyšší rostliny genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Tribulus terrestris (kotvičník zemní) je kvetoucí rostlina z čeledi Zygophyllaceae (kacibovité), domácí v subtropických a tropických oblastech Starého světa, v jižní Evropě, jižní Asii, v celé Africe a Austrálii. Tribulus terrestris se již dlouho používá v tradiční čínské a indické medicíně k léčbě různých onemocnění a je populární tím, že zlepšuje sexuální funkce u člověka. V poslední době je to jedna z nejvíce diskutovaných bylin. Studium účinných látek kotvičníku vedlo k izolaci mnoha biologicky aktivních látek: steroidních saponinů furostanolového a spirostanolového typu, flavonoidů a fytosterolů, alkaloidů, organických kyselin, aminokyselin a sacharidů. Bylo prokázáno, že účinné látky vykazují antimikrobiální, antioxidační, diuretické, hypotenzivní a antidiabetické účinky. Všechny testy také prokázaly, že biologicky aktivní látky vykazují významný vliv na reprodukční systém. Zvyšují libido u mužů i žen, zlepšují produkci spermií a erekci a také zvyšují hladinu pohlavních hormonů – testosteronu, dehydroepiandrosteronu, dihydrotestosteronu, dehydroepiandrosteron sulfátu a luteinizačního hormonu. Je-li rostlina použita u zvířat, zvyšuje frekvenci páření a zkracuje intervaly mezi ejakulacemi. Příznivé účinky na reprodukční systém byly ověřeny v řadě studií na zvířatech, studií u lidí není mnoho, ale také potvrzují tyto účinky. Kotvičník není příliš jedovatá rostlina, ale není také úplně bezpečná. Experimenty ukázaly, že u potkanů způsobuje poškození jater a ledvin a také vykazuje neurotoxicitu.
Tribulus terrestris (caltrop) is a flowering plant of the family Zygophyllaceae, native to subtropical and tropical regions of the Old World, in Southern Europe, Southern Asia, throughout Africa, and Australia. Tribulus terrestris has been long used in the traditional Chinese and Indian medicine for the treatment of various ailments and is popular for the improvement of sexual functions in a human. Lately, it’s one of the most discussed herbs. Studies on the active substances of Tribulus terrestris led to the isolation of many biologically active compounds: steroidal saponins of furostanol and spirostanol type, flavonoids and phytosterols, alkaloids, organic acids, amino acids and carbohydrates. It has been proved that the active substances exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, diuretic, hypotensive and antidiabetic activity. All the tests have also shown that biologically active substances exhibit significant effects on the reproductive system. They increase libido in both men and women, increase sperm production and erection, also increase level of sex hormones – testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and luteinizing hormone. In animals this plant increases mating frequency and shortens the interval between ejaculations. These positive effects on the reproductive system were verified in a large number of animal studies, there are not many human studies, though they also confirm these effects. Tribulus is not very poisonous plant, but it is not completely safe. Experiments have shown that it causes liver and kidney damage in rats and also shows neurotoxicity.
- MeSH
- afrodiziaka MeSH
- antihypertenziva MeSH
- diuretika MeSH
- farmakologické účinky MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty * farmakologie MeSH
- Tribulus * chemie škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
In this investigation thallium contents in soil and plants in the EuroRegion Neisse were analysed and the distribution determined. The median top-soil content is 0.5 mg/kg in the area investigated. In this low-contaminated area the moss Pleurozium schreberi contains 0.04-0.13 microg/g and the moss Polytrichumformosum between 0.01 and 0.05 microg/g Tl. The effects of thallium on man and the terrestrial environment were examined. In an epidemiological study a significant positive correlation was found between the thallium content of the two mosses and the incidence of diseases of the circulatory system. The LOEC for thallium in bioassays with terrestrial invertebrates and plants in artificial soil ranged from 1 to 500 mg/kg, which indicates an toxicity of thallium up to 100 times higher than that of Cadmium.
- MeSH
- epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
- hlemýždi účinky léků MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza toxicita MeSH
- Lepidium účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mechy chemie MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- Oligochaeta účinky léků MeSH
- thallium analýza toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Německo MeSH
- Polsko MeSH
Tribulus terrestris, L. (puncture vine) have been used as a folk medicine for five thousands of years, but its targets, effects, their mechanisms and application requires further studies. This paper reviews the provenance, constituents and properties of Tribulus terrestris, L., its general physiological and health effects, as well as the currently available knowledge concerning its influence on male and female reproductive processes and their dysfunctions. Analysis of the available publications demonstrated the influence of Tribulus terrestris on a wide spectrum of targets and physiological processe and disorders. In particular, Tribulus terrestris can be a stimulator of male and female reproductive processes at the level of central nervous system, sexual behaviour, pituitary and gonadal hormones and their receptors, gonadal functions (including ovarian follicullogenesis and spermatogenesis), improvement of the quality and quantity of gametes (at least of sperm) and fecundity. This ability of puncture vine is applicable for the improvement of man's sexual desire and sperm quality in vivo and in vitro, as well as of women's libido, activation of women's reproductive organs, fecundity, and treatment of infertility, especially that related to the polycystic ovarian syndrome.
- MeSH
- libido MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty MeSH
- rozmnožování MeSH
- sexuální chování MeSH
- Tribulus * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (MEPCs) of the muscle cells of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris were recorded by glass microelectrodes. In a single synaptic zone, three types of MEPC were recorded: a fast singleexponential type that decayed with ? =0.9 ms, a slow single-exponential with ? = 9.2 ms and a two-exponential MEPC with ? = 1.3 and 8.5 ms, respectively. The muscle cells of earthworms contain populations of yet-unidentified ionic channels that might be different from the common nicotinic and muscarinic groups of acetylcholine receptors, since these MEPCs are not sensitive to d-tubocurarine, atropine, benzohexonium or proserine. Alternatively, besides ACh receptors, the membrane may contain receptors for another yet-unidentified excitatory transmitter.
Nejslibnějším směrem v léčbě chronické prostatitidy je využití léčivých rostlin a přípravků na jejich bázi, které obsahují přírodní látky se širokým spektrem farmakologické aktivity: protizánětlivé, antimikrobiální, reparační, imunomodulační, hormonálně regulační, antisklerotické atd. a které mohou poskytnout komplexní terapeutický účinek na průběh chronické prostatitidy. Slibnou surovinou v tomto směru je Tribulus terrestris L., rostlinný přípravek tradičně používaný k léčbě erektilní dysfunkce a aterosklerózy. Cílem této experimentální práce je studium protizánětlivé aktivity hustého extraktu z trávy Tribulus terrestris (zbaveného plodů) na modelech zánětu vyvolaného karagenanem a zymosanem u potkanů. Na modelech karagenanového a zymosanového edému u potkanů vykazuje hustý extrakt Tribulus terrestris L. v dávkách od 50 mg/kg do 200 mg/kg protizánětlivou aktivitu, jejíž účinnost v rozmezí dávek 150–200 mg/g není v počátečních stadiích karagenanového zánětu horší než u diklofenaku sodného v dávce 8,0 mg/kg, respektive v počátečních stadiích zymosanového zánětu, a není lepší než účinek referenčního léčiva korvitinu v dávce 10 mg/kg. To svědčí o anticyklogenázových a antilipoxygenázových vlastnostech tohoto hustého extraktu.
The most promising direction in the treatment of chronic prostatitis is the use of medicinal plants and preparations based on them, which contain natural compounds with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity: anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, reparative, immunomodulatory, hormone-regulating, antisclerotic, etc., and which can provide a complex therapeutic effect on the course of chronic prostatitis. A promising raw material in this direction is Tribulus terrestris L., a herbal preparation traditionally used to treat erectile dysfunction and atherosclerosis. This experimental work aims to study the anti-inflammatory activity of a thick extract of the Tribulus terrestris grass (freed from fruits) on the models of carrageenan and zymosan inflammation in rats. In the models of carrageenan and zymosan edema in rats, a thick extract of Tribulus terrestris L. in doses from 50 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg shows anti-inflammatory activity, the efficacy of which in the dose range of 150–200 mg/g in the initial stages of carrageenan inflammation is not inferior to sodium diclofenac at a dose of 8.0 mg/kg, and in the initial stages of zymosan inflammation, respectively, before the reference drug corvitin at a dose of 10 mg/kg. It indicates the anticyclogenase and antilipoxygenase properties of this thick extract.
- MeSH
- antiflogistika MeSH
- diklofenak aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- flavonoidy aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- léčivé rostliny MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- prostatitida * farmakoterapie MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- Tribulus * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
MAIN CONCLUSION: The basal streptophyte Klebsormidium and the advanced Zygnema show adaptation to terrestrialization. Differences are found in photoprotection and resistance to short-term light changes, but not in CO 2 acquisition. Streptophyte green algae colonized land about 450-500 million years ago giving origin to terrestrial plants. We aim to understand how their physiological adaptations are linked to the ecological conditions (light, water and CO2) characterizing modern terrestrial habitats. A new Klebsormidium isolate from a strongly acidic environment of a former copper mine (Schwarzwand, Austria) is investigated, in comparison to Klebsormidium cf. flaccidum and Zygnema sp. We show that these genera possess different photosynthetic traits and water requirements. Particularly, the Klebsormidium species displayed a higher photoprotection capacity, concluded from non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and higher tolerance to high light intensity than Zygnema. However, Klebsormidium suffered from photoinhibition when the light intensity in the environment increased rapidly, indicating that NPQ is involved in photoprotection against strong and stable irradiance. Klebsormidium was also highly resistant to cellular water loss (dehydration) under low light. On the other hand, exposure to relatively high light intensity during dehydration caused a harmful over-reduction of the electron transport chain, leading to PSII damages and impairing the ability to recover after rehydration. Thus, we suggest that dehydration is a selective force shaping the adaptation of this species towards low light. Contrary to the photosynthetic characteristics, the inorganic carbon (C i ) acquisition was equivalent between Klebsormidium and Zygnema. Despite their different habitats and restriction to hydro-terrestrial environment, the three organisms showed similar use of CO2 and HCO3- as source of Ci for photosynthesis, pointing out a similar adaptation of their CO2-concentrating mechanisms to terrestrial life.
- MeSH
- dehydratace MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- ekologie MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fotosyntéza fyziologie účinky záření MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
- oxid uhličitý metabolismus MeSH
- parožnatky fyziologie účinky záření MeSH
- světlo MeSH
- voda fyziologie MeSH
- vysoušení MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- antigeny metabolismus MeSH
- imunoglobulin G imunologie MeSH
- kyselina arsanilová imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Oligochaeta imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- sérový albumin imunologie MeSH
- skot MeSH
- tělesné tekutiny imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
How evolutionary novelties evolve is a major question in evolutionary biology. It is widely accepted that changes in environmental conditions shift the position of selective optima, and advancements in phylogenetic comparative approaches allow the rigorous testing of such correlated transitions. A longstanding question in vertebrate biology has been the evolution of terrestrial life histories in amphibians and here, by investigating African bufonids, we test whether terrestrial modes of reproduction have evolved as adaptations to particular abiotic habitat parameters. We reconstruct and date the most complete species-level molecular phylogeny and estimate ancestral states for reproductive modes. By correlating continuous habitat measurements from remote sensing data and locality records with life-history transitions, we discover that terrestrial modes of reproduction, including viviparity evolved multiple times in this group, most often directly from fully aquatic modes. Terrestrial modes of reproduction are strongly correlated with steep terrain and low availability of accumulated water sources. Evolutionary transitions to terrestrial modes of reproduction occurred synchronously with or after transitions in habitat, and we, therefore, interpret terrestrial breeding as an adaptation to these abiotic conditions, rather than an exaptation that facilitated the colonization of montane habitats.
- MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- ropuchy fyziologie MeSH
- rozmnožování * MeSH
- životní prostředí * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH