Entodiniomorphid ciliates are intestinal protists inhabiting the colons of African great apes. The participation of intestinal entodiniomorphid ciliates in ape hindgut digestion has been proposed, but little data have been available to support the hypothesis. We measured the specific activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase, inulinase, and α-amylase against different polysaccharides in the feces of captive chimpanzees and evaluated the participation of the entodiniomorphid ciliate, Troglodytella abrassarti, in these activities. T. abrassarti contributed to the total fecal hydrolytic activities of CM-cellulase by 16.2%, α-amylase by 5.95%, and xylanase by 0.66%. Inulinase activity in T. abrassarti samples was not measurable at reaction conditions used. The ciliates, T. abrassarti, actively participate in the chimpanzee hindgut fermentation of fiber and starch.
- MeSH
- adipozita fyziologie MeSH
- alkalická fosfatasa metabolismus MeSH
- Bacteroides izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Enterococcus izolace a purifikace MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- Lactobacillus izolace a purifikace MeSH
- metagenom MeSH
- obezita mikrobiologie MeSH
- odstavení MeSH
- potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- Prevotella izolace a purifikace MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- střeva mikrobiologie MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- velikost vrhu fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
The influence was evaluated of post-weaning normal nutrition and over-nutrition upon the development of the intestinal microbiota, the alkaline phosphatase activity (AP) and occurrence of obesity in male Sprague-Dawley rats (from days 21 to 40 the control rats were submitted to ad libitum intake of a standard laboratory diet whereas overfed rats received the same diet supplemented with milk-based high fat liquid diet). The jejunal numbers of two dominant divisions of bacteria, i.e. Firmicutes (Lactobacillus/ Enterococcus--LAB) and the Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides/Prevotella--BAC), were determined using the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) method, and the jejunal AP activity was assayed histochemically. On day 40, the overfed rats in comparison with control animals displayed increased adiposity accompanied by enhanced AP activity, abundance of LAB, lower amounts of BAC and, thereafter, higher LAB/BAC ratio (L/B). The numbers of LAB and L/B index positively correlated with body fat, energy intake and AP activity, whereas numbers of BAC showed an opposite tendency. These results revealed the significance of nutritional imprint upon the post-weaning development of intestinal microbial and functional axis and contribute to better understanding of their involvement in energy-balance control and in adverse and/or positive regulation of adiposity.
- MeSH
- alkalická fosfatasa metabolismus MeSH
- Bacteroidetes izolace a purifikace klasifikace MeSH
- biodiverzita MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- grampozitivní bakterie izolace a purifikace klasifikace MeSH
- histocytochemie MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
- jejunum enzymologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- obezita mikrobiologie MeSH
- potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Complete 16S rRNA sequences were determined of recently proposed new species of treponemes designated strain S and T. Sequence comparison indicated that both species belong to the Treponema saccharophilum cluster, having thus at least 5 cultivable representatives. Phylogenetic analysis of available GenBank 16S rRNA sequences revealed two phylogenetically distant treponema clusters (T. saccharophilum cluster and T. bryantii cluster). Surprisingly, while among cultivated treponemes dominate T. saccharophilum cluster members, detailed analysis showed that all treponema-like sequences obtained by culture independent 16S rRNA methods belong to the T. bryantii cluster, from which only two cultivable representatives have so far been known. Meta-analysis of available data revealed that treponemes are an infrequent and minor group of bacteria, representing less than 2.4% of total rumen bacteria.
- MeSH
- bachor mikrobiologie MeSH
- DNA bakterií genetika chemie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
- přežvýkavci mikrobiologie MeSH
- ribozomální DNA genetika chemie MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- Treponema izolace a purifikace klasifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
The susceptibility toward antibiotics was determined by disc and MIC methods in Lactobacillus and, for comparison, in Escherichia coli strains isolated from cloacal swabs of broiler chickens derived from various farms in Slovakia. The occurrence of acquired tetracycline resistance in E. coli and lactobacilli isolated from the same sample was similar. The presence of tet(M), tet(S), tet(L) and ermB genes was demonstrated in lactobacilli while the tet(M) gene was not detected in E. coli.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální geny MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- Escherichia coli izolace a purifikace účinky léků MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kloaka mikrobiologie MeSH
- kur domácí MeSH
- Lactobacillus izolace a purifikace účinky léků MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
The development of resistance to quinolones (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) in 2006-2008 was evaluated in 317 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from healthy chicken broilers from various farms. The isolates (2006/2007/2008) showed a high resistance to nalidixic acid (87/85/67 %), ciprofloxacin (CIP) (49/54/29 %) and enrofloxacin (ENR) (52/42/22 %). Nalidixic acid-resistant isolates with low level of MIC for CIP and ENR represented a single mutation; intermediary MIC for CIP and ENR were related to two mutations and high level resistance MIC for CIP (> or =4 mg/L) and ENR (> or =16 mg/L) represented three mutations (two in gyrA and one in parC). There was a correlation between the phenotype reading of high-level resistance and mutations in gyrA (Ser83Leu, Asp87Tyr or Asp87Asn) and parC (Ser80Ile) gene. Plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance qnrS gene was detected in one Escherichia coli strain with a high level of ciprofloxacin resistance. Our results demonstrate the increase in occurrence of multiresistant E. coli strains with a high level of chromosomal and plasmid resistance to fluoroquinolones.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální chromozomy MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- chinolony farmakologie MeSH
- DNA gyráza genetika MeSH
- DNA-topoisomerasa IV genetika MeSH
- Escherichia coli izolace a purifikace účinky léků MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kur domácí mikrobiologie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- missense mutace MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- plazmidy MeSH
- proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- substituce aminokyselin MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
The effect of daily supplementation of nisin (2 mg/L), monensin (5.88 mg/L) and nisin and monensin (2 + 5.88 mg/L) on ovine ruminal ciliates and bacteria was investigated using the artificial rumen RUSITEC. Major groups in RUSITEC were Entodinium spp. and Dasytricha ruminantium. The supplementation of nisin significantly increased the population of both major ciliate groups. The supplementation of monensin significantly decreased the population of both groups. The combined effect of nisin and monensin was similar to the effect of monensin. Monensin had strong antiprotozoic effects in contrast to the stimulatory effects of nisin. D. ruminantium followed by Entodinium spp. appeared more resistant to tested compounds than other rumen ciliates. Tested additives did not significantly influence the presence and growth of amylolytic streptococci and enterococci but nisin showed a tendency to decreasing the concentration of Escherichia coli and lactobacilli.
- MeSH
- bachor mikrobiologie parazitologie MeSH
- Bacteria účinky léků MeSH
- dezinficiencia aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- dieta metody MeSH
- eukaryotické buňky účinky léků MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- monensin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- nisin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- ovce MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
Fifty-five strains of enterococci isolated from the piglet intestine were characterized in vitro for probiotic activity. Identification of the isolates revealed Enterococcus faecium as the predominant species (84 %). Forty strains (73 %) were found to produce bacteriocin-like substances (only into solid media) with activity almost only toward Gram-positive genera. Thirty-eight % of strains were resistant to tetracycline, 27 % to chloramphenicol, 18 % to erythromycin and 16 % to vancomycin. In addition to control of strain safety, 6 % of isolates were beta-hemolytic and 16 % produced gelatinase. Seven strains selected for further probiotic assays exhibited sufficient survival rate at pH 3.0 after 3 h, in the presence of 1 % ox-bile and lysozyme after 1 d (over 107 CFU/mL in all tests). The adhesion of tested strains to porcine and human intestinal mucus was found in a similar range (1.4-14.0 % and 1.4-17.6 %, respectively). In accordance with current research effort to use and/or to combine various health promoting substances, the sensitivity of all isolates toward plant extracts and toward bacteriocins produced by animal and environmental strains was determined. All enterococci were sensitive toward oregano and sage extracts and toward one (E. faecium EF55--chicken isolate, activity of 25 600 AU/mL) of ten bacteriocin substances. It means that a similar anti-enterococcal potential of some bacteriocin substances may be observed as for certain plant extracts.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- antibióza MeSH
- bakteriální adheze MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- bakteriociny biosyntéza farmakologie MeSH
- dobromysl (rod) chemie MeSH
- Enterococcus MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- gastrointestinální trakt mikrobiologie MeSH
- kyseliny toxicita MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita MeSH
- muciny metabolismus MeSH
- muramidasa MeSH
- prasata mikrobiologie MeSH
- probiotika farmakologie MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty farmakologie MeSH
- žlučové kyseliny a soli toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
The relationship was evaluated between early nutritional experiences, the intestinal microflora and the small intestinal functions in the mechanism of predisposition to obesity development. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in which the quantity of nutrition was manipulated from birth to weaning (day 30) by adjusting the number of pups in the nest to 4 small litters (SL) and 10 normal litters (NL) and fed a standard diet from days 30 to 40 of age. After 40 d, the postnatally overfed SL pups became heavier, displayed significantly enhanced adiposity, body mass gain and food intake as well as a significantly higher jejunal alkaline phosphatase and maltase activity than in rats nursed in NL nests. The effect of different early nutrition was also accompanied by the appearance of significantly decreased Bacteroides and significantly increased enterococci and lactobacilli of obese rats than in lean NL rats. The amounts of Bacteroides were negatively correlated with fat pad mass, body mass, body-mass gain and food intake whereas enterococci and lactobacilli were correlated positively with the same parameters. Our results demonstrate that postnatal nutritional experience may represent a predisposing factor influencing ontogeny of small intestine function and development of intestinal microbial communities. The acquired changes and associated alterations in food digestion could be a component of regulatory mechanisms contributing to the development of obesity and its maintenance in later life.
- MeSH
- Bacteroides izolace a purifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- energetický příjem MeSH
- Enterococcus izolace a purifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- kojená zvířata MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- Lactobacillus izolace a purifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- nadměrná výživa MeSH
- obezita mikrobiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- potkani Sprague-Dawley metabolismus MeSH
- stárnutí fyziologie MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- tenké střevo enzymologie metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- tuková tkáň metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
Large Enterococcus faecalis F4 bacteriophage (described earlier) consisting of double-stranded linear DNA of approximately 60 kb was characterized. Library was prepared of its random DNA fragments and selected recombinants were sequenced. Three phage essential genes were characterized: DNA polymerase, replicative DNA helicase and a minor capsid protein, showing only limited homology to other known phage encoded genes. The occurrence of these genes among enterococci was determined by PCR method. Only two out of 40 tested isolates possessed all three genes, another three isolates contained at least one of the genes, demonstrating low frequency F4 lysogens among natural enterococcal isolates.
