Dlouhodobá léčba pacientů s chronickou obstrukční plicní nemocí je podle současných doporučení založena zejména na inhalačně podávaných bronchodilatačních léčivech. Tato terapie je však spojena s vysokou mírou non-adherence. Až 85 % takových pacientů neinhaluje svoji léčbu efektivně. Jedním ze základních problémů dnešní praxe je nedostatečná edukace a monitorace správné inhalační techniky. Tento článek shrnuje aktuální možnosti výběru inhalačních léčiv a jejich dostupnost v různých typech inhalačních systémů. Navrhuje možný algoritmus volby takové medikace a doporučuje využití jednoduché metody Five Steps Assessment, která pomocí pěti kroků pomůže pacientovi řádně užívat inhalační léky. Článek zdůrazňuje nutnost opakované demonstrace inhalačního manévru, zejména provedení řádného hlubokého výdechu před inhalací léčiva, a dále pak adekvátní inhalaci léčiva, která je zceLa odlišná pro práškové inhalátory vyžadující rychlý hluboký nádech a aerosolové dávkovače, kde je vhodný naopak dlouhý, plynulý a pomalý nádech.
Long term treatment of patients with chronic obstructive puLmonary disease is based primarily on inhaled bronchodlators. However, this therapy is associated with high degree of non-adherence. Up to 85% of patients do not inhale their medicaments effectively. Among the main issues is insufficient education and poor monitoring of patienťs inhalation technique. This articLe summarizes current inhaLed medication and their availability in different types of inhaling systems. Suggests an algorithm that helps choose medicaments, recommends use of simpLe method called The Five Steps Assessment which tells patients how to use their inhaLe medicaments in five simple steps. The article also emphasizes the need of repetitive demonstration of inhaling maneuvers, especially deep exhalation prior to administration of medication and proper inhalation which is different for dry-powder inhalers where quick deep inhale is required and for aerosol inhalers where long and slow inhale is preferable.
- MeSH
- adherence k farmakoterapii MeSH
- adherence pacienta MeSH
- aerosolové dávkovače MeSH
- agonisté beta-2-adrenergních receptorů aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- antagonisté muskarinových receptorů aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- aplikace inhalační * MeSH
- chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc * farmakoterapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nebulizátory a vaporizátory MeSH
- práškové inhalátory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Úvod: Cílem činností klinického farmaceuta, resp. klinickofarmaceutické péče, je jištění účelné a bezpečné farmakoterapie, minimalizace a eliminace rizik spojených s užíváním a/nebo podáváním léčiv pacientovi. Na základě systematického hodnocení medikací pacientů jsou posuzovány nežádoucí účinky léčiv, lékové interakce, úpravy dávek léčiv pacientů s renální nebo hepatální insuficiencí. Metoda: Tato práce je retrospektivní analýzou poskytování klinickofarmaceutické péče u pacientů hospitalizovaných na Klinice infekčních nemocí FN Hradec Králové po rozšíření onemocnění COVID-19 do ČR v období 16. 3. 2020–31. 5. 2020. Ve výše uvedeném období bylo na Klinice infekčních nemocí hospitalizováno 93 pacientů, z toho 20 pacientů (21,5 %) bylo COVID-19 pozitivních. Těmto pacientům byla distanční formou poskytována klinickofarmaceutická péče a výstupy evidovány. Dále byla formou webového dotazníku hodnocena akceptace farmakoterapeutických doporučení a názory na práci klinického farmaceuta lékaři, kteří do této doby neměli s podobnou spoluprací zkušenosti. Výsledky: Ve sledovaném období bylo 45 z 93 hospitalizovaných pacientů zařazeno klinickým farmaceutem do středního rizika výskytu lékového problému a 18 pacientů pak do vysokého rizika. Celkově u 48,4 % případů (45 pacientů) byl stanoven plán racionalizace farmakoterapie (35× při příjmu, 10× v průběhu hospitalizace), jehož účinnost byla následně 24× ověřena. Zpětnou vazbu podalo pomocí webového formuláře všech osm lékařů pečujících o pacienty s COVID-19. Všichni považovali spolupráci s klinickým farmaceutem za přínosnou, dvě třetiny věnovaly pozornost zapsaným plánům farmakoterapie pravidelně. Před začátkem spolupráce však měli povědomí o klinickofarmaceutické péči pouze tři lékaři. Závěr: S hospitalizací prvního COVID-19 pozitivního pacienta ve FN HK došlo k rozšíření poskytování klinickofarmaceutické péče i na Kliniku infekčních nemocí. Dle počtu doporučených intervencí i názorů lékařů se tato multidisciplinární spolupráce jeví jako přínosná i v kontextu distanční spolupráce. Je však třeba provést další studie hodnotící praktický dopad poskytování klinickofarmaceutické péče, prokázat jejich využitelnost a více ukotvit klinickou farmacii do standardní zdravotní péče
Introduction: The aim of clinical pharmacist medication review and clinical pharmaceutical care as such is the provision of effective and safe pharmacotherapy, the minimization and elimination of risks associated with the use and administration of drugs to a patient. Based on a systematic evaluation of pharmacotherapy, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and dose adjustments of drugs in patients with renal or hepatic insufficiency are assessed. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of the provision of clinical pharmaceutical care for patients hospitalized at the Department of Infectious Diseases in University Hospital Hradec Králové during the first COVID-19 outbreak in Czech Republic within period 16. 3. 2020-31. 5. 2020. In the studied period, 93 patients were hospitalized at the Department of Infectious Diseases, of which 20 inpatients (21.5 %) were COVID positive. Clinical pharmaceutical care was provided to these patients via distance approach and the outcomes were recorded. Furthermore, the acceptance of pharmacotherapeutic recommendations and physicians´ feedback on the contribution of the clinical pharmacist were collected using a web-based questionnaire form. Results: In the observed period, 45 out of 93 hospitalized patients were classified by a clinical pharmacist at medium risk of a drug related problem and 18 patients at high risk. In a total of 48.4 % of cases (45 patients), a pharmaceutical care plan was written (35 times at admission, 10 times during hospitalization), the effectiveness of which was subsequently verified 24 times. All eight physicians caring for patients with COVID-19 provided feedback using web-based form. All considered collaboration with a clinical pharmacist beneficial, with two-thirds paying attention to pharmaceutical care plans on a regular basis. However, before the multicisciplinary collaboration started, only three physicians were aware of clinical pharmaceutical care. Conclusion: With the hospitalization of the first COVID-19 positive patient at FN HK, the provision of clinical pharmaceutical care was extended to the Department of Infectious Diseases. According to the number of recommended interventions and the opinions of physicians, this multidisciplinary involvement appears to be beneficial even in the context of distance cooperation. However, further studies are needed to assess the practical impact of the provision of clinical pharmaceutical care, to demonstrate their usefulness and to anchor clinical pharmacy more in standard healthcare.
- MeSH
- farmakologie klinická metody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- farmakoterapie * metody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- karanténní nemocnice * organizace a řízení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- management farmakoterapie MeSH
- mezioborová komunikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The quantitative importance of prescribed intravenous (IV) medication to water and sodium intake in routine clinical practice is undocumented, with uncertain influence on clinical outcomes. The present study aimed to redress this issue in surgical patients with gastrointestinal problems. METHODS: The prescription and administration of IV medication and fluids were retrospectively reviewed for water and sodium over 24-h periods in 86 patients in upper and lower gastrointestinal surgical wards in two teaching hospitals. Changes over 5 y were assessed in the same two wards using the same methodology. RESULTS: Among 90.7% of patients prescribed IV medication, the median intake was 272 mL water/d (range, 40-2687 mL water/d) and 27 mmol sodium/d (range, 2-420 mmol sodium/d), with no significant difference between hospitals or ward type. In 28.2% of patients receiving any infusates, the only source of water and sodium was IV medication, and in 14.3% of patients, the medication provided more sodium than other infusates. Antibiotic agents and paracetamol accounted for 58.3% of water and 52.3% of sodium in IV medication. Historic data of IV medicine-related water and sodium intake did not differ significantly from current data. The literature suggests that clinical outcomes can be modulated by variations in water and sodium intake well within the range provided by IV medication. CONCLUSION: IV medicine prescriptions, particularly antibiotic agents and paracetamol, can make substantial and clinically relevant contributions to daily water and sodium intake. These contributions have persisted over time and should be considered during routine assessments of fluid balance and interventions aiming to improve clinical outcomes.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- sodík dietní * MeSH
- sodík MeSH
- tekutinová terapie MeSH
- voda * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
The comet assay, or single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), is a sensitive, rapid, relatively simple and inexpensive method for detecting DNA strand breaks in individual cells. It is used in a broad variety of applications and as a tool to investigate DNA damage and repair. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay are greatly enhanced if the DNA incubated with an enzyme, which recognizes a specific kind of DNA damage. This damage induced by oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in many diseases and in aging. This article is a critical review of the possible application of the comet assay in some pathological states in clinical practice. Most of the studies relate to evaluating the response of an organism to chemotherapy or radiotherapy with statistically significant evidence of DNA damage in patients. Other useful applications have been demonstrated for patients with heart or neurodegenerative diseases. Only a few studies have been published on the use of this method in critically ill patients, although its use would be appropriate. There are also other scenarios where the comet assay could prove to be very useful in the future, such as in predicting the likelihood of certain pathological conditions.
- MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci genetika metabolismus patologie MeSH
- kometový test metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci nervového systému genetika metabolismus patologie MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- oxidační stres fyziologie MeSH
- poškození DNA fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Although the fluid therapy plays a fundamental role in the management of polytrauma patients (PP), a tool which could determine it appropriately is still lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of a bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) for body fluids volume and distribution monitoring in these patients. This prospective, observational study was performed on 25 severe PP and 25 healthy subjects. The body fluids composition was repeatedly assessed using BIS between days 3 to 11 of intensive care unit stay while the impact of fluid intake and balance was evaluated. Fluid intake correlated significantly with fluid excess (FE) in edemas, and their values were significantly higher in comparison with the control group. FE was strongly associated with cumulative fluid balance (p<0.0001; r=0.719). Furthermore, this parameter was associated with the entire duration of mechanical ventilation (p=0.001, r=0.791) independently of injury severity score. In conclusion, BIS measured FE could be useful in PP who already achieved negative fluid balance in prevention the risk of repeated hypovolemia through inappropriate fluid restriction. What is more, measured FE has a certain prognostic value. Further studies are required to confirm BIS as a potential instrument for the improvement of PP outcome.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- polytrauma diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- složení těla fyziologie MeSH
- spektrální analýza metody MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci * MeSH
- tekutinová terapie metody MeSH
- vodní a elektrolytová rovnováha fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The association between energy metabolism and prognosis in polytrauma patients has not yet been defined. The aim of this study was to describe energy metabolism and analyze the prognostic value of respiratory quotient (RQ) and nonprotein respiratory quotient (npRQ) in fasting polytrauma patients (fPP) and polytrauma patients with nutritional support (nsPP). METHODS: Twenty-two polytrauma patients (before and after parenteral nutrition administration) and 22 healthy controls (after overnight fasting) were examined on day 4 (median) after admission to the intensive care unit. To evaluate energy expenditure in nsPP and resting energy expenditure in fPP and controls with RQ and npRQ in all groups, we used indirect calorimetry. With regression analysis, the descriptive models of intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) and mechanical ventilation time (VT) were derived. RESULTS: RQ and npRQ were significantly lower in fPP than in controls (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) and in nsPP (P < 0.05). In nsPP, relationships between RQ or npRQ and the ICU LOS or mechanical VT were demonstrated (P < 0.0001, r = -0.78 for RQ and VT; P < 0.0001, r = -0.78 for npRQ and VT; P < 0.001, r = -0.69 for RQ and LOS; P < 0.001, r = -0.72 for npRQ and LOS). CONCLUSIONS: RQ and npRQ parameters measured by indirect calorimetry in polytrauma patients with parenteral nutrition on the fourth day of ICU stay related to clinical outcomes such as duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU LOS.
- MeSH
- bazální metabolismus MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- délka pobytu statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- energetický metabolismus MeSH
- jednotky intenzivní péče MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nepřímá kalorimetrie metody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- omezení příjmu potravy MeSH
- parenterální výživa statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- polytrauma patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- regresní analýza MeSH
- respirační funkční testy metody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- umělé dýchání statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Loss of muscle mass in critically ill patients is associated with serious consequences, such as prolonged mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit confinement, and higher mortality. Thus, monitoring muscle mass, and especially its decline, should provide a useful indicator of morbidity and mortality. Performing evaluations according only to body mass index is imperfect, therefore the aim of this article was to evaluate appropriate methods for muscle mass loss determination in ICU patients. METHODS: For this review, the literature searches were conducted through Embase and Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar databases up to February 2018 for the following Medical Subject Headings terms muscle atrophy, protein catabolism, ICU-aquaired weakness, muscle muss loss, myolysis, critical illness, stress metabolism, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, neutron activation analysis, anthropometric examination, determination of endogenous metabolites of the skeletal muscles, bioimpedance spectroscopy, ultrasound. RESULT: It appears that ultrasound, which is widely available in hospitals, is the most advantageous method. Muscle ultrasound is non-invasive, relatively inexpensive, and is a bedside method that is free of ionizing radiation. Furthermore, muscle ultrasound also seems to be valid in patients with severe fluid retention, which is a typical complication with other conventional methods. CONCLUSION: Early detection of critical illness neuromyo-pathy could be beneficial for improving the standards of intensive care, and thus reducing the risk of mortality in these patients.
- MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti * MeSH
- kritický stav mortalita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- míra přežití MeSH
- morbidita MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Purpose: Patients with COPD present peripheral muscle dysfunction and atrophy, expressed as muscle strength and endurance reduction. The goal of this study was direct dynamometric assessment of hand grip endurance and strength in relation to the stage of disease, multidimensional predictors of mortality, and 6-minute walk test (6MWT). To the best of our knowledge, there has been no previous study determining these parameters. Patients and methods: In this observational study, 58 consecutive outpatients with stable COPD and 25 volunteers without respiratory problems were compared. All COPD subjects underwent a comprehensive examination to determine COPD severity, prognostic scales, and 6MWT. Body composition, basic spirometric parameters, and hand grip strength and endurance were determined in all study participants. Results: Patients in the COPD group had a 15% decrease in maximum strength (P=0.012) and a 28% decrease in area under the force/time curve (AUC) of the endurance test (P<0.001) compared to the control group. Dynamometric parameters were significantly negatively associated with the stage of disease and values of multivariable prediction indexes, and positively associated with the results of 6MWT. In most cases, closer associations were found with AUC than with 6MWT and in the gender-specific groups. Conclusion: Both hand grip strength and endurance are impaired in COPD patients in comparison with the control group. In particular, AUC could be considered as an attractive option not only to assess exercise capacity but also as a predictive marker with a better prognostic value than 6MWT in COPD patients. This is the first study to observe the dependence of hand grip endurance on combined COPD assessment.
- MeSH
- chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc diagnóza patofyziologie MeSH
- fyzická vytrvalost * MeSH
- kosterní svaly patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plíce patofyziologie MeSH
- plocha pod křivkou MeSH
- prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- ROC křivka MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- síla ruky * MeSH
- složení těla MeSH
- spirometrie MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- test chůzí * MeSH
- tolerance zátěže * MeSH
- zdravotní stav MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH